Pneumo Abex Corp v. High Point , 142 F.3d 769 ( 1998 )

PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
PNEUMO ABEX CORPORATION; WHITMAN
CORPORATION; CITY OF PORTSMOUTH,
VIRGINIA, a municipal corporation;
PORTSMOUTH REDEVELOPMENT AND
HOUSING AUTHORITY,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
HIGH POINT, THOMASVILLE AND DENTON
RAILROAD COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellant,
NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY;
NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY
COMPANY,
No. 97-1593
Defendants & Third Party
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
and
CSX CORPORATION; ERIE LACKAWANNA,
INCORPORATED; CONSOLIDATED RAIL
CORPORATION; GREENLEASE HOLDING
COMPANY; LAKE TERMINAL RAIL
COMPANY; NEW YORK, SUSQUEHANNA &
WESTERN RAILROAD COMPANY; USX
CORPORATION; JOHN C. HOLLAND, JR.;
CAMBRIA & INDIANA RAILROAD
COMPANY; FLORIDA EAST COAST
RAILWAY COMPANY,
Defendants,
CSX TRANSPORTATION, INCORPORATED;
FLORIDA EAST COAST INDUSTRIES,
INCORPORATED; FRUIT GROWERS EXPRESS
COMPANY, INCORPORATED; PITTSBURGH &
LAKE ERIE RAILROAD COMPANY,
INCORPORATED; RICHMOND,
FREDERICKSBURG & POTOMAC RAILROAD
COMPANY, INCORPORATED; UNION
RAILROAD COMPANY, INCORPORATED;
BESSEMER AND LAKE ERIE RAILROAD
COMPANY, INCORPORATED,
Defendants & Third Party Plaintiffs,
KAUFMAN & CANOLES, P.C.,
Party in Interest,
v.
THE RUNNYMEDE CORPORATION;
HOLLAND INVESTMENT AND
MANUFACTURING COMPANY,
INCORPORATED; AMERICAN PREMIER
UNDERWRITERS, INCORPORATED; WIMCO;
WIMCO METALS, INCORPORATED; WILMAT
HOLDINGS, INCORPORATED; TRIANGLE
INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED; ILLINOIS
CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY,
Third Party Defendants.
VIRGINIA MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION;
AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION; INSTITUTE OF SCRAP
RECYCLING INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED,
Amici Curiae.
2
PNEUMO ABEX CORPORATION; WHITMAN
CORPORATION; CITY OF PORTSMOUTH,
VIRGINIA, a municipal corporation;
PORTSMOUTH REDEVELOPMENT AND
HOUSING AUTHORITY,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
CSX TRANSPORTATION, INCORPORATED;
FRUIT GROWERS EXPRESS COMPANY,
INCORPORATED,
Defendants & Third Party
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
and
No. 97-1594
CSX CORPORATION; ERIE LACKAWANNA,
INCORPORATED; CONSOLIDATED RAIL
CORPORATION; GREENLEASE HOLDING
COMPANY; HIGH POINT,
THOMASVILLE AND DENTON RAILROAD
COMPANY; LAKE TERMINAL RAIL
COMPANY; NEW YORK, SUSQUEHANNA &
WESTERN RAILROAD COMPANY; USX
CORPORATION; JOHN C. HOLLAND, JR.;
CAMBRIA & INDIANA RAILROAD
COMPANY; FLORIDA EAST COAST
RAILWAY COMPANY,
Defendants,
3
FLORIDA EAST COAST INDUSTRIES,
INCORPORATED; NORFOLK SOUTHERN
RAILWAY COMPANY, NORFOLK &
WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY;
PITTSBURGH & LAKE ERIE RAILROAD
COMPANY INCORPORATED; RICHMOND,
FREDERICKSBURG & POTOMAC RAILROAD
COMPANY, INCORPORATED; UNION
RAILROAD COMPANY, INCORPORATED;
BESSEMER AND LAKE ERIE RAILROAD
COMPANY, INCORPORATED,
Defendants & Third Party Plaintiffs,
KAUFMAN & CANOLES, P.C.,
Party in Interest,
v.
THE RUNNYMEDE CORPORATION;
HOLLAND INVESTMENT AND
MANUFACTURING COMPANY,
INCORPORATED; AMERICAN PREMIER
UNDERWRITERS, INCORPORATED; WIMCO;
WIMCO METALS, INCORPORATED; WILMAT
HOLDINGS, INCORPORATED; TRIANGLE
INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED; ILLINOIS
CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY,
Third Party Defendants.
VIRGINIA MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION;
AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION; INSTITUTE OF SCRAP
RECYCLING INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED,
Amici Curiae.
4
PNEUMO ABEX CORPORATION; WHITMAN
CORPORATION; CITY OF PORTSMOUTH,
VIRGINIA, a municipal corporation;
PORTSMOUTH REDEVELOPMENT AND
HOUSING AUTHORITY,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
HIGH POINT, THOMASVILLE AND DENTON
RAILROAD COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee,
CSX TRANSPORTATION, INCORPORATED;
FRUIT GROWERS EXPRESS COMPANY,
INCORPORATED; NORFOLK SOUTHERN
RAILWAY COMPANY; NORFOLK &
No. 97-1599
WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY,
Defendants & Third Party
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
and
CSX CORPORATION; ERIE LACKAWANNA,
INCORPORATED; CONSOLIDATED RAIL
CORPORATION; GREENLEASE HOLDING
COMPANY; LAKE TERMINAL RAIL
COMPANY; NEW YORK, SUSQUEHANNA &
WESTERN RAILROAD COMPANY; USX
CORPORATION; JOHN C. HOLLAND, JR.;
CAMBRIA & INDIANA RAILROAD
COMPANY; FLORIDA EAST COAST
RAILWAY COMPANY,
Defendants,
5
FLORIDA EAST COAST INDUSTRIES,
INCORPORATED; PITTSBURGH & LAKE ERIE
RAILROAD COMPANY, INCORPORATED;
RICHMOND, FREDERICKSBURG & POTOMAC
RAILROAD COMPANY, INCORPORATED;
UNION RAILROAD COMPANY,
INCORPORATED; BESSEMER AND LAKE
ERIE RAILROAD COMPANY,
INCORPORATED,
Defendants & Third Party Plaintiffs,
KAUFMAN & CANOLES, P.C.,
Party in Interest,
v.
THE RUNNYMEDE CORPORATION;
HOLLAND INVESTMENT AND
MANUFACTURING COMPANY,
INCORPORATED; AMERICAN PREMIER
UNDERWRITERS, INCORPORATED; WIMCO;
WIMCO METALS, INCORPORATED; WILMAT
HOLDINGS, INCORPORATED; TRIANGLE
INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED; ILLINOIS
CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY,
Third Party Defendants.
VIRGINIA MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION;
AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION; INSTITUTE OF SCRAP
RECYCLING INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED,
Amici Curiae.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk.
Raymond A. Jackson, District Judge.
(CA-94-716-2)
Argued: January 27, 1998
Decided: April 29, 1998
6
Before LUTTIG, Circuit Judge, GOODWIN,
United States District Judge for the
Southern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation, and
MICHAEL, Senior United States District Judge for the
Western District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
_________________________________________________________________
Reversed and remanded by published opinion. Senior Judge Michael
wrote the opinion, in which Judge Luttig and Judge Goodwin joined.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Kevin Allan Gaynor, VINSON & ELKINS, L.L.P.,
Washington, D.C., for Appellants. Joseph Gerard Homsy, ZEVNIK,
HORTON, GUIBORD & MCGOVERN, Chicago, Illinois, for Appel-
lees. ON BRIEF: George C. Hopkins, S. Scott Gaille, VINSON &
ELKINS, L.L.P., Washington, D.C.; Joseph M. Spivey, III, HUN-
TON & WILLIAMS, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellants. John W.
Roberts, Sr., Lea D. Leadbeater, ZEVNIK, HORTON, GUIBORD &
MCGOVERN, Chicago, Illinois; James A. Gorry, III, TAYLOR &
WALKER, P.C., Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellees. Channing J. Mar-
tin, Christopher D. Pomeroy, WILLIAMS, MULLEN, CHRISTIAN
& DOBBINS, Richmond, Virginia; Carol C. Wampler, VIRGINIA
MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, Richmond, Virginia; Julie C.
Becker, AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS ASSO-
CIATION, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae Associations.
J. Thomas Wolfe, R. Michael Sweeney, INSTITUTE OF SCRAP
RECYCLING INDUSTRIES, INC., Washington, D.C., for Amicus
Curiae Institute.
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
MICHAEL, District Judge:
Since the enactment in 1980 of the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), litigation
7
over the cost of clean up of polluted sites has grown steadily. The
courts have struggled to interpret and refine the enforcement and lia-
bility scheme laid out by the Act. This case joins the growing number
of suits raising questions about the limits of liability for environmen-
tal pollution.
Between 1927 and 1978, Pneumo Abex Corporation's predecessor,
Abex Corporation, operated a railroad parts foundry in Portsmouth,
Virginia ("the Foundry"). Pursuant to contracts for sale ("conversion
agreements"), railroads shipped used journal bearings to the Foundry
for processing into new journal bearings. Journal or wheel bearings
are used on railroad cars to hold lubricating oil against the axle to
reduce friction. They are comprised of a lead lining ("babbitt") and
a bronze or brass1 "back." Pursuant to the conversion agreements, the
railroads shipped the wheel bearings to the Foundry and received
credit for the weight of wheel bearings against a purchase of new
wheel bearings (after a deduction for weight attributed to dirt and
grease). Among the sellers of journal bearings to the Foundry were
the defendant-appellants: Norfolk Southern Railway Company, Nor-
folk & Western Railway Company, CSX Corporation, CSX Transpor-
tation, Incorporated, and Fruit Growers Express Company,
Incorporated. These sellers were responsible for approximately 80.1%
of journal bearings sold to the Foundry for reuse. Other sellers of
wheel bearings settled with the defendants prior to trial.
Upon receipt, the Foundry heated the dirty wheel bearings in a low-
temperature furnace to "sweat off" the dirt, grease, and any impurities
and to separate the back from the lining. As the metal melted, impuri-
ties floated to the top and could be skimmed off. This slag was col-
lected from the furnaces and placed on the back lot of the Foundry's
property. The three furnaces used to heat metal at the Foundry also
produced smoke and fumes. Employees were, at one point, required
to wear air filters. A dust collector drew in the dust from the melting
process and deposited it in large steel drums. These drums were also
emptied of the dust onto the back lot.
_________________________________________________________________
1 Both bronze and brass are copper alloys, usually made with tin or
zinc. Bronze is a somewhat stronger alloy.
8
After the Foundry closed in 1978, the EPA sampled the soil in the
Foundry lot and, over the course of several years, found elevated
levels of lead, zinc, copper, tin, and antimony in the soil (all metals
that were used to create the wheel bearings). The EPA designated the
site as a Superfund Site. Beginning in 1986, Abex began response
activities at the site pursuant to state and federal EPA orders. EPA
estimates that the permanent remedy will cost at least $21 million.
The current defendants and several other parties were contacted by
the EPA as "potentially responsible parties" under the CERCLA.2
While other potentially responsible parties cooperated with the EPA
in clean up efforts, the defendants in the instant case refused to con-
tribute to the response costs, asserting that they are not liable for the
response costs under CERCLA. The plaintiffs sued for contribution
under Sections 107 and 113 of CERCLA. The district court dismissed
the 113 action as redundant. It then allocated responsibility and costs
under Section 107. The defendants challenge the district court's find-
ing that they are liable for the contamination of the site under CER-
CLA, that Pneumo Abex has standing to proceed under section 107,
that section 107 is the proper vehicle for a suit for contribution by
Pneumo Abex, and that the allocation of response costs is equitable.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the grant of summary judgment by the district
court and the dismissal of the section 113 claim. Shaw v. Stroud, 13
F.3d 791, 798 (4th Cir. 1994); West v. Clarke Murphy, Jr. Self-
Employed Pension Plan, 99 F.3d 166, 167 (4th Cir. 1996). We review
for abuse of discretion the grant of standing to sue under Section 107
of CERCLA and the equity of the award. United States v. R.W.
Meyer, Inc., 932 F.2d 568, 571 (6th Cir. 1991); Cox v. Shalala, 112
F.3d 151 (4th Cir. 1997).
_________________________________________________________________
2 While CERCLA does not define"potentially responsible party," the
courts have understood it to refer to a party who may be covered by the
statute at the time that said party is sued under the statute. See, e.g.,
OHM Remediation Servs. v. Evans Cooperage Co., Inc. , 116 F.3d 1574,
1582 (5th Cir. 1997); Redwing Carriers, Inc. v. Saraland Apartments, 94
F.3d 1489, 1496 (11th Cir. 1996).
9
DISCUSSION
Covered Persons under CERCLA
In 1980, Congress enacted the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act to provide for the clean
up of hazardous waste from polluted sites throughout the United
States. Pub. L. No. 96-510, 94 Stat. 2767 (codified at 42 U.S.C.
§§ 9601-9675 (1995)); United Technological Corp. v. United States
E.P.A., 821 F.2d 714, 717 (D.C. Cir. 1987). Congress amended CER-
CLA with the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of
1986 (SARA), Pub. L. No. 99-499, 100 Stat. 1613, 1615 (codified as
amended in scattered sections of 42 U.S.C.). The legislation, as
amended, provides, first, a mechanism for clean up of sites polluted
with hazardous waste and, second, a mechanism by which a govern-
mental entity or private party may recover the cost of clean up from
all parties responsible for the pollution of the site. 42 U.S.C. § 9607;
42 U.S.C. § 9613(f); Walls v. Waste Resource Corp., 823 F.2d 977,
980-81 (6th Cir. 1987). The cost of cleaning a site permanently is cal-
led the "response cost." Under CERCLA four classes of "covered per-
sons" may be liable for response costs:
(1) the owner and operator of a vessel or a facility,
(2) any person who at the time of disposal of any hazard-
ous substance owned or operated any facility at which
such hazardous substances were disposed of,
(3) any person who by contract, agreement, or otherwise
arranged for transport for disposal or treatment, of haz-
ardous substances owned or possessed by such person,
by any other party or entity, at any facility or incinera-
tion vessel owned or operated by another party or
entity and containing such hazardous substances, and
(4) any person who accepts or accepted any hazardous
substances for transport to disposal or treatment facili-
ties, incineration vessels or sites selected by such per-
son, from which there is a release, or a threatened
10
release which causes the incurrence of response costs,
of a hazardous substance.
42 U.S.C. § 9607(a). The four categories of covered persons delin-
eated by the statute reach back through the causal chain from those
who ultimately dispose of a hazardous substance to those who trans-
port and generate it. OHM Remediation Servs., Inc. v. Evans Cooper-
age, Inc., 116 F.3d 1574, 1578 (5th Cir. 1997), citing, B.F. Goodrich
Co. v. Murtha, 958 F.2d 1192, 1198 (2d Cir. 1992). Moreover, as
OHM Remediation Services explains, "Because the Act imposes strict
liability, Bell Petroleum, 3 F.3d [889,] ... 897 [(5th Cir. 1993)], plain-
tiffs generally need not prove causation, only that the defendant is a
`covered person.'" 116 F.3d at 1578, quoting, United States v. Alcan
Aluminum Corp., 990 F.2d 711, 721 (2d Cir. 1993).
The appellees in the case before the court contend that parties who
arrange for the treatment of hazardous substances, whether or not
such substances are waste, are covered persons who are liable under
the statute. Appellants argue, on the other hand, that the statute
encompasses only those parties who arrange for the treatment or dis-
posal of hazardous substances which are also waste. The court finds
that the appellees read the statute too broadly. Section 9601 of CER-
CLA states, "The term[ ] `treatment' shall have the meaning provided
in section 1004 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act[42 U.S.C.A. § 6903]."3
42 U.S.C. § 9601(29). The Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) defini-
tion of "treatment" presupposes discard. SWDA states, "The term
`treatment,' when used in connection with hazardous waste, means
any method, technique or process, including neutralization, designed
to change the physical, chemical, or biological character or composi-
tion of any hazardous waste so as to neutralize such waste or so as
to render such waste nonhazardous, safer for transport, amenable for
recovery, amenable for storage, or reduced in volume." Had the
authors of CERCLA intended not to adopt the presupposition of
SWDA, they were certainly capable of defining "treatment" other-
wise. However, as the legislature chose to use the SWDA definition
_________________________________________________________________
3 This section also provides that the definitions of "disposal" and "haz-
ardous waste" may be found in SWDA. However, as such definitions are
not at issue in the instant case, the court restricts its analysis to the term
"treatment."
11
of treatment, and the presupposition inherent in the definition, it is not
the role of this court to substitute another definition. Therefore, "treat-
ment ... of hazardous substances" as used in CERCLA refers to a
party arranging for the processing of discarded hazardous substance
or processing resulting in the discard of hazardous substances.
In determining whether a transaction was for the discard of hazard-
ous substances or for the sale of valuable materials, courts focus on
several factors: the intent of the parties to the contract as to whether
the materials were to be reused entirely or reclaimed and then reused,
the value of the materials sold, the usefulness of the materials in the
condition in which they were sold, and the state of the product at the
time of transferral (was the hazardous material contained or leaking/
loose). See, Florida Power & Light Co. v. Allis Chalmers Corp., 893
F.2d 1313, 1317 (11th Cir. 1990) (finding no liability based on the
intent of the parties and the fact that transformers were a valuable
commodity, despite the fact that transformers contained hazardous
substances); AM International Inc. v. International Forging Equip-
ment Corp., 982 F.2d 989, 999 (6th Cir. 1993) (focusing on the value
and usefulness of the materials sold and the intended purpose to find
no liability for sellers of chemicals); United States v. Petersen Sand
& Gravel, 806 F. Supp. 1346, 1354 (N.D. Ill. 1992) (focusing on the
usefulness of the product, the valuable consideration, and the intent
that the product would be entirely used up for the purpose for which
it was sold to find no liability); Stevens Creek v. Barclays Bank of
California, 915 F.2d 1355 (9th Cir. 1990) (focusing on constructive
use of asbestos in construction of building to find no liability);
Cadillac Fairview v. United States, 41 F.3d 562 (9th Cir. 1994) (hold-
ing seller of styrene liable because party's intent in transaction was
for buyer to process styrene and remove hazardous materials from it
so that styrene could be reused); Catellus v. United States, 34 F.3d
748 (9th Cir. 1994) (focusing on intent of parties to sale of batteries
to determine that seller might be liable). However,"there is no bright
line between a sale and a disposal under CERCLA. A party's respon-
sibility ... must by necessity turn on a fact-specific inquiry into the
nature of the transaction." Petersen, supra , 806 F.Supp. at 1354.
Careful consideration of the factors delineated by the case law and
of the process of creating new wheel bearings from the used wheel
bearings sent to the Foundry indicates that the conversion agreements
12
between the Foundry and the appellants were not transactions for dis-
posal. The used wheel bearings transported to the Foundry were dirty
and broken when they arrived. Moreover, the bearings were melted
down in a process which produced both dust and slag (both of which
were dumped in the back lot with the sand at the location later found
to be contaminated). However, slag and dust would be produced even
if virgin materials were used to make the new bearings. Unlike the
processing of styrene in Cadillac Fairview v. United States, 41 F.3d
562 (9th Cir. 1994), the removal of contaminants was not the purpose
of the transaction in the instant case. The bearings were processed
because they were worn out or broken. The removal of the dirt and
grease was incidental to remolding new bearings, just as it would
have been incidental to the molding of new bearings from virgin
materials.
Moreover, the dirt and grease were not the hazardous materials, the
metals themselves were. In this way, the case before the court more
closely resembles cases in which a party sells to another a material
which becomes hazardous in its use, but is contained when sold. For
example, in AM International Inc. v. International Forging Equip-
ment Corporation, the Sixth Circuit held that the owner of chemicals
did not "dispose" of the chemicals when they were sold in drums to
the buyer who then allowed the building in which the drums were
stored to deteriorate. 982 F.2d 989, 999 (6th Cir. 1993). Similarly,
here, the hazardous substance -- the metals -- were in a contained
form when delivered for sale.
The intent of both parties to the transaction was that the wheel
bearings would be reused in their entirety in the creation of new
wheel bearings. The Foundry paid the appellants for the bearings; the
appellants did not pay the Foundry to dispose of unwanted metal.
While there was a grease and dirt deduction taken from the price the
Foundry paid for the used wheel bearings, that deduction was to
account for weight, not reclamation costs. The Foundry refused to pay
for any weight not attributable to the bearings themselves. The parties
contemplated that the bearings were a valuable product for which the
Foundry paid a competitive price. For these reasons, we hold that
appellants are not "covered persons" under CERCLA.
13
Contribution Action Properly under Section 9613 or 9607
On remand, the district court, although it will dismiss the appel-
lants from the suit, must apportion liability among the remaining par-
ties to the suit. That apportionment process should be guided by
section 9613 rather than section 9607. Section 9607 allows "any per-
son" to recover all response costs from any responsible parties, whose
liability is then generally joint and several. OHM Remediation Servs.,
Inc. v. Evans Cooperage, Inc., 116 F.3d 1574, 1578 (5th Cir. 1997);
United States v. Alcan Aluminum Corp., 964 F.2d 252, 268 (3d Cir.
1992); Rumpke of Indiana, Inc. v. Cummins Engine Co., Inc., 107
F.3d 1235, 1240 (7th Cir. 1997); United States v. Colorado & Eastern
RR Co., 50 F.3d 1530, 1535 (10th Cir. 1995); United Technologies v.
Browning-Ferris Indus., Inc., 33 F.3d 96, 100 (1st Cir. 1994); United
States v. Rohm & Haas Co., 2 F.3d 1265, 1280 (3d Cir. 1993). Sec-
tion 9613, added by SARA in 1986, creates a cause of action for con-
tribution from "any other person who is liable or potentially liable."
42 U.S.C. § 9613(f)(1) (emphasis added). The courts have held con-
sistently that section 9613 must be used by parties who are them-
selves potentially responsible parties. See, New Castle County v.
Halliburton, 111 F.3d 1116, 1120 (3d Cir. 1997); Redwing Carriers,
Inc. v. Saraland Apartments, 94 F.3d 1489, 1496 (11th Cir. 1996);
United States v. Colorado & Eastern R.R. Co., 50 F.3d 1530, 1536
(10th Cir.1995); United Technologies Corp. v. Browning-Ferris
Indus., Inc., 33 F.3d 96, 99 (1st Cir. 1994); Akzo Coatings, Inc. v.
Aigner Corp., 30 F.3d 761, 764 (7th Cir. 1994); Amoco Oil Co. v.
Borden, Inc., 889 F.2d 664, 672 (5th Cir. 1989). 4 As the case before
_________________________________________________________________
4 Under section 9613, liability is allocated among other potentially
responsible parties and the potentially responsible plaintiff "using such
equitable factors as the court determines are appropriate." 42 U.S.C.
§ 9613(f)(1). See also Rumpke of Indiana,[supra,] 107 F.3d at 1240
(section 9613 allocates fault among potentially responsible persons);
Colorado & Eastern, [supra,] 50 F.3d at 1536 & n. 5 (discussing equita-
ble factors to be considered when resolving section 9613 claims)." New
Castle County, supra, 111 F.3d at 1121-22. Unlike a section 9607 defen-
dant, a section 9613 party need not demonstrate that the harm at the pol-
luted site is divisible, he need only present equitable considerations to
guide the allocation of liability. New Castle County, supra, 111 F.3d at
1121 n. 6, citing, Redwing Carriers, supra, 94 F.3d at 1513.
14
the court involves entirely potentially responsible parties, such parties
must seek contribution under section 9613.
The opinion below is reversed and the case is remanded.
REVERSED AND REMANDED
15