State of Texas v. USA , 679 F. App'x 320 ( 2017 )

Case: 16-11534 Document: 00513870234 Page: 1 Date Filed: 02/09/2017
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
February 9, 2017
No. 16-11534
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
STATE OF TEXAS; HARROLD INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT (TX);
STATE OF ALABAMA; STATE OF WISCONSIN; STATE OF TENNESSEE;
ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION; HEBER-OVERGAARD
UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT (AZ); GOVERNOR OF MAINE PAUL
LEPAGE; STATE OF OKLAHOMA; STATE OF LOUISIANA; STATE OF
UTAH; STATE OF GEORGIA; STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA; STATE OF
MISSISSIPPI; STATE OF KENTUCKY,
Plaintiffs–Appellees,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION; ELISABETH PRINCE DEVOS, in her Official Capacity as
United States Secretary of Education; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
JUSTICE; JEFF SESSIONS, in his Official Capacity as Attorney General of
the United States; VANITA GUPTA, in her Official Capacity as Principal
Deputy Assistant Attorney General; UNITED STATES EQUAL
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION; JENNY R. YANG, in her
Official Capacity as the Chair of the United States Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR;
EDWARD C. HUGLER, Acting, in his Official Capacity as United States
Secretary of Labor; DAVID MICHAELS, in his Official Capacity as the
Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health
Administration,
Defendants–Appellants,
DR. RACHEL JONA TUDOR,
Movant–Appellant.
Case: 16-11534 Document: 00513870234 Page: 2 Date Filed: 02/09/2017
No. 16-11534
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 7:16-CV-54
Before OWEN, ELROD, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
The Appellees, which we will collectively refer to as the States, have filed
a motion with this court to dismiss Dr. Rachel Jona Tudor’s appeal. The United
States Appellants do not oppose the motion to dismiss. We grant the motion.
I
The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) sued Southeastern
Oklahoma State University and its governing board in the Western District of
Oklahoma (the Southeastern Litigation), asserting a Title VII claim for alleged
discrimination and retaliation against Dr. Tudor, a professor who is
transgender. Dr. Tudor subsequently intervened. Oklahoma moved to dismiss
on the ground that Dr. Tudor was not a member of a protected class for Title
VII purposes. The District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma denied
the motion, reasoning that Dr. Tudor fell within a protected class because the
defendants’ actions “were based upon their dislike of her gender.”
Over a year later, the District Court for the Northern District of Texas
issued the preliminary injunction that is currently at issue in the appeal
pending before this court. In its order clarifying the preliminary injunction,
the District Court for the Northern District of Texas noted that because the
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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Southeastern Litigation “was substantially underway before the issuance of
this injunction, DOJ’s legal arguments in the case fall outside the scope of this
injunction.” However, the clarification stated that the preliminary injunction
“still ‘enjoin[s] [the United States] from enforcing the Guidelines against [the
States] and their respective schools, school boards, and other public,
educationally-based institutions’ (including Southeastern Oklahoma State
University) and ‘enjoin[s] [the United States] from initiating, continuing, or
concluding any investigation based on [the United States’] interpretation that
the definition of sex includes gender identity in Title IX’s prohibition against
discrimination on the basis of sex.’” Thereafter, the district court for the
Western District of Oklahoma stayed the Southeastern Litigation.
Dr. Tudor then moved pursuant to Rule 24(b) to intervene in the
Northern District of Texas case. 1 She sought a declaratory judgment in that
court that the order issued by the district court in the Southeastern Litigation
“finally decided the question of whether Dr. Tudor is a member of a protected
class under Title VII.” Both the States and the United States opposed Dr.
Tudor’s motion to intervene in the district court. Although the District Court
for the Northern District of Texas has not ruled on the motion to intervene, 2
Dr. Tudor has filed a notice of appeal seeking review of the preliminary
injunction. The States moved in this court to dismiss her appeal, and the
United States does not oppose that motion.
1 FED. R. CIV. P. 24(b).
2 When a motion to intervene is denied, the movant may appeal that ruling. Edwards
v. City of Houston, 78 F.3d 983, 992 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc). If a district court unreasonably
delays in ruling on a motion, mandamus relief requiring a prompt ruling may be available.
See In re Scott, 163 F.3d 282, 283-84 (5th Cir. 1998) (per curiam); In re Sch. Asbestos Litig.,
977 F.2d 764, 792 (3d Cir. 1992).
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II
A
“It is well-settled that one who is not a party to a lawsuit, or has not
properly become a party, has no right to appeal a judgment entered in that
suit.” 3 Dr. Tudor is not a party: she is neither “[o]ne by or against whom a
lawsuit is brought” nor a successful intervenor. 4 Nevertheless, she argues that
“[w]here a non-party is injured or directly aggrieved by an appealable order
issued by the district court, the nonparty may appeal it without formally
moving to intervene.” To support this proposition, she relies on this court’s
unpublished decision in In re Taxable Municipal Bond Securities Litigation. 5
But in that case, not only did we expressly “decline to rule on the dictum of this
court . . . that ‘[i]f an injunction extends to non-parties, they may appeal from
it,’” we also granted the motion to dismiss the nonparty’s appeal because “the
appellants clearly ha[d] an effective means of obtaining review,” which was to
seek intervention. 6
We have recognized an exception to this well-settled rule that allows
nonparties to “rely on a vague balancing test to overcome the general
presumption against non-party appeals.” 7 If the court were to apply this test,
it would assess “whether ‘the non-parties actually participated in the
proceedings below, the equities weigh in favor of hearing the appeal, and the
3 Edwards v. City of Houston, 78 F.3d 983, 993 (5th Cir. 1996).
4 See United States ex rel. Eisenstein v. City of New York, 556 U.S. 928, 933 (2009)
(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1154 (8th ed. 2004));
see id. (noting that the Supreme Court has “indicated that intervention is the requisite
method for a nonparty to become a party to a lawsuit”).
5 979 F.2d 1535, 1535 (5th Cir. 1992) (unpublished) (quoting United States v. Chagra,
701 F.2d 354, 359 (5th Cir. 1983)).
6 Id.
7 In re Lease Oil Antitrust Litig., 570 F.3d 244, 249 (5th Cir. 2009).
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non-parties have a personal stake in the outcome.’” 8 Dr. Tudor, however, has
not referenced this test in her brief, and as a result, she has forfeited its
application. 9 Even absent forfeiture, Dr. Tudor has not cited any authority,
and we have found none (outside of those involving collateral orders 10), in
which this court has allowed a nonparty to appeal without intervening and
without having actually participated in the proceedings below.
B
Alternatively, Dr. Tudor requests that we treat her appellate brief as a
motion to intervene because it serves the “purpose” of such a motion in that it
“timely apprise[s] the parties and court of the nonparty’s interest in the
appeal.” Although timely notice of a nonparty’s interest might be a purpose of
a motion to intervene, it is not the principal purpose; it does not establish that
a nonparty can intervene, that is, that the nonparty “has a claim or defense
that shares with the main action a common question of law or fact.” 11 Dr.
Tudor’s appellate brief is not the equivalent of a motion to intervene.
III
Dr. Tudor also argues that the States’ motion to dismiss should be denied
because it is untimely. She acknowledges that neither the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure nor this court’s rules “prescribe a deadline for filing a
motion to dismiss an appeal.” Instead, she asserts that we should deny the
motion to dismiss because “it is in the interests of justice and doing so will
avoid prolonging litigation for no good reason.” Dr. Tudor has provided no case
8 Searcy v. Philips Elecs. N. Am. Corp., 117 F.3d 154, 157 (5th Cir. 1997) (quoting
EEOC v. La. Office of Cmty. Servs., 47 F.3d 1438, 1442 (5th Cir. 1995)).
9 Miller v. Metrocare Servs., 809 F.3d 827, 832 n.5 (5th Cir. 2016).
10 See Chagra, 701 F.2d at 358–59 (5th Cir. 1983); see also Devlin v. Scardeletti, 536
U.S. 1, 16–17 (2002) (SCALIA, J., dissenting) (explaining that non-parties have been “allowed
to appeal from the collateral orders to which they were parties”).
11 FED. R. CIV. P. 24(b)(1)(B).
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in which a court has dismissed a motion to dismiss an appeal as untimely, and
we are not convinced that it would be in the interest of justice to allow a
nonparty to pursue an appeal. It is also unclear how granting the motion to
dismiss will prolong the litigation, a point which Dr. Tudor’s brief does not
elucidate.
* * *
For the foregoing reasons, we GRANT the States’ motion to dismiss.
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