United States v. Thompson , 606 F. App'x 920 ( 2015 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
April 8, 2015
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 14-5121
(D.C. Nos. 4:13-CV-00697-CVE-PJC
JIMMIE ESTES THOMPSON, and 4:10-CR-00004-CVE-1)
(N.D. of Okla.)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *
Before LUCERO, TYMKOVICH, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges. **
Jimmie Thompson seeks a certificate of appealability (COA) to challenge
the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate, set aside, or
correct his sentence. Thompson argues that the district court erred in finding he
had received a fair trial despite the government’s failure to disclose impeachment
evidence concerning a government witness. According to the district court, the
*
This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
**
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
witness in question was not critical to the government’s case and thus the
impeachment evidence at issue was not material and did not need to be disclosed.
Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253, we deny a COA
and dismiss the appeal.
I. Background
Tulsa police received an anonymous “Crime Stoppers” tip that Jimmie
Thompson was involved in two bank robberies, a tip that was corroborated with
information from a confidential informant. After further investigation, police also
discovered that Thompson drove a purple Mercury Cougar, which eyewitnesses
and security footage showed to be the robber’s getaway vehicle. Thompson was
eventually found in his Mercury Cougar in Claremore, Oklahoma and arrested.
After his arrest, Thompson was charged by indictment with two counts of
bank robbery and several other crimes. Before trial, Thompson filed a motion to
suppress evidence, arguing that he was arrested without probable cause and that
there was no probable cause supporting the search warrant officers later used to
search his car. Thompson advanced two principal arguments in his motion. First,
he attacked the reliability of the sources implicating him in the crime, and,
second, he argued the affidavit supporting the search warrant application was
defective because it did not note that several eyewitnesses had failed to identify
him in a photo lineup and that one eyewitness identified a getaway vehicle
different from Thompson’s. The court denied the motion to suppress after
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holding a suppression hearing and taking testimony from Tulsa Police Department
Detective Chris Stout, Claremore Police Department Investigator John Singer, and
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Special Agent Matthew McCullough.
At the suppression hearing, Detective Stout testified about the investigation
that eventually led officers to Thompson. Because Thompson was no longer in
Tulsa, Detective Stout was not present at the arrest but coordinated with the
Claremore Police Department and the FBI. Following the arrest, Thompson’s
vehicle was towed to an impound lot in Claremore. Detective Stout then provided
Investigator Singer with case reports and helped him prepare an affidavit for a
search warrant for the vehicle. Detective Stout also aided in the eventual search
of the vehicle.
Investigator Singer testified that he first became involved with the
investigation when Tulsa police requested assistance in locating and arresting
Thompson, who was believed to be at the Claremore Indian Hospital. After
arriving at the hospital, Investigator Singer testified that he observed Thompson
in a vehicle matching the description of the getaway vehicle. After Special Agent
McCullough arrived on the scene, Investigator Singer then assisted him in making
the arrest. Investigator Singer then arranged for a local company to tow and
impound Thompson’s vehicle and ensured that it was placed in a locked storage
facility and sealed. With Detective Stout’s assistance, Investigator Singer later
prepared and signed a search warrant affidavit for the vehicle, obtained a warrant,
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and searched the car alongside Detective Stout. Both Detective Stout and
Investigator Singer admitted that the affidavit did not mention either that several
witnesses had failed to identify Thompson or that one witness identified a
different getaway vehicle, but both testified that the weight of the evidence
implicating Thompson was so great that they saw no point in including this
additional information.
As is relevant here, Special Agent McCollough testified as to Thompson’s
arrest. Based on Detective Stout’s summary of the investigation the district court
found that there had been probable cause for the arrest. The court also found that
the information omitted from the search warrant affidavit was not material and
thus it denied Thompson’s motion to suppress. The case proceeded to trial where
Detective Stout, Investigator Singer, and Special Agent McCullough gave similar
testimony. Thompson was subsequently convicted on all counts.
After exhausting his direct appeals, Thompson filed this motion to vacate,
set aside, or correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Thompson argued that
the government violated his rights to due process and a fair trial by failing to
disclose impeachment evidence relating to Investigator Singer, as required by
Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972). Specifically, Thompson recently
discovered that Investigator Singer was on probation with his department from
1999 to 2001 and, during that period, Investigator Singer caused an accident with
another police vehicle. Investigator Singer then allegedly lied to his supervisor
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about the accident, claiming to have hit a deer. Thompson argues that he should
have had an opportunity to impeach Investigator Singer with this evidence at both
the suppression hearing and at trial. The district court, however, found that the
impeachment evidence was not material and thus that no Giglio violation occurred
because Investigator Singer was not a critical witness to the government’s case.
II. Analysis
A COA is a jurisdictional prerequisite to our review of a § 2255 motion.
Allen v. Zavaras, 568 F.3d 1197, 1199 (10th Cir. 2009) (citing Miller-El v.
Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003)). “We will issue a COA ‘only if the applicant
has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.’” Id.(citing Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 336). This, in turn, requires that the movant
demonstrate “that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter,
agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the
issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.”
Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). When assessing the movant’s
claims, “we review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual
findings under the clearly erroneous standard.” English v. Cody, 241 F.3d 1279,
1282 (10th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Thompson has raised two issues on appeal. First, Thompson argues that the
government violated his due process rights when it failed to disclose the
impeachment evidence before his suppression hearing, as his ability to impeach
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Investigator Singer may have affected the outcome of that hearing. Second,
Thompson argues that the government violated his rights to due process and a fair
trial by failing to disclose the impeachment evidence before his trial began. 1
Thompson has not demonstrated “that reasonable jurists could debate
whether . . . [his] petition should have been resolved in a different manner.”
Slack, 529 U.S. at 484. Although the government has a general duty to disclose
impeachment evidence favorable to the defense under Giglio, a defendant hoping
to show a violation “must establish 1) that the prosecution suppressed evidence;
2) that the evidence was favorable to the accused; and 3) that the evidence was
material.” United States v. Hughes, 33 F.3d 1248, 1251 (10th Cir. 1994). Under
the law of this circuit, “evidence is material under Brady if it impeaches a critical
government witness.” United States v. Reese, 745 F.3d 1075, 1088 (10th Cir.
2014). “In instances where we have concluded that the allegedly suppressed
impeachment evidence was material, we have stressed that the witness being
impeached was absolutely critical to the government's case.” United States v.
Cooper, 654 F.3d 1104, 1123 (10th Cir. 2011); see also United States v.
1
Thompson also made a prosecutorial misconduct argument below but has
abandoned it on appeal. The only reference to this argument in Thompson’s
application for a COA is a single line in the facts section of his application stating
that the government’s conduct constituted “[p]rosecutorial misconduct at the very
least.” R., Doc. 104 at 4. An issue not designated for review is generally waived,
and a mere mention in another context is not enough to present an issue for
appeal. See Adams-Arapahoe Joint Sch. Dist. v. Cont’l Ins. Co., 891 F.2d 772,
776 (10th Cir. 1989).
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Buchanan, 891 F.2d 1436, 1444 (10th Cir. 1989) (“[W]here a prosecuting witness
is not key to the government's case, his credibility is not material . . . .”). A
witness is critical when his testimony is “indispensable,” Douglas v. Workman,
560 F.3d 1156, 1175 (10th Cir. 2009), of “paramount importance,” id., where the
witness is the only link to the crime, United States v. Torres, 569 F.3d 1277, 1284
(10th Cir. 2009), or is otherwise “essential,” United States v. Robinson, 583 F.3d
1265, 1271 (10th Cir. 2009). A witness is not critical where his testimony is
duplicated by others, United States v. Cooper, 654 F.3d 1104, 1123 (10th Cir.
2011), where other evidence is overwhelming, United States v. Smith, 534 F.3d
1211, 1223 (10th Cir. 2008), or where the witness’s testimony provides
background information on an investigation, United States v. Reese, 745 F.3d
1075, 1088 (10th Cir. 2014).
Here, the district court correctly found that Investigator Singer was not a
critical or key witness either to the suppression hearing or to Thompson’s trial.
At the suppression hearing, Investigator Singer testified about the arrest, the
warrant preparation process, and the eventual search of the vehicle. This
testimony was cumulative and thus not critical, see Cooper, 654 F.3d at 1123,
because Special Agent McCollough testified to the same facts concerning the
arrest while Detective Stout testified to the same facts concerning the warrant
preparation process and the search of the vehicle. These three witnesses gave
similar testimony at trial. Investigator Singer never gave any unique testimony
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relevant to Thompson’s guilt and thus does not qualify as a key or critical witness
under our precedents. The failure to disclose impeachment evidence relating to
Investigator Singer thus was not material and Thompson cannot make out a Giglio
violation based on that nondisclosure. See Reese, 745 F.3d at 1088; Cooper, 654
F.3d at 1123; Buchanan, 891 F.2d at 1444.
Thompson has presented no arguments challenging the district court’s
findings; his application merely states that Investigator Singer was a key
government witness without any further argument or support. As a result, we find
no reason to conclude that Thompson has carried his burden of demonstrating that
reasonable jurists could debate the district court’s resolution of this matter.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons given above, Thompson’s application for a COA is
DENIED and the appeal is DISMISSED.
Entered for the Court,
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Circuit Judge
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