United States v. Watts ( 1998 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 96-4787
DANNY MITCHELL WATTS,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
Albert V. Bryan, Jr., Senior District Judge.
(CR-96-135-A)
Argued: May 4, 1998
Decided: July 8, 1998
Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, WILKINS, Circuit Judge,
and BLAKE, United States District Judge for the
District of Maryland, sitting by designation.
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Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by unpublished per
curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Martin Gregory Bahl, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFEND-
ER'S OFFICE, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Wainscott
Walker Putney, Special Assistant United States Attorney, UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appel-
lee. ON BRIEF: James K. Bredar, Federal Public Defender, Beth M.
Farber, Chief Assistant Federal Public Defender, Baltimore, Mary-
land, for Appellant. Helen F. Fahey, United States Attorney, David G.
Barger, Assistant United States Attorney, UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Danny Mitchell Watts appeals his convictions for attempting to
evade or defeat tax, see 26 U.S.C.A. § 7201 (West 1989); making or
subscribing a false return, see 26 U.S.C.A.§ 7206(1) (West 1989);
bank fraud, see 18 U.S.C. § 1344 (1988, Supp. I 1990, & Supp. II
1991); and bankruptcy fraud, see 18 U.S.C.§ 152(3) (1994). With
respect to his convictions, Watts maintains that the district court
abused its discretion in denying his motion for a continuance and
committed plain error in failing to instruct the jury that in order to
convict Watts of bankruptcy fraud it was required to find that Watts'
false statements were material to the bankruptcy proceeding. Watts
also challenges an order of the court directing him to pay restitution
to GMAC, asserting that the order was improper because GMAC was
not a "victim" as that term is defined by a provision of the Victim and
Witness Protection Act (VWPA) of 1982. See 18 U.S.C. § 3663(a)(1),
(2) (Supp. IV 1993). For the reasons that follow, we affirm Watts'
convictions but vacate the restitution order and remand for further
proceedings.
I.
The conduct underlying Watts' convictions may be stated briefly.
In 1990, Watts filed federal income tax returns for the 1989 tax year
on behalf of himself and a limited partnership. On both returns, Watts
failed to report income derived from a sale of real property owned by
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the partnership. Additionally, Watts did not include profits from the
sale of a business on his personal return. Between 1989 and 1991,
Watts applied for and obtained loans from four different banks, sub-
mitting false tax returns in support of the applications. Watts later
defaulted on one of the loans. Subsequently, Watts filed a petition for
bankruptcy relief on which he falsely stated that he had earned no
income during 1989 and 1990.
II.
Watts first contends that the district court erred in denying his
motion for a continuance. Watts was arraigned on April 22, 1996, at
which time counsel was appointed and a trial date of June 19 was set.
The district court thereafter determined that Watts was not eligible for
court-appointed counsel and directed Watts to retain an attorney.
Retained counsel was substituted on May 15. On May 24, Watts
moved for a continuance, asserting that five weeks did not provide
sufficient preparation time. The court denied the motion.
We review the denial of a motion for continuance only to deter-
mine whether the district court abused its discretion. See United
States v. LaRouche, 896 F.2d 815, 823 (4th Cir. 1990). In light of the
broad authority of the district court to control its docket, we will not
find an abuse of discretion unless the denial of a motion for continu-
ance indicates "an unreasoning and arbitrary insistence upon expedi-
tiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay." Morris v.
Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1983) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Reversal is not required unless the defendant was prejudiced by the
denial. See United States v. Colon, 975 F.2d 128, 130 (4th Cir. 1992).
We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
denying the motion for continuance. Watts primarily argues that the
five weeks between the substitution of retained counsel and the sched-
uled trial date did not provide adequate time to prepare, particularly
in view of the amount of time spent by the Government investigating
Watts and preparing its case against him. We disagree. Although
Watts faced several charges, his defense to each charge--that he had
committed the acts alleged, but had not done so willfully--was rela-
tively simple to prepare and present. Additionally, Watts has pointed
to no prejudice arising from the denial of the motion for continuance
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other than a generalized assertion that counsel did not have time to
review thoroughly all of the documents provided by the Government
during discovery. Such vague allegations are not adequate to satisfy
the prejudice requirement. See LaRouche, 896 F.2d at 825 (observing
that "[m]ore than a general allegation of`we were not prepared' is
necessary to demonstrate prejudice").
III.
Watts next maintains that the district court erred in failing to
instruct the jury that materiality is an element of bankruptcy fraud
under 18 U.S.C. § 152(3). That statute prohibits "knowingly and
fraudulently mak[ing] a false declaration, certificate, verification, or
statement under penalty of perjury ... in or in relation to any case
under title 11." 18 U.S.C. § 152(3). Although § 152(3) does not by its
terms require that the false statement be material, Watts points to sev-
eral decisions from other circuits that have interpreted the provision
to include a materiality requirement. See, e.g. , United States v. Ellis,
50 F.3d 419, 422 (7th Cir. 1995); United States v. Lindholm, 24 F.3d
1078, 1082-83 (9th Cir. 1994); United States v. Yagow, 953 F.2d 427,
432-33 & n.2 (8th Cir. 1992). The Government argues that the contin-
uing validity of these decisions is questionable in view of the recent
decision of the Supreme Court in United States v. Wells, 117 S. Ct.
921, 926-31 (1997) (declining to read a materiality requirement into
18 U.S.C.A. § 1014 (West Supp. 1998)).
Although Watts offered a proposed instruction on materiality, he
failed to object to the instructions as given by the district court. See
Fed. R. Crim. P. 30 (providing that "[n]o party may assign as error
any portion of the charge or omission therefrom unless that party
objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict"). Accord-
ingly, our review is for plain error. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United
States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731-32 (1993). In order to establish our
authority to notice an error not preserved by a timely objection, Watts
must show that an error occurred, that the error was plain, and that
the error affected his substantial rights. See Olano, 507 U.S. at 732;
United States v. Cedelle, 89 F.3d 181, 184 (4th Cir. 1996). Even if
Watts can satisfy these requirements, correction of the error remains
within our sound discretion, which we "should not exercise ... unless
the error `seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation
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of judicial proceedings.'" Olano, 507 U.S. at 732 (second alteration
in original) (quoting United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 15 (1985));
see United States v. David, 83 F.3d 638, 641 (4th Cir. 1996).
For purposes of this appeal only, we assume, without deciding, that
the failure of the district court to instruct the jury that materiality is
an element of a violation of § 152(3) was error and that the error was
plain. Further, based on this assumption, because the jury never made
the required finding, Watts' substantial rights necessarily were
affected. See David, 83 F.3d at 647.
Nevertheless, we decline to exercise our discretion to notice any
error. Our discretion is appropriately exercised only when failure to
do so would result in a miscarriage of justice, such as when the defen-
dant is actually innocent or the error "seriously affect[s] the fairness,
integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings." Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original)."Central to this
inquiry is a determination of whether, based on the record in its
entirety, the proceedings against the accused resulted in a fair and
reliable determination of guilt." Cedelle, 89 F.3d at 186.1 Here, there
can be no question that the false statement made by Watts in the
course of his bankruptcy proceeding--that he had earned no income
during 1989 and 1990--was material. Indeed, Watts acknowledged as
much during oral argument, maintaining only that the jury should
have been allowed to decide the question for itself. Accordingly, we
decline to reverse his conviction.
IV.
Finally, Watts maintains that the district court improperly ordered
him to pay restitution to GMAC. GMAC suffered a loss of over
$700,000 after Watts defaulted on a loan he obtained by submitting
false tax returns.2 Although Watts' conduct in obtaining this loan did
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1 We are not here presented with circumstances in which an error may
warrant the exercise of our discretion to notice plain error "even though
the record demonstrates that the defendant is guilty." Cedelle, 89 F.3d at186 n.4.
2 Watts obtained the loan from Franklin Mortgage Capital Corporation;
GMAC subsequently purchased the loan.
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not form the basis of any count of conviction, the district court never-
theless determined that GMAC was a victim within the meaning of
the VWPA. Because Watts failed to object to the restitution order dur-
ing his sentencing hearing, our review is for plain error. See United
States v. Castner, 50 F.3d 1267, 1277 (4th Cir. 1995).
Under the VWPA, the district court may order a defendant to pay
"restitution to any victim" of an offense of conviction. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3663(a)(1); see United States v. Blake , 81 F.3d 498, 506 (4th Cir.
1996) (observing that the authority of a district court to order restitu-
tion is limited to the terms of the VWPA). In 1991, when Watts com-
mitted the acts on which the court based its order to pay restitution
to GMAC, the statutory definition of the term "victim" included "any
person directly harmed by the defendant's criminal conduct in the
course of [a] scheme, conspiracy, or pattern" of criminal activity that
is an element of the offense of conviction. 18 U.S.C. § 3663(a)(2). As
we explained in Blake,
[The VWPA] does not authorize a district court to order res-
titution to all individuals harmed by a defendant's criminal
conduct. For a person to be considered a victim under
§ 3663, the act that harms the individual must be either con-
duct underlying an element of the offense of conviction, or
an act taken in furtherance of a scheme, conspiracy, or pat-
tern of criminal activity that is specifically included as an
element of the offense of conviction. But, if the harm to the
person does not result from conduct underlying an element
of the offense of conviction, or conduct that is part of a pat-
tern of criminal activity that is an element of the offense of
conviction, the district court may not order the defendant to
pay restitution to that individual.
Blake, 81 F.3d at 506 (citations omitted).
GMAC is not a victim under this standard. Watts' conduct in sub-
mitting false tax documents in order to obtain the loan from GMAC
did not underlie any element of any of the offenses of conviction, nor
were his actions taken in furtherance of any scheme, conspiracy, or
pattern of criminal activity that was an element of any of the offenses
of conviction. The district court therefore erred in ordering Watts to
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pay restitution to GMAC. Moreover, the error was plain in light of the
clear language of § 3663(a)(2) and our presentencing decision in
Blake. And, because the VWPA provided the only authority for an
order of restitution in this case, the error necessarily affected Watts'
substantial rights. Finally, we conclude that the circumstance pre-
sented here--an order of restitution that exceeded the authority of the
district court--warrants the exercise of our discretion to notice plain
error. Accordingly, we vacate the restitution order and remand for
reconsideration by the district court.
V.
In sum, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discre-
tion in denying Watts' motion for a continuance. And, assuming that
the court committed plain error in refusing to instruct the jury that
materiality is an element of bankruptcy fraud under 18 U.S.C.
§ 152(3), we decline to exercise our discretion to notice the error.
Accordingly, we affirm Watts' convictions. Finally, because the dis-
trict court improperly ordered Watts to pay restitution to GMAC, we
vacate the restitution order and remand for further proceedings.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED
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