United States v. Lee ( 2000 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 00-4150
GRANT VENEY LEE,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
Albert V. Bryan, Jr., Senior District Judge.
(CR-99-43-A)
Submitted: August 31, 2000
Decided: September 26, 2000
Before WILKINS, WILLIAMS, and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
Samuel J. Buffone, William M. Carter, Jr., ROPES & GRAY, Wash-
ington, D.C., for Appellant. Helen F. Fahey, United States Attorney,
Robert A. Spencer, Assistant United States Attorney, Alexandria, Vir-
ginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Grant V. Lee was convicted by a jury of aggravated sexual abuse,
18 U.S.C.A. § 2241(a)(1) (West 1984 & Supp. 2000), and sentenced
to 210 months imprisonment. He appeals, claiming that: (1) the dis-
trict court plainly erred in permitting an expert witness to testify
regarding the victim's credibility; (2) the evidence was insufficient to
establish that he used force; (3) the district court abused its discretion
in excluding evidence of the victim's past sexual experience with
someone other than Lee; (4) the district court erred in taking judicial
notice that Fort Belvoir is within the special maritime and territorial
jurisdiction of the United States; and (5) the district court clearly
erred in applying the "vulnerable victim" enhancement, U.S. Sentenc-
ing Guidelines Manual, § 3A1.1 (1998). Finding no error, we affirm.*
The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the govern-
ment, see United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 854 (4th Cir. 1996)
(en banc), established the following. Lee and the victim ("LL")
worked for "The Chimes," an organization that hires handicapped
individuals to clean office buildings. LL is moderately to severely
mentally retarded and has cerebral palsy; she also has a severe speech
impediment. Lee is not handicapped.
On December 2, 1998, LL reported to her job at the Defense Logis-
tics Agency at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Between approximately 9:30
am and 10:30 am, Lee told "LL" to "come here," whereupon he took
her to the basement of the building to a custodial supply closet. Once
there, LL testified that Lee closed and locked the door behind them
and then began to touch her breasts. LL told him to"stop it," but Lee
continued to pull down LL's pants and to touch her"butt." LL again
told Lee to "stop it" as he pulled down her underpants and began to
touch her vagina; he than "pulled his penis out .. . [and] put it in
[LL's] vagina." According to LL, Lee hurt her a "whole lot," and she
attempted to push him away. Lee told LL not to tell anyone what he
had done, and the two left the closet together; LL took the elevator
back to the second floor (her assigned floor).
_________________________________________________________________
*We grant Lee's motion to file a supplemental appendix.
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Joyce Ryland, Lead Worker at The Chimes, and Karen Ford, The
Chimes Project Manager, saw LL get off the elevator on the second
floor, looking "stunned" and with her hair out of place. LL told Ford
that Lee had told her "to come here" and pointed to her breasts and
buttocks, saying "Grant" repeatedly. According to Ford, LL said,
"Grant f---d me."
Another supervisor at The Chimes, Sheila Ann Carroll, testified
that she saw LL get off the elevator on the fourth floor at approxi-
mately 10:15 am and that LL "was upset." LL told Carroll that she
(LL) had been downstairs and that Lee had "f---d her." LL took Car-
roll to the basement and showed her the closet where Lee had
assaulted her. Both Ford and Carroll remained with LL for approxi-
mately five hours, questioning her repeatedly on the details of the
assault. Carroll stated that she had intentionally tried to "trip [LL] up"
because she "didn't want to believe the story" but that LL's recitation
of the details of the attack remained consistent.
At 5:30 that evening, LL's mother took her to the Dewitt Army
Medical Center at Fort Belvoir to be examined. Dr. Michael Halliday,
who examined LL that evening, testified that he observed "what
looked like abrasions and stretch marks to the sides of LL's vagina."
According to Halliday, the "stretched areas . . . looked like the tissue
had been stretched rapidly and suddenly . . . . along the walls there
appeared to be linear marking that were red, or erythema, and showed
signs of recent trauma with a little bit of dark maroon or light brown
blood in the vagina." This type of injury, according to Halliday, "oc-
cur[s] during too rapid of a child birth where the tissues doesn't [sic]
have time to stretch." Halliday stated that, in his opinion, LL's trauma
had occurred "less than 12 to up to 24 hours . . . . [p]robably more
to the earlier, around 12 hours or so" prior to his examination. No
semen was found in or around LL's vagina.
At trial, the government called Dr. Andrew Molchon as an expert
witness in psychiatry to testify regarding LL's intellectual capabilities
and limitations. According to Dr. Molchon, LL:
lacks the ability to . . . think in abstract terms .. . . So, you
know, she might be able to identify say an orange and a
grapefruit, but she would lack the ability to think in terms
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of citrus fruits . . . . She also has the inability to think
sequentially. That if A is true, then B would be true . . . .
So I think her reasoning is defective in two ways. Number
one, the concreteness of it. And number two, the ability to
have a chain of cause and events.
Dr. Molchon was asked a series of questions regarding LL's ability
to answer simple versus complex questions and her ability to relate
events. In one response, Dr. Molchon stated that LL"would lack that
type of ability to put together a credible, cohesive story if it were a
falsehood." However, he also conceded that with"persistent" and
"systematic" questioning, it would be possible to "plant" a false mem-
ory with LL.
Finally, Lee testified and admitted that he asked LL to accompany
him to the basement closet and that he tried to kiss her but that LL
avoided him. He admitted on cross-examination that he tried to grope
LL and that he touched her "butt" and her vaginal area, and also that
he touched her breasts. Lee also admitted that he wanted to have sex
with LL, but denied having had intercourse with her. The jury con-
victed Lee of aggravated sexual abuse. He noted a timely appeal.
Lee first claims that the district court improperly allowed Dr. Mol-
chon to testify as to the victim's credibility. Lee failed to object at
trial, however, and therefore his claim is reviewed only for plain error
pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b), See United States v. Brewer, 1
F.3d 1430, 1434-35 (4th Cir. 1993); United States v. Olano, 507 U.S.
725, 732-37 (1993). We find no plain error in the admission of Dr.
Molchon's testimony.
The general rule is that an expert witness may not give an opinion
with respect to the defendant's or a witness' credibility. See United
States v. Cecil, 836 F.2d 1431, 1441 (4th Cir. 1988). "[A]n expert's
opinion that another witness is lying or telling the truth is ordinarily
inadmissible pursuant to Rule 702 because the opinion exceeds the
scope of the expert's specialized knowledge and therefore merely
informs the jury that it should reach a particular conclusion." United
States v. Shay, 57 F.3d 126, 131 (1st Cir. 1995). On the other hand,
"no constitutional provision, law, or rule requires the exclusion of
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expert testimony simply because it concerns a credibility question."
Id.Here, Dr. Molchon described LL's mental retardation, reading and
writing ability, and conversational limitations. And although Dr. Mol-
chon did state that "she would lack that type of ability to put together
a credible, cohesive story if it were a falsehood," he also conceded
that it might be possible to falsely convince her that a sexual assault
had occurred. Read in context, we find that Dr. Molchon's testimony
on direct examination merely defined the limitations of LL's intellec-
tual capabilities and left the ultimate determination as to whether or
not she was telling the truth to the jury. Moreover, the district court
properly instructed the jury that "[y]ou are the sole judges of the cred-
ibility of the witnesses and the weight their testimony deserves." The
law presumes that jurors follow their instructions. See Olano, 507
U.S. at 740.
On cross-examination, the following exchange took place:
Q. Doctor, you have just given an opinion based on
whether you believe she is telling the truth with respect
to the event that occurred, correct?
A. Whether or not she was lying, yes.
Any error in allowing this testimony was invited by Lee's attorney.
As such, he is prohibited by the invited error doctrine from obtaining
any relief on this claim. See United States v. Jackson, 124 F.3d 607,
617 (4th Cir. 1997).
Second, Lee claims that there was no evidence of force to support
a conviction of aggravated sexual abuse. We find that the government
presented sufficient evidence to establish that Lee used "force" within
the meaning of the statute. First, LL testified in detail regarding the
rape, that Lee shut and locked the door, then forcibly pulled down her
pants and underwear and had sexual intercourse with her, all while
she was telling him to stop and trying to push him away. See United
States v. Allery, 139 F.3d 609, 611 (8th Cir. 1998) (evidence of
restraint suffices to prove the element of force under § 2241). In addi-
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tion, the jury could infer that force was used by Lee based on the
medical testimony with respect to the physical trauma LL sustained.
Finally, the disparity in intellect and size--Lee is 5'10", LL is 4'11"
and weighs 84 pounds--were factors from which a reasonable juror
could infer the use of force.
Next, Lee claims that the district court erred by excluding his prof-
fered evidence that DM, a mentally-handicapped co-worker of LL,
claimed to have had sex with LL on three occasions some time before
December 21, 1998. Federal Rule of Evidence 412 prohibits the
admission of evidence of a rape victim's past sexual behavior except
in three narrow circumstances: (1) when the evidence is constitution-
ally required; (2) when it is relevant regarding the source of semen
or injury found on the victim; and (3) when it deals with prior sexual
behavior between the victim and the accused and is relevant to the
issue of consent. Because the evidence failed to meet any of these
three exceptions, the district court did not abuse its discretion by
excluding this evidence. See United States v. Hassouneh, 199 F.3d
175, 182 (4th Cir. 2000) (stating standard of review).
Lee also claims that the government failed to prove that the rape
occurred in an area under federal jurisdiction. The district courts have
jurisdiction over offenses committed on military bases. See 18 U.S.C.
§§ 7(3), 3231 (1994); United States v. MacDonald, 531 F.2d 196, 198
n.1 (4th Cir. 1976). A district court may take judicial notice that the
crime being prosecuted occurred within federal jurisdiction. See
United States v. Lavender, 602 F.2d 639, 641 (4th Cir. 1979); United
States v. Blunt, 558 F.2d 1245, 1247 (6th Cir. 1977). Here, the indict-
ment charged that the crime occurred at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Fort
Belvoir's location was generally known in the Alexandria Division of
the Eastern District of Virginia and verifiable from"sources whose
accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned." Fed. R. Evid. 201(b).
Accordingly, we find no error in the district court's taking judicial
notice of this fact.
Finally, Lee challenges the two-level enhancement he received
under USSG § 3A1.1(b) for an offense involving an "unusually vul-
nerable victim." Section 3A1.1(b) applies "[i]f the defendant knew or
should have known that a victim of the offense was unusually vulner-
able due to age, physical or mental condition, or that a victim was
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otherwise particularly susceptible to the criminal conduct." Id. In
order to apply this provision, the district court must make two find-
ings: (1) that the victim was unusually vulnerable; and (2) that the
defendant targeted the victim because of the victim's unusual vulnera-
bility. See United States v. Singh, 54 F.3d 1182, 1191 (4th Cir. 1995).
In other words, the district court must find that because of age, mental
or physical condition, or any other relevant deficit, the victim was
"more susceptible to abuse from a perpetrator than most other poten-
tial victims of the particular offense." Id. at 1191-92. And, the district
court must find that the defendant "targeted" the victim because of the
victim's unusual vulnerability. See United States v. Holmes, 60 F.3d
1134, 1136 (4th Cir. 1995). "At the very least, the victim's vulnerabil-
ity must play a role in the defendant's decision to select that victim
as the target of the crime." Singh, 54 F.3d at 1191.
As to the first element, LL was clearly "unusually vulnerable" due
to both her physical and mental condition. As to the second element,
the district court could reasonably infer that LL's physical and mental
deficiencies, which were known to Lee, at least played a role in his
decision to select her as a victim.
Lee also challenges the enhancement under the Supreme Court's
recent decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. ___, 68 U.S.L.W.
4576 (June 26, 2000) (No. 98-478). We find that, because Lee
received a sentence of imprisonment and term of supervised release
that did not exceed the statutory maximum set out in 18 U.S.C.A.
§ 2241(a)(1), no plain error occurred. See United States v. Aguayo-
Delgado, ___ F.3d ___, 2000 WL 988128, at *6 (8th Cir. July 18,
2000).
Accordingly, we affirm Lee's conviction and sentence. We dis-
pense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are
adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument
would not aid in the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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