Bernardo Tercero v. William Stephens, Director ( 2013 )


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  •      Case: 13-70010        Document: 00512476059   Page: 1   Date Filed: 12/18/2013
    IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
    Fifth Circuit
    FILED
    December 18, 2013
    No. 13-70010                   Lyle W. Cayce
    Clerk
    BERNARDO ABAN TERCERO
    Petitioner - Appellant
    v.
    WILLIAM STEPHENS, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice,
    Correctional Institutions Division
    Respondent - Appellee
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Southern District of Texas
    Before HIGGINBOTHAM, OWEN, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.
    PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
    A Texas jury sentenced Bernardo Aban Tercero to death for a murder
    during the course of a robbery. Tercero challenges his capital sentence in federal
    court, claiming that he is exempt from execution pursuant to Roper v. Simmons.1
    The district court denied habeas relief and Tercero now seeks a Certificate of
    Appealability (“COA”). We deny Tercero’s application.
    1
    
    543 U.S. 551
    (2005).
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    No. 13-70010
    I
    On March 31, 1997, Tercero and an accomplice forced their way into the
    back door of a dry-cleaning establishment.2 While his accomplice held the
    employees at gunpoint in the back of the store, Tercero went to the front of the
    store.3 There, Tercero fought a customer, Robert Berger. In the struggle,
    Tercero shot and killed Berger, in front of Berger’s three year old daughter.4
    Tercero and his accomplice then fled with two cash registers.5
    After a several-month investigation, Texas charged Tercero with capital
    murder committed during the course of a robbery. By then, Tercero had fled the
    United States to Nicaragua, his country of origin. While in Nicaragua, Tercero
    is alleged to have been involved in a series of violent crimes, including several
    robberies, shootings, and a kidnapping.6 Soon thereafter, the United States
    obtained a federal warrant for Tercero based on his flight to avoid prosecution.
    Tercero was arrested upon his re-entry into the United States two years later.
    At trial, Tercero’s defense focused on a lack of a specific intent to kill.
    Although he acknowledged that he shot Berger, Tercero testified that Berger
    tried to grab the gun from him and, in the course of the ensuing struggle, he
    accidently shot Berger. Having conceded guilt on the aggravated robbery,
    Tercero argued to the jury that he should be convicted of felony murder, rather
    than capital murder.7
    2
    Tercero v. Texas, No. 73,992, at *2 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 18, 2002) (unpublished).
    3
    
    Id. 4 Id.
           5
    
    Id. 6 Id.
    at *4. More specifically, while in Nicaragua, Tercero is alleged to have kidnapped
    a four-year-old boy, shot a store owner, and shot at pursuing police officers. 
    Id. 7 See
    Tercero v. Thaler, No. 4:06cv3384, 
    2013 WL 474769
    at *1 (S.D. Tex. Feb. 7, 2013).
    2
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    The State presented witnesses who contradicted Tercero’s version of the
    facts, including one witness who testified that Tercero initially assaulted Berger
    and another who testified that Tercero said he had shot Berger because Berger
    made him angry and could identify him.
    The trial court instructed the jury to consider the lesser-included offenses
    of felony murder and aggravated robbery. The jury convicted Tercero of capital
    murder. A separate penalty phase hearing followed. Under controlling Texas
    law at the time, the jury had only two sentencing options for a capital murder
    conviction: the death penalty or life with the possibility of parole after 40 years.
    The State presented substantial evidence of Tercero’s criminal history, including
    his two prior domestic convictions for theft and his string of violent crimes in
    Nicaragua. Additionally, the State focused on the brutality of Tercero’s murder
    of Berger.
    Tercero presented eight witnesses, including: Tercero’s family members
    from Nicaragua; a jail employee; and, a jail chaplain. Tercero’s family members
    testified that he had a good general character and that they believed he was
    capable of rehabilitation. The jail employee testified that Tercero had been
    peaceful and non-violent while awaiting trial. The jail chaplain testified that
    Tercero had demonstrated remorse for his crimes and was seeking a relationship
    with God.
    The jury was instructed to answer two special questions, addressing (i)
    whether Tercero presented a continuing threat to society and (ii) whether taking
    into account all of the evidence—including the circumstances of the offense,
    Tercero’s character and background, and Tecero’s moral culpability—there were
    sufficient mitigating circumstances to warrant the imposition of life
    imprisonment instead of the death penalty. The jury answered yes to the first
    question and no to the second. Accordingly, the trial court imposed the death
    sentence.
    3
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    Soon thereafter, Tercero sought direct review on six points of error. The
    Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (“CCA”) affirmed his conviction and sentence.
    While this direct appeal was pending, Tercero filed his first state application for
    habeas corpus relief.      Two years later, Tercero filed, pro se, a purported
    amendment to his habeas application.
    The state habeas trial court adopted the State’s proposed findings of fact
    and conclusions of law, and recommended that the CCA deny relief. The CCA
    adopted this recommendation and denied relief. In addition, the CCA treated
    the pro se amendment as a subsequent application, and dismissed it as an abuse
    of the writ because it failed to satisfy one of the enumerated exceptions to
    Texas’s bar on successive petitions.
    On October 24, 2006, Tercero filed a timely pro se federal habeas petition.
    The district court appointed counsel who subsequently filed an amended
    petition, adopting the pro se petition and adding additional grounds for relief.
    Included among the various grounds for relief was the Roper v. Simmons8 claim
    at issue here, wherein Tercero claims that he is ineligible for the death penalty
    because he was only 17 years old when he committed the murder. This claim,
    as well as several others, not at issue here, had not been presented to the state
    courts. The district court stayed the federal habeas action to give Tercero the
    opportunity to exhaust these new claims in the state courts.
    Following the filing of a successive state habeas application raising only
    the Roper claim, the CCA granted leave to proceed with the successive habeas
    application and remanded the matter to the state trial court.
    In his successive state habeas application, Tercero included two pieces of
    evidence in support of his Roper claim: (i) a birth certificate purporting to show
    8
    
    543 U.S. 551
    (2005) (holding that defendants under the age of 18 at the time of a
    capital crime are categorically excluded from the death penalty).
    4
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    an August 20, 1979 date of birth for Tercero9 and (ii) transcript from his mother’s
    trial testimony.10 In its response, the State included the entire record that had
    been developed in the district court prior to the stay. This included evidence
    filed by both the State and Tercero. First, this included testimony and evidence
    from Tercero’s original trial, including: (i) a translated birth certificate from
    Posoltega, Nicaragua, showing that Tercero was born on August 20, 1977;11 (ii)
    a Nicaraguan police report that listed Tercero’s age as 22 when he was arrested
    in August, 1998;12 (iii) testimony from family members about Tercero’s age that
    suggested that he was over the age of 18 at the time of the murder;13 (iv)
    Tercero’s testimony that he came to the United States in 1993 when he was 17;14
    and, (v) Tercero’s testimony that he was 24 years old at the time of trial in
    October 2000.15 Second, it contained evidence the State obtained with the
    assistance of the Fraud Prevention Unit at the U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua,
    including: (i) a Nicaraguan certificate indicating that the 1979 birth certificate
    was modified on October 20, 2006;16 (ii) a second Nicaraguan birth certificate
    showing a August 20, 1976, birth date;17 (iii) a document created in July 14,
    9
    Supplemental State Habeas Record at 11. A birthdate of August 20, 1979 would make
    Tercero 17 years old when he committed the murder.
    10
    
    Id. at 14-17.
    This transcript was offered to show that Tercero’s parents were the
    same as those listed on the 1979 birth certificate.
    11
    Trial Transcript, Vol. 27, DX-3.
    12
    
    Id. 13 See
    Tercero, 
    2013 WL 474769
    at *8 n.12 (cataloging testimony of Tercero’s family
    members).
    14
    Trial Transcript Vol. 19 at 19, 72.
    15
    
    Id. at 18.
          16
    R 231.
    17
    R 229.
    5
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    2006, reflecting that a Nicaraguan judge ordered the inscription on the 1979
    birth certificate to be changed to indicate an inscription date of January 7, 1980
    and a birth date of August 20, 1979.18 Third, the record contained the affidavit
    of Tercero’s investigator Norma Villanueva, which included undated and
    unnotarized declarations from family members and friends in Nicaragua, who
    alleged (i) that Tercero’s mother had an older son named Bernardo Aban Tercero
    born on August 20, 1976, who died by scorpion bite when he was two years old,
    and (ii) that Tercero was born on August 20, 1979, and given the same name as
    his older brother.19 In addition to this evidence from the district court record,
    the State also submitted the following evidence to the state habeas court: (i)
    Tercero used a birth certificate showing a birth date of August 20, 1977 when he
    obtained a Texas identification card in 1994;20 (ii) Tercero’s criminal history
    records indicate a birth date of August 20, 1976 or 1977;21 (iii) when Tercero was
    previously arrested in Harris County, he gave a false name, but a birth date of
    August 20, 1977;22 (iv) the United States Immigration and Naturalization
    Service charged Tercero with unlawful entry in 1996 and 1999, using birth dates
    of August 20, 1976 and 1977;23 (v) arrest records in Hidalgo County, Texas that
    included a birth date of August 20, 1976; and, (vi) an FBI report stating that
    18
    R 233.
    19
    Supplement State Habeas Record at 202-20. In addition, Ms. Villanueva alleges in
    her affidavit that Tercero’s parents never registered his older brother’s death and the
    graveyard in which the older brother was buried was destroyed by a mudslide caused by
    Hurricane Mitch.
    20
    
    Id. at 262.
          21
    
    Id. at 265-70.
          22
    
    Id. at 275-93.
          23
    
    Id. at 298-99.
    6
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    during a August 26, 1999 interview with an FBI special agent, Tercero stated
    that his birth date was August 20, 1976.24
    After considering the parties’ paper submissions, and without a hearing,
    the state trial court adopted the State’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions
    of law and recommended that the petition be denied.            The CCA adopted the
    state trial court’s recommendation, finding that Tercero “has failed to show by
    a preponderance of the evidence that he was younger than 18 years of age when
    he committed the instant offense,” and denied the petition.25
    Tercero filed a second amended federal habeas petition in the district court
    that adopted his prior arguments and again sought relief on his Roper claim.
    The district court held that the state habeas court’s adjudication of the Roper
    claim was an adjudication of the merits and evaluated the state’s decision under
    the deferential lens of 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Applying this standard, the district
    court concluded that the petitioner failed to show that a “reasonable factfinder
    must conclude that the state court’s determination of the facts was
    unreasonable.”26 Accordingly, the district court denied Tercero’s petition and
    declined to issue a COA.
    II
    Tercero now seeks a COA solely on the Roper claim. Tercero argues (i)
    that the state habeas court’s decision was not an “adjudication on the merits”
    under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), and (ii) that even if it was an adjudication on the
    merits, the state habeas court’s decision was an “unreasonable determination of
    the facts in light of the evidence presented.” The State disagrees, arguing (i)
    24
    
    Id. at 321.
          25
    Ex parte Tercero, No. WR-62593-03, 
    2010 WL 724405
    (Tex. Crim. App. Mar. 3, 2010)
    (unpublished).
    26
    Tercero, 
    2013 WL 474769
    at *17.
    7
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    that the state habeas court’s decision was an adjudication on the merits, and (ii)
    that the state decision was a reasonable determination of the facts in light of the
    evidence presented. Accordingly, the State urges that a COA should not issue.
    To appeal, a § 2254 petitioner must first obtain a COA.27 A COA should
    issue where a petitioner makes “a substantial showing of the denial of a
    constitutional right.”28 Where, as here,29 the district court “has rejected the
    constitutional claims on the merits,” the petitioner must demonstrate “that
    reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional
    claims debatable or wrong.”30 Although the “question of whether a COA should
    issue is a threshold inquiry that requires an overview of the claims in the habeas
    petition and a general assessment of their merits,” a full consideration of the
    merits is neither warranted nor permitted.31 Although the nature of a death
    penalty case “is not itself sufficient to warrant the issuance of a COA,” “in a
    27
    See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A).
    28
    28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2).
    29
    Tercero argues, without legal or factual support, that the district court ruled on a
    procedural basis. A review of the district court’s memorandum and order makes clear that the
    district court ruled on the merits. In that memorandum and order, the district court held that
    “[t]his Court agrees with the state court that in light of the ample documentation of and
    [Tercero’s] prior continual assertion of a birthdate establishing that he was well over the age
    of eighteen at the time of the offense, the alleged birth record . . . asserting a birthdate of
    August 20, 1979 is unpersuasive and incredible. . . . Tercero has not shown that the state
    habeas process resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the
    facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. . . . The Court will deny
    Tercero’s Roper claim.” Tercero, 
    2013 WL 474769
    at *17 (internal quotation marks and
    citations omitted).
    30
    Slack v. McDaniel, 
    529 U.S. 473
    , 484 (2000).
    31
    Kunkle v. Dretke, 
    352 F.3d 980
    , 985 (5th Cir. 2003) (quoting Miller-El v. Cockrell, 
    537 U.S. 322
    , 336 (2003)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    8
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    death penalty case ‘any doubts as to whether a COA should issue must be
    resolved in [the petitioner’s] favor.’”32
    III
    We first resolve Tercero’s claim that the district court improperly applied
    Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) deference to
    the CCA’s decision on the Roper claim. Tercero argues that because the state
    court did not hold an evidentiary hearing, the decision of the state habeas court
    does not constitute an adjudication on the merits under § 2254(d), and
    accordingly, should not be accorded any deference.
    We are mindful that at the COA stage, we must ask “whether the District
    Court’s application of AEDPA deference . . . was debatable among jurists of
    reason.”33 Typically, AEDPA mandates deference to state court proceedings and
    it is “axiomatic that infirmities in state habeas proceedings do not constitute
    grounds for federal habeas relief.”34 Nonetheless, in the context of Atkins v.
    Virginia,35 we explained that where there is “a significant substantive liberty
    interest [at stake],” that liberty interest “entitles the petitioner to a set of core
    procedural due process protections: the opportunity to develop and be heard on
    his claim that he is ineligible for the death penalty.”36 And there is no sound
    basis for concluding that such protections do not extend to other instances, such
    as the Roper claim at issue here, where a petitioner claims to be ineligible for the
    32
    Ramirez v. Dretke, 
    398 F.3d 691
    , 694 (5th Cir. 2005) (quoting Hernandez v. Johnson,
    
    213 F.3d 243
    , 248 (5th Cir. 2000)).
    33
    
    Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 341
    .
    34
    Moore v. Dretke, 
    369 F.3d 844
    , 846 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (internal quotation
    marks and citation omitted).
    35
    
    536 U.S. 304
    (2002).
    36
    Blue v. Thaler, 
    665 F.3d 647
    , 657 (5th Cir. 2011) (discussing the substantive liberty
    interest at stake when petitioner claims to be ineligible for the death penalty under Atkins).
    9
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    death penalty. Such “core procedural due process protections” do “not mean that
    states must give hearings to all persons with” claims that they are ineligible for
    the death penalty; indeed, “states retain discretion to set gateways to full
    consideration and to define the manner in which habeas petitioners may develop
    their claims.”37 But “if a state court dismisses a prima facie valid” claim that
    petitioner is ineligible for the death penalty “without having afforded the
    petitioner an adequate opportunity to develop the claim, it has run afoul of the
    Due Process Clause[.]”38 Importantly, petitioners are not guaranteed evidentiary
    hearings because “[d]ue process does not require a full trial on the merits”;
    instead, petitioners are guaranteed only the “opportunity to be heard.”39 In other
    words, the state court’s decision is only deprived “of the deference normally due”
    where the state court has failed “to provide [petitioner] with the opportunity to
    develop his claims[.]”40
    Tercero claims that the state habeas court denied him an adequate
    opportunity to develop his claim because it did not afford him an evidentiary
    hearing. The district court rejected this argument, explaining that:
    [T]he state court afforded Tercero all the process he was due. . . .
    The state courts allowed Tercero to file a successive habeas
    application and did not limit the evidence he could attach to that
    pleading.          Tercero chose to emphasize only a portion of the
    information he had amassed on federal review. Even though the
    State attached to its response the full breadth of evidence developed,
    Tercero did not signal to the state courts that the federal evidence
    37
    
    Id. 38 Id.
          39
    Rivera v. Quarterman, 
    505 F.3d 349
    , 358 (5th Cir. 2007).
    40
    
    Id. at 358.
    10
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    needed airing in a state hearing. While asking the state courts to
    provide resources to establish his claims, Tercero never gave the
    state courts an indication that he wished to resolve inconsistences
    between the various birth certificates and the unusual story about
    his older brother. The State courts gave Tercero an opportunity to
    be heard, and he chose to limit what the courts would consider.41
    Thus, the district court found that although no evidentiary hearing was
    held, the state court provided Tercero with a full opportunity to be heard. In this
    regard, the present case is readily distinguishable from Winston v. Pearson,42 the
    principal case on which Tercero relies. There, the Fourth Circuit re-affirmed its
    prior decision that the Virginia state court’s decision was not an adjudication of
    the merits where it had “denied, without explanation, [a] motion for discovery
    and an evidentiary hearing to further develop the factual basis of his claims.”43In
    contrast, Tercero never requested an evidentiary hearing in the state court, and,
    in any event, had already substantially developed his claim in the district court
    prior to remand. The state habeas courts gave Tercero the “opportunity to be
    heard.” Accordingly, we hold that reasonable jurists would not find debatable
    the district court’s conclusion that the state habeas court adjudication was an
    adjudication on the merits that warrants AEDPA deference.
    IV
    Tercero argues that even if the state habeas court decision is an
    adjudication on the merits, it was an unreasonable determination of the facts in
    light of the evidence presented in the state habeas proceedings. Tercero argues
    41
    Tercero, 
    2013 WL 474769
    at *14.
    42
    
    683 F.3d 489
    (4th Cir. 2012).
    43
    Winston v. Kelly, 
    592 F.3d 535
    , 548 (4th Cir. 2010).
    11
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    that the state habeas court failed to credit the evidence in his favor, and gave too
    much credit to the State’s evidence, which he argues is untrustworthy.
    In Roper, the Supreme Court held that juveniles under 18 are categorically
    excluded from the death penalty.44 As the Court explained, the “age of 18 is the
    point where society draws the line for many purposes between childhood and
    adulthood. It is, we conclude, the age at which the line for death eligibility ought
    to rest.”45 Accordingly, to prevail on a Roper claim, a petitioner must show that
    he was under the age of 18 at the time of the commission of the death eligible
    crime.46
    We remain cognizant of the deferential standards imposed by AEDPA.
    Under § 2254(d), the district court may grant relief “only if it determines that
    the state court’s adjudication ‘resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or
    involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as
    determined by the Supreme Court,’ or that the state court’s adjudication of the
    claim ‘resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination
    of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.’”47
    Moreover, under the § 2254(e)(1), the district court “was obliged to presume that
    
    44 543 U.S. at 573
    .
    45
    
    Id. at 574.
           46
    Not surprisingly, there is a dearth of case law on Roper claims. A brief review of
    relevant circuit cases makes clear that Texas commuted the death sentences of petitioners who
    were excluded from the death penalty by Roper. See, e.g., Dickens v. Dretke, 136 F.App’x 675,
    675-76 (5th Cir. 2005) (“In light of the United States Supreme Court’s recent decision in Roper
    v. Simmons, Texas Governor Rick Perry has commuted Dickens’ death sentence to life
    imprisonment.”); Jones v. Dretke, 137 F.App’x 718 (5th Cir. 2005) (same); Cobb v. Dretke, 138
    F.App’x 702 (5th Cir. 2005) (same).
    47
    
    Ramirez, 398 F.3d at 694
    (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) and (2)).
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    the [CCA’s] factual findings were correct unless [petitioner] furnished ‘clear and
    convincing evidence’ otherwise.”48
    Applying these standards, the district court denied Tercero’s Roper claim.
    Looking at the full record before the state habeas court, the district court
    explained:
    The suspicious timing of Tercero’s Roper claim, the problematic and
    evolving tale of his alleged older sibling, the weak evidentiary
    foundation for his arguments, and the pervasive and consistent pre-
    Roper information makes this not a case where a reasonable
    factfinder must conclude that the state court’s determination of the
    facts was unreasonable. This Court agrees with the state court that
    in light of the ample documentation of and [Tercero’s] prior
    continual assertion of a birthdate establishing that he was well over
    the age of eighteen at the time of the offense, the alleged birth
    record . . . asserting a birthdate of August 20, 1979 is unpersuasive
    and unreasonable. Tercero has not shown that the state habeas
    process resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
    determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the
    State court proceeding.49
    We agree. In essence, Tercero asks that we ignore the substantial record
    evidence in this case that predates Roper, and to instead credit the suspect
    evidence that was unearthed shortly after the Roper opinion issued. It is
    uncontroverted fact that for over a decade, Tercero consistently presented
    himself as having been born on August 20, 1976 or 1977. This is supported by
    his own testimony and his family’s testimony at trial, as well as his arrest and
    48
    
    Id. 49 Tercero,
    2013 WL 474769 
    at *17 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
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    immigration records. Given the substantial evidence corroborating Tercero’s
    earlier birthdate and the incredible nature of Tercero’s evidence to the contrary,
    we hold that no reasonable jurist would find debatable the district court’s
    decision that Tercero failed to show that the state habeas process “resulted in a
    decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light
    of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding.”50
    V
    For these reasons, we DENY Tercero’s application.
    50
    28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2).
    14