Rushing v. Yazoo County ( 2021 )

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United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
June 10, 2021
No. 20-60462 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Michael T. Rushing,
Plaintiff—Appellant,
versus
Yazoo County, a political subdivision of the State of Mississippi by and
through its governing authority, The Board of Supervisors of
Yazoo County; Van R. Foster, in his official capacity and
individually; David Berry, III, in his official capacity and individually;
Willie Wright, in his official capacity and individually; Jayne H.
Dew, in her official capacity and individually; Cobie Collins, in his
official capacity and individually; Alva Peyton Taylor, Yazoo County
Public Defender, in her official capacity and individually; Mississippi
Public Employees Retirement System, a duly created and
empowered agency of the State of Mississippi, by and through its Counsel and
Policy Advisor, Davetta Lee, in her official capacity,
Defendants—Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Mississippi
USDC No. 3:18-CV-764
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Before Owen, Chief Judge, and Jolly and Dennis, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam:*
This appeal requires us to decide whether a former assistant county
public defender timely filed a lawsuit to recover retirement and other
employment benefits denied him by a county board of supervisors. The
district court concluded he did not and entered summary judgment against
him. He appeals. We agree with the district court: The public defender’s
claims are time-barred, and no tolling doctrine applies. Consequently, we
AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
I.
Mississippi counties are run by boards of supervisors. No matter the
county—Alcorn to Adams, Panola to Perry—these boards govern. They can
tax. Miss. Code Ann. § 19-3-41. They can contract. Id. And they can
legislate (on a limited basis). Id. § 19-3-40(1). But they also wield a lesser-
known power: They can establish a county public defender office. Id.
§ 25-32-1. This civil-rights appeal arises from a board’s exercise of that
power to create a public defender office whose lawyers, the county decided,
would not receive county employment benefits.
The details of such offices are defined by statute. Once a county
public defender office is established, a county judge appoints the public
defender. Id. § 25-32-3(1). The public defender, in turn, appoints assistant
public defenders—if, that is, the board has “authorized” assistants.
Id. § 25-32-3(2). The public defender and her assistants may be full- or part-
time. Id. §§ 25-32-1, 25-32-5. If full-time, they may not maintain a private
*
Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this
opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
circumstances set forth in 5th Circuit Rule 47.5.4.
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law practice. Id. § 25-32-5. If part-time, however, they “may engage in the
private practice of the law as long as such practice does not relate to the
prosecution of criminal matters.” Id. Their compensation is not fixed by
statute; it is set by the board of supervisors. Id. § 25-32-3(2).
Another item not fixed by statute is the eligibility of public defenders
for membership in the Public Employees’ Retirement System of Mississippi
(PERS). Established in 1952, PERS provides retirement coverage for
eligible employees in state service. See id. § 25-11-101. A regulation adopted
by PERS’ Board of Trustees—Regulation 36—governs eligibility. See 27
Miss. Admin. Code Pt. 210, R. 1:36. Under Regulation 36, an individual
may be eligible for PERS membership if he meets four basic requirements.
See id. R.1:36(102). First, he must be “properly classified as an employee.”
Id. Second, his compensation must be “properly reported on IRS Form W-
2.” Id. Third, he must be “paid regular periodic compensation.” Id.
Fourth, he must be “treated as an employee for all general purposes,
including, but not limited to, eligibility for fringe benefits, payment of
employment-related expenses, payroll tax withholding, etc.” Id. A county
public defender may be eligible for PERS membership if he meets these
requirements.
By 1997, Yazoo County had enough “indigent defendant cases,”
Miss. Code Ann. § 25-32-1, to warrant a public defender office. So the
Board of Supervisors established one. The order establishing the office
(“1997 Order”) provided for the appointment of a public defender and two
assistant public defenders. The appointments were on a “part-time basis,”
and the annual salaries were fixed at $50,000. Those salaries did not cover
“office, secretarial and other expenses.” And the positions did not include
benefits. In fact, the 1997 Order specified that the “Public Defender and
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assistants shall not receive retirement, insurance, workmen’s compensation
and other fringe benefits of employees of the county.”
That same year, Michael Rushing joined the Yazoo County Public
Defender Office as an assistant public defender. When he received his first
paycheck, in mid-December, he learned that he had not been enrolled in
PERS, and that he was not receiving county employment benefits. He knew
that his compensation was not being reported on a W-2 form, and he
maintained a private law practice throughout his tenure. He left the office in
1999, when the incoming chief public defender decided not to re-appoint him.
Rushing’s failure to secure a re-appointment put him in a “financial
bind.” To help his finances, in May 2000, he opted to obtain a refund of the
PERS contributions made on his behalf during his tenure as a municipal
court judge from 1992 to 1999. As a result of the refund, Rushing “waive[d]
and relinquish[ed]” any and all PERS rights that had accrued. Miss.
Code Ann. § 25-11-117(1).
The Yazoo County Public Defender Office was terminated in 2005,
but the Board re-established it in 2008. The order that re-established the
office (“2008 Order”) resembles the 1997 Order that established it. The
2008 Order directed a county judge to appoint the public defender, who
would then appoint three assistant public defenders. Like the 1997 Order,
the 2008 Order stated that all of the appointments would be “part-time,”
and none of the appointees would “receive retirement, insurance,
workmen’s compensation” or “other fringe benefits of employees of the
county.”
In accord with the 2008 Order, a county judge appointed Alva Taylor
Yazoo County Public Defender. Taylor, in turn, appointed Rushing as one
of three assistant public defenders.
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Rushing’s second stint at the office stretched from January 2009 to
November 2017. He maintained a private law practice during his second
stint, as he did during his first. He knew within 30 to 45 days of re-joining
the office that he was not enrolled in PERS, and that he was not receiving
benefits. By the end of each year, he knew that his compensation for the prior
year had not been reported on a W-2 form. About 60 to 90 days after re-
joining the office, however, he began questioning why it lacked basic
resources, like office supplies and a copier. He had spoken to public
defenders in other Mississippi counties and had learned that other offices
were better funded. Around the same time, he asked his supervisor, Yazoo
County Public Defender Alva Taylor, about the reason for the lack of
resources; Taylor responded, “it’s not in our contract” with the Board. This
was not correct. In fact, the lack of resources stemmed from the terms of the
1997 and 2008 Orders, but Rushing did not know this because he had not read
the orders.
Believing he had been illegally denied county employment benefits,
Rushing wrote Wiley J. Barbour, the attorney for the Board. In this July 11,
2014 letter, Rushing claimed Yazoo County public defenders were public
employees entitled to “[f]ull participation” in PERS and to “any and all
other benefits . . . to which all other public employees within the state have
been and are now entitled.” On behalf of himself and the two other assistant
public defenders, Rushing demanded “to have our past and present status as
public employees recognized by the county and to receive that to which we
have been entitled throughout our respective terms of service to Yazoo
County.”
The letter led to a discussion with Barbour. In mid-July, Rushing told
Barbour that he intended to raise the concerns identified in the letter at a
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Board meeting. Barbour “discouraged” Rushing from asking to be placed on
the Board’s agenda and told Rushing his complaints “would not be favorably
received.” Rushing considered this a “friendly warning” and grew
concerned he would be fired if he complained at a Board meeting. Still,
Rushing never told the Yazoo County Administrator about his concerns, and
Rushing never asked to be placed on the agenda for a Board meeting.
After meeting with Barbour, Rushing turned to PERS. He met with
Davetta Lee, Counsel and Policy Advisor for PERS, in September 2014. He
told Lee that he thought he should be enrolled in PERS by virtue of his
assistant public defender position. In response, Lee directed Rushing to
documents—including the 1997 Order and the 2008 Order—establishing
that his position was part-time and without benefits. Lee then explained the
requirements for PERS eligibility. Rushing had to be “properly classified”
as an employee; his wages had to be “properly reported” on a W-2 form; and
he had to be “treated as an employee for all general purposes,” including
“eligibility for fringe benefits.” 27 Miss. Admin. Code Pt. 210, R.
1:36(102). Lee also explained the “20/80 Rule”: Employees are not eligible
for PERS unless they work at least “20 hours per week or a total of 80 hours
per month.” Id. R. 1:36(103)(2)(a)(i). Because the Board had classified
Rushing as a part-time contractor and had denied him benefits, Lee
explained, Rushing was not eligible for membership in PERS. If Rushing
believed he was being misclassified, Lee continued, Rushing needed to
resolve that dispute with the Board of Supervisors; PERS could not re-
classify him as a public employee eligible to receive benefits when the Board,
acting through its minutes, had denied benefits.
After failing to convince PERS to enroll him, Rushing returned to
work—but “under protest.” Had he been enrolled in PERS and
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contributing to the system throughout his second stint, his right to retirement
benefits would have “vested” in January 2017, after eight years of state
service. See Miss. Code Ann. § 25-11-109(1). But he was not enrolled,
and he did not contribute to the system. So no right “vested” when his
second stint drew to a close.
Rushing resigned from his assistant public defender position on
November 15, 2017 and filed suit on November 1, 2018.
II.
Rushing sued everyone conceivably involved in the decision not to
extend to him county employment benefits. That included Yazoo County,
the Board of Supervisors and five Board members, Yazoo County Public
Defender Alva Taylor, PERS, and PERS Counsel and Policy Advisor
Davetta Lee. His claims fell into three categories: claims for violations of
§ 1983, claims based on breaches of fiduciary duties, and a request for a
declaratory judgment. All of Rushing’s claims are bottomed on the denial of
his right to county employment benefits, including membership in PERS.
The first category of claims, those brought under § 1983, involved
alleged violations of equal protection, procedural due process, and
substantive due process. As for equal protection, Rushing claimed
“Defendants” “singl[ed] out a discre[t][e] and insular minority of [p]ublic
[d]efenders from all other county employees.” This “singl[ing] out”
stemmed from the 1997 Order and the 2008 Order and referred to the
Board’s decision not to extend to public defenders the employment benefits
extended to other county employees. As for procedural due process, Rushing
claimed “Defendants” “den[ied] him notice or an opportunity to be heard”
before the Board. The alleged denial occurred during his July 2014
conversation with Jay Barbour, the Board’s attorney, when Barbour told
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Rushing that his complaints would not be “favorably received” by the Board.
Rushing considered this statement “a denial of the right to be heard.”
Finally, as for substantive due process, Rushing complained “Defendants”
denied him employment benefits and membership in PERS; he claimed he
was constitutionally entitled to both.
Rushing based the second category of his claims, those for breach of
fiduciary duty, on three omissions. First, “Defendants” failed to classify him
as a county employee eligible to receive benefits. Second, “Defendants”
failed to inform him that they would rely on PERS’s 20/80 Rule, and that
he needed to “keep a time sheet” to prove compliance with that rule. Finally,
Alva Taylor misrepresented that the public defender office had a contract
with the Board.
The third and final category of claims proved the easiest to
comprehend. Rushing sought a declaratory judgment that Yazoo County and
PERS must “work together to enroll him as a member of PERS, with all
retroactive credits allowable by law.”
After some discovery on these claims, the defendants moved for
summary judgment. The district court granted the motions and dismissed
Rushing’s claims as time-barred. It concluded that the limitations period
was, at most, three years; that each claim accrued more than three years
before suit was filed; and that no tolling doctrine applied. Given these
conclusions, it entered a take-nothing judgment. Rushing timely appeals.
III.
We review the grant of summary judgment de novo. West v. City of
Houston, 960 F.3d 736, 740 (5th Cir. 2020) (per curiam). Summary judgment
is appropriate if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any
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material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute is genuine if “the evidence is such that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A fact is material if it “might
affect the outcome of the suit.” Id. We view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the nonmovant and draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s
favor. Adams v. Alcolac, Inc., 974 F.3d 540, 543 (5th Cir. 2020) (per curiam).
IV.
Rushing challenges the summary judgment dismissing his claims as
time-barred. We resolve his challenge in three parts. First, we determine the
limitations periods that apply. Second, we determine when each claim
accrued. Finally, we determine whether a tolling doctrine applies.
A.
Rushing brings § 1983 claims for the denial of equal protection and
due process. There is no federal limitations period for § 1983 claims, so we
borrow the forum state’s residual personal-injury limitations period. See
Bargher v. White, 928 F.3d 439, 444 (5th Cir. 2019). Mississippi is the forum
state, and its residual personal-injury limitations period, Miss. Code
Ann. § 15-1-49, is three years. See Edmonds v. Oktibbeha Cnty., 675 F.3d
911, 916 (5th Cir. 2012) (citing Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-49). Because
Rushing filed suit on November 1, 2018, and a three-year limitations period
applies, any § 1983 claims that accrued before November 1, 2015 are time-
barred unless a tolling doctrine applies.
Rushing also brings claims for breach of fiduciary duty under
Mississippi law. These claims are governed by the three-year residual
limitations period, Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-49. See Anderson v. LaVere,
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136 So. 3d 404, 411 (Miss. 2014). Still, the defendants have asked us to apply
a shorter, one-year limitations period under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act,
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3)(a). Because the two-year difference in
the lengths of these limitations periods does not change the outcome of this
appeal, we will assume—without deciding—that the longer, three-year
residual limitations period applies. Accordingly, as with the § 1983 claims,
any breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims that accrued before November 1, 2015
are time-barred unless a tolling doctrine applies.
Having settled, as a matter of applicable law, on a three-year
limitations period for all claims, we turn to consider when each claim
accrued.
B.
We analyze accrual separately for each of Rushing’s claims. We first
consider accrual of his § 1983 claims. After that determination, we consider
accrual of his claims for breach of fiduciary duty under Mississippi law.
1.
The date a § 1983 claim accrues is a question of federal law. Wallace
v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 388 (2007). Under our precedent, a § 1983 claim
accrues, and the limitations period begins to run, “‘the moment the plaintiff
becomes aware that he has suffered an injury or has sufficient information to
know that he has been injured.’” Russell v. Bd. of Trs., 968 F.2d 489, 493 (5th
Cir. 1992) (quoting Rodriguez v. Holmes, 963 F.2d 799, 803 (5th Cir. 1992)).
The plaintiff “need not realize that a legal cause of action exists; [he] need
only know the facts that would support a claim.” Piotrowski v. City of
Houston, 51 F.3d 512, 516 (5th Cir. 1995). We turn to consider when Rushing
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became aware, or should have become aware, of the facts supporting each of
his § 1983 claims. See Russell, 968 F.2d at 493.
a.
We begin with Rushing’s § 1983 claim for denial of equal protection.
For this claim, Rushing asserts that “Defendants” “singl[ed] out” public
defenders for disfavored treatment by denying them the benefits county
employees enjoy. The decision to deny benefits stems from the 1997 Order
and the 2008 Order. Rushing admits he had actual knowledge of these orders
by late 2013 or early 2014. By then, he became aware, or should have become
aware, that the Board had denied public defenders the benefits county
employees receive. See id. At the latest, he became aware that public
defenders had been denied benefits in July 2014. That month, he wrote the
Board’s attorney a demand letter complaining that public defenders had been
misclassified as “contractors” (rather than county employees), and claiming
that public defenders had been wrongfully denied the benefits afforded
county employees, such as participation in PERS. Under even the latest of
these dates, Rushing’s claim accrued more than three years before he filed
suit in November 2018. This claim is time-barred unless a tolling doctrine
applies.
b.
We turn next to the § 1983 claim for the denial of procedural due
process. Rushing claims “Defendants” “den[ied] him notice or an
opportunity to be heard” before the Board. Under his theory of this claim,
the “denial” stems from his July 2014 conversation with the Board attorney,
when the attorney told Rushing his complaints would not be “favorably
received” by the Board. Rushing became aware, or should have become
aware, of the facts supporting this claim when the conversation occurred. See
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id. So this claim accrued in July 2014, more than three years before Rushing
filed suit. Like the equal protection-claim, this claim is time-barred unless a
tolling doctrine applies.
c.
We now turn to the last of Rushing’s § 1983 claims: his claim for denial
of substantive due process. Under his theory of this claim, “Defendants”
violated substantive due process when they denied him membership in
PERS and other benefits of county employment. That denial traces to the
1997 Order and the 2008 Order, which specified that public defenders like
Rushing would “not receive retirement, insurance, workmen’s
compensation and other fringe benefits of employees of the county.” As
noted, Rushing admits he had actual knowledge of these orders by late 2013
or early 2014. By then, he became aware, or should have become aware, that
the Board had denied public defenders PERS and other benefits of county
employment. See id. At the latest, he became aware that public defenders
had been denied membership in PERS and other benefits of county
employment in July 2014, when he wrote the demand letter to the Board
attorney. Even using the latest of these dates, Rushing’s claim accrued more
than three years before he filed suit in November 2018. So this claim is time-
barred unless a tolling doctrine applies.
d.
As we have noted, Rushing had actual knowledge of the facts
underlying each § 1983 claim more than three years before he filed suit. Still,
he insists his claims did not accrue until much later. He makes two
arguments on this score.
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First, he contends his claims did not accrue until he resigned from his
position or “vested” with a right to retirement. For it was not until then, he
reasons, that he could have collected retirement benefits and filed this
lawsuit. We disagree. As relevant here, the (allegedly) unlawful act is the
Board’s classification of him as a part-time contractor ineligible for county
employment benefits, including PERS retirement. That act was
accomplished through the 1997 Order and the 2008 Order, and Rushing had
actual knowledge of the existence, content, and effect of both orders by July
2014, at the latest. Rushing’s ultimate inability to receive retirement benefits
upon “vesting” or resignation is merely a consequence of the earlier unlawful
act—more specifically, “a delayed, but inevitable, consequence,” Del. State
Coll. v. Ricks, 449 U.S. 250, 257–58 (1980), of the Board’s decision not to
extend benefits to county public defenders. See Chardon v. Fernandez, 454
U.S. 6, 8 (1981) (per curiam) (anchoring accrual to the time of the unlawful
act, “not the point at which the consequences of the act become painful”
(citing Ricks, 449 U.S. at 258)). Because we assess accrual from the moment
the plaintiff “‘has sufficient information to know that he has been injured,’”
Russell, 968 F.2d at 493 (quoting Rodriguez, 963 F.2d at 803), not from each
moment he feels the effects of a singular, earlier injury, see, e.g., Burns v.
Harris Cnty. Bail Bond Bd., 139 F.3d 513, 519 (5th Cir. 1998), we reject
Rushing’s first accrual argument and turn to his second.
For his second argument, Rushing invokes the continuing-violation
doctrine, which is “a federal common law doctrine governing accrual.”
Heath v. Bd. of Super’s for S. Univ. & Agric. & Mech. Coll., 850 F.3d 731, 740
(5th Cir. 2017). He contends a new claim accrued each time Yazoo County
issued him a paycheck without making deductions for the benefits he says he
was owed. We are not persuaded. “The continuing violation doctrine does
not apply to claims based on discrete actions,” Gen. Land Office v. U.S. Dep’t
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of the Interior, 947 F.3d 309, 319 (5th Cir. 2020) (citing Doe v. United States,
853 F.3d 792, 802 (5th Cir. 2017)), even if those actions are “‘serial,’” Doe,
853 F.3d at 802 (quoting Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101,
114 (2002)). At their core, Rushing’s claims are based on two discrete
actions: the Board’s adoption, first in 1997 and then in 2008, of orders
denying public defenders the benefits that county employees receive.
Because Rushing’s claims are based on two discrete actions, he is “not
entitled to the shelter of the continuing violation doctrine.” Frank v. Xerox
Corp., 347 F.3d 130, 136 (5th Cir. 2003); cf. Berry v. Allstate Ins. Co., 84 F.
App’x 442, 444 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (continuing-violation doctrine
did not apply in suit to recover retirement benefits because employer’s
decision to deny benefits was a “one-time event”).
In sum, each of Rushing’s § 1983 claims accrued more than three
years before Rushing filed suit, and Rushing is not entitled to relief under the
federal continuing-violation doctrine. Accordingly, each of Rushing’s § 1983
claims is time-barred unless a tolling doctrine applies. Having determined
when each of Rushing’s § 1983 claims accrued, we turn to consider accrual
of his claims for breach of fiduciary duty under Mississippi law.
2.
In addition to § 1983 claims, Rushing brings claims for breach of
fiduciary duty under Mississippi law. We look to state law to determine when
these state-law claims accrued. See Meyers v. Moody, 693 F.2d 1196, 1206 (5th
Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 920 (1983). As we have noted, under
Mississippi law, claims for breach of fiduciary duty are governed by the three-
year residual limitations period. See Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-49. A claim
subject to that period accrues, at the latest, when “the plaintiff has
discovered, or by reasonable diligence should have discovered, the injury.”
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Id. § 15-1-49(2). Using this definition of accrual, we consider when each of
Rushing’s three breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims accrued for purposes of the
residual limitations period.
a.
For his first claim, Rushing asserts that “Defendants” breached a
fiduciary duty to “correctly classify” him as a county employee eligible for
benefits. Under Rushing’s theory of this claim, “the injury,” id., is not being
classified as a county employee eligible for benefits. The 1997 Order and the
2008 Order accomplished that misclassification. Rushing had actual
knowledge of both orders by late 2013 or early 2014. By then, he had
“discovered, or by reasonable diligence should have discovered, the injury.”
Id. At the latest, Rushing actually “discovered[] . . . the injury,” id., in July
2014, when he wrote the demand letter to the Board attorney, complaining
of the misclassification that gives rise to this claim. Even using the latest of
these dates, this claim accrued more than three years before Rushing filed
suit.
b.
For his second claim, Rushing asserts that “Defendants” breached
their fiduciary duty to tell him (a) that they would rely on PERS’s 20/80
Rule, and (b) that he needed to “keep a time sheet” to prove compliance with
that rule. Under Rushing’s theory of this claim, “the injury,” id., is
“Defendants’” reliance on the 20/80 rule and failure to inform him of that
rule. At the latest, Rushing “discovered, or by reasonable diligence should
have discovered,” id., that injury in September 2014, when PERS Counsel
and Policy Advisor Davetta Lee advised Rushing of the 20/80 rule.
Accordingly, this claim accrued more than three years before Rushing filed
suit.
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c.
For his third claim, Rushing asserts that Alva Taylor, then the Yazoo
County Public Defender, misrepresented to him that the public defender
office had a contract with the Board. Here, “the injury,” id., is the alleged
misrepresentation. That misrepresentation was made sometime between
“late” 2012 and “the middle of” 2014. During that same time period,
Rushing “discovered,” id., that no contract existed. That discovery is
confirmed by Rushing’s July 2014 demand letter; in it, he “point[ed] out that
there is no contract” between the public defender office and the Board. At
the latest, this claim accrued in July 2014, more than three years before
Rushing filed suit.
In sum, each of Rushing’s claims for breach of fiduciary duty accrued
more than three years before Rushing filed suit in November 2018. So each
claim is time-barred unless a tolling doctrine applies. Having fully analyzed
accrual, we turn to consider the final part of this appeal—tolling.
C.
Thus, finally, we must decide whether a tolling doctrine saves
Rushing’s otherwise time-barred claims. We apply state tolling provisions in
§ 1983 cases. E.g., Rodriguez, 963 F.2d at 803 (citing Hardin v. Straub, 490
U.S. 536, 543 (1989) and Jackson v. Johnson, 950 F.2d 263, 265 (5th Cir. 1992)
(per curiam)). Rushing raises two related tolling theories: equitable tolling
and equitable estoppel. 1 We consider each in turn.
1
We do not consider Rushing’s “void ab initio” argument because he raised it for
the first time on appeal. See Perry v. VHS San Antonio Partners, L.L.C., 990 F.3d 918, 926
(5th Cir. 2021). To the extent he intends to argue that Mississippi’s continuing-tort
doctrine applies, he has forfeited the argument by inadequately briefing it; he cites no
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Under Mississippi law, “[t]he doctrine of equitable tolling provides
that the running of the statute of limitations is suspended when ‘a plaintiff’s
delay in filing [a complaint] is caused by the defendant’s
misrepresentation.’” Strickland v. S. Panola Sch. Dist., 134 So. 3d 367, 369
(Miss. Ct. App. 2013) (quoting Smith v. Franklin Custodian Funds, Inc., 726
So. 2d 144, 149 (Miss. 1998)). Rushing has presented no evidence that the
misrepresentation of any defendant caused him to file his complaint in
November 2018—more than four years after he had actual knowledge of all
of the facts forming the basis of all of his claims. His failure to file before then
is attributable to him and him alone. Accordingly, he is not entitled to
equitable tolling.
Nor is he entitled to equitable estoppel. Equitable estoppel “is an
extraordinary remedy that should be used with caution.” Simmons Hous.,
Inc. v. Shelton ex rel. Shelton, 36 So. 3d 1283, 1287 (Miss. 2010) (citing Adams
v. Greenpoint Credit, LLC, 943 So. 2d 703, 709 (Miss. 2006) (en banc)). To
equitably estop the defendants from raising a statute-of-limitations defense,
Rushing “must present proof of inequitable conduct by the defendants.”
Townes v. Rusty Ellis Builder, Inc., 98 So. 3d 1046, 1055 (Miss. 2012) (citing
Miss. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Stringer, 748 So. 2d 662, 666–67 (Miss. 1999) (en
banc)). Specifically, he must show that (1) the defendants induced him not
to file his complaint sooner; (2) his claim was time-barred as a result of that
inducement; and (3) the defendants knew or had reason to know that his
claim would be time-barred as a result of the inducement. See id. (quoting
Harrison Enters., Inc. v. Trilogy Commc’ns, Inc., 818 So. 2d 1088, 1095 (Miss.
authority to support application of the doctrine here. See Innova Hosp. San Antonio Ltd.
P’ship v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ga., Inc., 892 F.3d 719, 732 (5th Cir. 2018).
17
Case: 20-60462 Document: 00515895639 Page: 18 Date Filed: 06/10/2021
No. 20-60462
2002) (en banc)). Rushing can show none of these elements. He has no
evidence that any defendant induced him to wait until November 2018 to file
his complaint; no evidence that his untimely filing resulted from an
inducement, rather than his own lack of diligence; and no evidence that any
defendant knew or had reason to know that any hypothetical inducement
would cause his claim to be time-barred. Accordingly, we reject Rushing’s
equitable-estoppel argument.
V.
We now sum up. In this opinion, we have considered only the
timeliness of Rushing’s claims—not their merits. First, we have determined
that Mississippi’s three-year residual limitations period applies to his § 1983
claims, and we have assumed, without deciding, that the same period applies
to his claims for breach of fiduciary duty. Second, we have concluded that
each of his claims accrued more than three years before he filed suit. Finally,
we have rejected each of the tolling theories he has proposed. Because each
of his claims accrued more than three years before he filed suit, and no tolling
doctrine applies, his claims are time-barred. Accordingly, the judgment of
the district court is, in all respects,
AFFIRMED.
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