Charter Twp of Plainfield v. Dept of Natural Resources ( 2015 )


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  •                           STATE OF MICHIGAN
    COURT OF APPEALS
    CHARTER TOWNSHIP OF PLAINFIELD,                                    UNPUBLISHED
    March 10, 2015
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    v                                                                  No. 316535
    Kent Circuit Court
    DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES                                    LC No. 09-008254-CZ
    AND ENVIRONMENT,
    Defendant-Appellee.
    Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and BECKERING and SHAPIRO, JJ.
    PER CURIAM.
    Plaintiff Plainfield Charter Township appeals as of right the trial court order granting
    defendant Department of Natural Resources and Environment1 summary disposition pursuant to
    MCR 2.116(C)(10). We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
    I. FACTS AND PROCEEDING BELOW
    Before the mid-1990s, plaintiff used a lagoon on the banks of the Grand River to receive
    “water treatment residuals” (principally comprised of calcium carbonate and magnesium) from
    its water treatment plant. In 1987, plaintiff decided to use the Coit Avenue Gravel Pit (CAP) to
    receive the water treatment residuals from its water treatment plant. The CAP was
    approximately 30 acres in size in 1988 and is currently 35 to 38 acres in size. The CAP is closed
    off from other bodies of water and has no natural surface outlet to the Grand River or any other
    stream.
    On October 20, 1987, plaintiff applied to the DNR for a permit to use the CAP to hold
    backwash water and water softening sludge from plaintiff’s water treatment plant. On August
    11, 1988, William Shaw of the Permits Section of the DNR sent plaintiff a letter stating that:
    1
    Defendant is the successor state government agency to the Department of Natural Resources
    (DNR) and Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ).
    -1-
    The discharge of potable water treatment sludge from the Plainfield
    Township treatment plant into the adjacent [CAP] does not require a National
    Pollutant Discharge Elimination (NPDES) permit. . . . This decision is based on
    our conclusion that the [CAP] is excluded as a “waters of the State” in the Part 4
    Rules of the Water Resources Commission (WRC) because of its existing use as
    solely for wastewater conveyance, treatment, or control. [Emphasis added.]
    The standards established under Part 4 of the Michigan Administrative Rules governing water
    resources protection “are the minimum water quality requirements by which the surface waters
    of the state shall be managed.” Mich Admin Code, R 323.1041. Under Mich Admin Code, R
    323.1044(u), “drainage ways and ponds used solely for wastewater conveyance, treatment, or
    control” are exempted from being “surface waters of the state.”
    More than six years later, on January 7, 1994, the Michigan Department of Public Health
    issued plaintiff a permit to allow plaintiff to expand the CAP. Using that permit, plaintiff
    incorporated the CAP as its wastewater receptacle for a $10,000,000 expansion to its wastewater
    treatment plant.
    On August 5, 2003, the DEQ sent plaintiff the results of its survey of plaintiff’s water
    system. The DEQ concluded that the system was well operated and maintained. The survey did
    not mention any problem with the CAP. On August 11, 2005, the DEQ issued plaintiff a permit
    to construct a wash water drain between the CAP and the Grand River.
    The instant case arises out of the notification sent by the DEQ to plaintiff on August 7,
    2006 after a survey of plaintiff’s water system. The DEQ advised plaintiff:
    No National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) or
    Groundwater Discharge permit exists. The township was sent a letter from
    William Shaw of the DEQ on August 11, 1988 indicating the gravel pit is not a
    “Waters of the State” and an NPDES permit is not needed. However,
    construction of a new spillway in 2005 between the Grand River and the
    discharge pond could allow water from the pond to discharge back into the river.
    This would constitute an unlawful discharge. Therefore, the township must take
    the necessary steps to prevent this from happening. The township is also
    encouraged to evaluate alternatives to eventually eliminate the discharge to the
    pond.
    On June 30, 2009, the DEQ sent plaintiff a letter indicating that the DEQ had determined
    that CAP was “surface waters of the state.” The DEQ requested that plaintiff submit within 90
    days of the letter a corrective action plan to provide an alternative means of wastewater disposal.
    On August 4, 2009, plaintiff filed its initial complaint in the Kent Circuit Court and, on
    October 6, 2010, filed its first amended complaint which raised four counts. First, plaintiff asked
    for declaratory judgment that the waters of the CAP are not “waters of the state.” Second,
    plaintiff argued that equitable estoppel should bar defendant from ruling that the CAP is “waters
    of the state.” Third, plaintiff argued that collateral estoppel barred defendant from ruling that the
    -2-
    CAP is “waters of the state.” Fourth, plaintiff argued that defendant’s attempt to rule that the
    CAP is “waters of the state” constituted inverse condemnation.
    On October 27, 2010, defendant moved the trial court to dismiss the second, third, and
    fourth counts in plaintiff’s first amended complaint. Defendant based its motion on the argument
    that plaintiff was not legally entitled to the application of either equitable or collateral estoppel.
    On November 29, 2010, defendant filed a supplemental brief arguing that the Michigan Court of
    Claims was the proper forum for these claims and that, therefore, plaintiff’s first amended
    complaint before the circuit court should be transferred to the Court of Claims. On December 2,
    2010, plaintiff filed a complaint with the Court of Claims alleging the same causes of action as
    had been contained in counts two, three, and four of the amended circuit court complaint.
    On January 16, 2011, plaintiff filed its second amended complaint in the circuit court
    case, in which it sought only declaratory judgment that the waters of the CAP are not “waters of
    the state.”2
    In fall 2012, each party filed a motion for summary disposition asking the circuit court to
    decide the declaratory matter in its favor. Defendant argued that the CAP was not a pond and
    not used solely for wastewater conveyance, treatment, or control because it was
    hydrogeologically connected by groundwater to the adjacent Grand River. Plaintiff argued that
    the CAP was not “waters of the state” because it was a “pond” and because the CAP was only
    used for wastewater conveyance. Plaintiff also argued that defendant should be estopped from
    defending the case on estoppel grounds, given the years in which defendant had advised plaintiff
    that the CAP was exempt.
    Various affidavits were provided in support of the motions. Andrew Dykema, owner of
    the Coit Avenue Gravel Company, provided an affidavit stating that his company sold the CAP
    to plaintiff in July 2012, and that to his knowledge, the CAP had been used exclusively for
    wastewater conveyance and that his company had fenced in portions of the CAP and placed “no
    trespass” signs at the CAP. On November 8, 2012, plaintiff adopted an ordinance that prohibited
    the use of the CAP for anything other than wastewater conveyance, treatment, or control. Robert
    Vander Male, a licensed engineer with the Prein & Newhof engineering firm, provided an
    affidavit averring that the hydrogeological characteristics of the CAP were materially the same in
    2012 as they were in March 1988. He further attested that water from the CAP either evaporated
    or was discharged into adjacent groundwater and that he was not aware of any uses of the CAP
    other than wastewater conveyance. Vander Male’s affidavit also stated that plaintiff recently
    purchased the CAP from its previous owner for $880,000 and that plaintiff also spent
    approximately $100,000 in piping and related engineering costs in regard to the CAP. Vander
    Male stated that if defendant had not made its decision in 1988 that the CAP did not need an
    NPDES permit, plaintiff could have purchased another lagoon instead of the CAP to handle its
    2
    On December 13, 2010, plaintiff’s cases before the Kent Circuit Court and the Court of Claims
    were joined. The trial court heard both cases.
    -3-
    water treatment residuals. Using a second lagoon would have cost plaintiff between $1,000,000
    and $1,100,000. Vander Male stated in his affidavit that because there was no longer land
    available for a second lagoon, if the CAP could no longer be used, plaintiff’s best alternative
    would be to implement a mechanical system to handle its water treatment residuals at the cost of
    $7,000,000 in capital improvements and $260,000 per year in additional operational costs.
    Brent Fisher, Environmental Engineer Specialist with the DEQ, provided an affidavit in
    which he stated that the CAP was “closed” because it had “no natural surface level outlet to the
    Grand River or any other stream” but that the groundwaters of the CAP continually interchanged
    with the groundwaters of the surrounding area.3
    On December 7, 2012, the trial court held a hearing to address the summary disposition
    motions before the court in the circuit court case and the Court of Claims case. On January 17,
    2013, the circuit court granted summary disposition to defendant, concluding that the “waters in
    the CAP are ‘waters of the state’ as defined by MCL 323.3101(z).” The trial court explained that
    “[b]ecause the waters in the CAP are drawn from and interchange with the groundwater system
    which includes the Grand River, CAP is not a drainage way or pond used solely for wastewater
    conveyance, treatment, or control.” The trial court therefore granted defendant’s motion for
    summary disposition in the circuit court declaratory judgment action and denied plaintiff’s
    summary disposition motion.
    The trial court subsequently denied plaintiff’s motions for reconsideration. Plaintiff
    appeals, seeking reversal of the trial court’s grant of summary disposition in the circuit court
    case.
    II. ANALYSIS
    The question before us is whether, for purposes of Mich Admin Code, R 323.1041, the
    CAP is or is not “waters of the state.” The trial court held that it is and, based upon that
    conclusion, granted defendant’s request for summary disposition. The grant or denial of
    summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is reviewed de novo to determine if the moving
    party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden v Rozwood, 
    461 Mich. 109
    , 118; 597
    NW2d 817 (1999). Under MCR 2.116(C)(10), summary disposition of all or part of a claim or
    defense may be granted when “[e]xcept as to the amount of damages, there is no genuine issue as
    to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment or partial judgment as a matter
    of law.” Thus, in reviewing a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10),
    we must “determine whether there exists a genuine issue of material fact on which reasonable
    minds could differ or whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
    Gibson v Neelis, 
    227 Mich. App. 187
    , 190; 575 NW2d 313 (1997). “There is a genuine issue of
    material fact when reasonable minds could differ on an issue after viewing the record in the light
    3
    The lagoon used prior to the CAP was not considered by defendant to be a “waters of the state”
    and defendant did not require an NPDES permit for the lagoon.
    -4-
    most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Allison v AEW Capital Mgt, LLP, 
    481 Mich. 419
    , 425;
    751 NW2d 8 (2008).
    MCL 324.3109 provides that:
    (1) A person shall not directly or indirectly discharge into the waters of the
    state a substance that is or may become injurious to any of the following:
    (a) To the public health, safety, or welfare.
    (b) To domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other
    uses that are being made or may be made of such waters.
    (c) To the value or utility of riparian lands.
    (d) To livestock, wild animals, birds, fish, aquatic life, or plants or to their
    growth or propagation.
    (e) To the value of fish and game.
    MCL 324.3112(1) provides that “[a] person shall not discharge any waste or waste effluent into
    the waters of this state unless the person is in possession of a valid permit from the department.”
    “ ‘Waters of the state’ means groundwaters, lakes, rivers, and streams and all other watercourses
    and waters, including the Great Lakes, within the jurisdiction of this state.” MCL 324.3101(z).
    In MCL 324.3103(1), the Legislature provided that defendant “shall protect and conserve the
    water resources of the state and shall have control of the pollution of surface or underground
    waters of the state and the Great Lakes, which are or may be affected by waste disposal of any
    person.” Defendant was given authority by the Legislature to promulgate rules to carry out its
    duty to protect Michigan’s water resources. MCL 324.3103(2).
    Under Part 4 of the Michigan Administrative Rules governing water resources protection,
    defendant promulgated rules designed to
    establish water quality requirements applicable to the Great Lakes, the connecting
    waters, and all other surface waters of the state, to protect the public health and
    welfare, to enhance and maintain the quality of water, to protect the state’s natural
    resources, and to serve the purposes of Public Law 92-500, as amended, 33 USC
    1251 et seq., Part 31, Water Resources Protection, 
    1994 PA 451
    , MCL 324.3101
    to 324.3119, and the Great Lakes water quality agreement enacted November 22,
    1978, and amended in 1987. [Mich Admin Code, R 323.1041.]
    Under Mich Admin Code, R 323.1044(u), the
    “Surface waters of the state” means all of the following, but does not
    include drainage ways and ponds used solely for wastewater conveyance,
    treatment, or control:
    (i) The Great Lakes and their connecting waters.
    -5-
    (ii) All inland lakes.
    (iii) Rivers.
    (iv) Streams.
    (v) Impoundments.
    (vi) Open drains.
    (vii) Wetlands.
    (viii) Other surface bodies of water within the confines of the state.
    [Emphasis added.]
    Thus, to qualify for the exemption created by this regulation, plaintiff must show that the
    CAP is a pond used solely for wastewater conveyance, treatment, or control.
    A. THE CAP’S “USE”
    Plaintiff argues that under Mich Admin Code, R 323.1044(u), the CAP is used solely for
    wastewater conveyance, treatment, or control, and is therefore exempt from Part 4 of the
    Michigan Administrative Rules governing water resources protection. Specifically, plaintiff
    argues that the term “used” denotes a use for human purposes. In response, defendant argues
    that the CAP’s naturally occurring interchange of water with the groundwater system
    surrounding the CAP is sufficient to constitute a “use,” and that, therefore, the CAP is not used
    solely for wastewater conveyance, treatment, or control. The trial court agreed with defendant
    that “use” includes non-human uses and concluded that CAP cannot fall within the exemption
    because it is “used” to move groundwater from one side to the other as part of the natural flow of
    groundwater. We conclude that the trial court’s view of the regulation is overbroad. If the mere
    movement of groundwater through a pond constitutes a “use,” then there is no pond that could
    qualify for the exemption unless it was artificially lined, a requirement clearly not contained
    within the text of the exemption. Moreover, the township has enacted an ordinance barring any
    other use of the CAP other than wastewater conveyance, treatment, or control.
    The rules of statutory construction also apply to the construction of administrative rules.
    Great Wolf Lodge v Pub Serv Comm, 
    489 Mich. 27
    , 37; 799 NW2d 155 (2011). When
    interpreting an administrative rule, we must ascertain and give effect to the intent of the drafter.
    Romulus v Mich Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 
    260 Mich. App. 54
    , 65; 678 NW2d 444 (2003).
    This is accomplished by reviewing the language of the administrative rule and giving plain
    ordinary meaning to unambiguous language. 
    Id. Who or
    what may use a drainage way or pond under Mich Admin Code, R 323.1044(u) is
    not defined in that rule or in related administrative rules. Random House Webster’s College
    Dictionary (1997), provides that “use” means “1. to employ for some purpose; put into service:
    to use a knife. 2. to avail oneself of; apply to one’s own purpose; to use the facilities.”
    Moreover, if the term “use” did not necessarily require human activity or purpose, it is difficult
    -6-
    to see how any pond could qualify. Even a pond with no obvious wildlife living on or near it is
    likely used by microorganisms. Provisions must be read in the context of their placement and
    purpose in the scheme of administrative rules. Bush v Shabahang, 
    484 Mich. 156
    , 167; 772
    NW2d 272 (2009). The purpose of this rule was to allow an exemption under certain defined
    circumstances, not to have no exemption at all. Accordingly, we conclude that the only “use” of
    the CAP is wastewater conveyance, treatment, or control and that this use is consistent with the
    CAP being exempt from being considered surface “waters of the state” under Mich Admin Code,
    R 323.1044(u).
    Defendant argues that a failure to consider the passage of groundwater through the CAP
    as a “use” endangers the nearby Grand River and the surrounding groundwater that ultimately is
    a source of drinking water. Unquestionably, the nearby groundwater is “waters of the state.”
    However, defendant does not assert that any seepage of the CAP contents into the groundwater
    constitutes a violation of any law. Moreover, the DNR has the authority to address groundwater
    discharge and require permitting. However, in 1991, the DNR issued a “Water Resources
    Commission Exemption for Public Water Treatment Plants” stating that “discharges of liquid
    water, from public water treatment plants to the ground or groundwater of the State, will not be
    required to have a groundwater discharge permit . . . [providing certain conditions exist].”
    Defendant does not direct us to any conditions required by the exemption that plaintiff has not
    met. If plaintiff’s operation of the CAP does not comply with these conditions then it would
    appear that the exemption would not apply and defendant could exercise its authority to protect
    the groundwater.
    However, the question before us is whether the discharge of clean water and the
    byproducts from the treatment plant into the CAP itself is improper. As noted, we agree with
    plaintiff that the CAP is being “used solely for wastewater conveyance, treatment or control.”
    B. WHETHER THE CAP IS A “POND”
    In addition to its use solely for wastewater conveyance, treatment or control, in order to
    fall within the exemption to classification as “waters of the state,” the CAP must be a “drainage
    way [or] pond.” Plantiff asserts that it is a pond. Having concluded that the CAPS was not used
    solely for wastewater, the trial court did not reach this second issue. On remand, the trial court
    shall consider it as directed herein.
    First, the trial court shall determine whether defendant should be estopped from arguing
    that the CAP is not a pond for purposes of the administrative rule. As outlined earlier, the
    DEQ’s actions and communications over many years were consistent with, if not direct evidence
    of, a legal conclusion that the CAP qualified as a pond under the rule. Moreover, plaintiff has
    presented affidavits setting out, at least in part, the extent of its reliance on those
    communications to its detriment if it is now required to change the status quo.
    Defendant appears to argue that the issue of equitable estoppel may not be considered in
    this case as estoppel was pled as a cause of action in the Court of Claims case and dismissed
    -7-
    there.4 However, regardless of the validity of estoppel as an independent cause of action in the
    Court of Claims case, in this case, it is a defensive doctrine. Indeed, it has been said that
    “[e]quitable estoppel is not an independent cause of action, but instead a doctrine that may assist
    a party by precluding the opposing party from asserting or denying the existence of a particular
    fact.” Conagra, Inc v Farmers State Bank, 
    237 Mich. App. 109
    , 140-141; 602 NW2d 390 (1999).
    See also Casey v Auto Owners Ins Co, 
    273 Mich. App. 388
    , 399; 729 NW2d 277 (2006)
    (equitable estoppel “is not a cause of action unto itself; it is available only as a defense.”). And,
    equitable estoppel may be applied both to individuals and to the state of Michigan. Oliphant v
    State, 
    381 Mich. 630
    , 638; 167 NW2d 280 (1969) (“That the State as well as individuals may be
    estopped by its acts, conduct, silence and acquiescence is established by a line of well
    adjudicated cases.”).
    We also reject defendant’s argument that the State may not be equitably estopped in the
    absence of “constructive fraud.” Oliphant does not require such a showing and we do not
    construe the repeated actions of state agencies over two decades in regard to the CAP as merely
    the erroneous or misunderstood actions of an individual state employee. Moreover, the reliance
    is complete, the costs associated with it are extraordinary, and the circumstances have not
    changed. Finally, we note that plaintiff does not seek to block defendant from exercising its
    discretion as to future construction permit applications, only to estop defendant from effectively
    revoking the permits it has already issued, during the useful life of the facilities.
    Equitable estoppel may arise where (1) a party, by representations, admissions, or
    silence intentionally or negligently induces another party to believe facts, (2) the
    other party justifiably relies and acts on that belief, and (3) the other party is
    prejudiced if the first party is allowed to deny the existence of those facts.
    [Conagra, 
    Inc, 237 Mich. App. at 141
    .]
    Based on the record evidence presented by plaintiff, it has, at a minimum, demonstrated a
    prima facie case that each requirement of equitable estoppel is present in this case. Accordingly,
    after providing an opportunity for defendant to offer factual evidence in rebuttal,5 the trial court
    shall decide whether or not defendant is equitably estopped from now arguing to the court that
    the CAP is not a pond for purposes of the administrative rule.
    In the event that defendant is able to offer evidence that outweighs plaintiff’s factual
    showing as to estoppel, then the trial court must then determine whether the CAP is a pond for
    purposes of the regulation. Unfortunately, the regulation does not define “pond.” Moreover, we
    find that the dictionary is of little, if any, assistance as it defines pond and lake in contrast to each
    4
    Our understanding is that the Court of Claims case remains pending in the trial court as to the
    inverse condemnation claim.
    5
    This is not an invitation for defendant to relitigate or reshape its legal argument concerning the
    application of estoppel. Rather, it is to assure that defendant has had the opportunity to make its
    case against estoppel factually in the context of the three-part standard in Conagra, 
    Inc, 237 Mich. App. at 141
    .
    -8-
    other. Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1997) defines “pond” as “a body of water
    smaller than a lake, sometimes artificially formed, as by damming a stream” and defines “lake”
    as “a body of fresh or salt water of considerable size, surrounded by land.” By these definitions,
    a “pond” is a body of water, sometimes artificially formed, that is smaller than a body of water of
    considerable size that is surrounded by land. This vague definition does not lead us to conclude
    that the CAP is or is not a pond as a matter of law.
    Thus, whether the CAP is a pond is a question of fact. The factfinder must consider the
    size and appearance of the CAP, the way in which it has been referred to, used, and described by
    the parties and others, comparisons to other bodies of water, and any other relevant evidence.
    III. CONCLUSION
    We hold that for purposes of Mich Admin Code, R 323.1044(u), the CAP6 is “used solely
    for wastewater conveyance, treatment, or control.” Accordingly, we reverse the grant of
    summary disposition to defendant and remand to the circuit court which shall (a) determine
    whether, by the operation of equitable estoppel, defendant is barred from asserting that the CAP
    is not a pond, (b) if necessary, determine whether the CAP is a pond and, (3) conduct any other
    proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
    /s/ Michael J. Kelly
    /s/ Jane M. Beckering
    /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
    6
    Our ruling is intended to apply solely to the CAP and we decline to issue a general ruling as to
    how Mich Admin Code, R 323.1044(u) is to be applied as to other bodies of water or in other
    circumstances.
    -9-
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 316535

Filed Date: 3/10/2015

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 4/17/2021