Leslie Coleman v. United States , 912 F.3d 824 ( 2019 )

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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
No. 17-51135 January 8, 2019
Lyle W. Cayce
LESLIE LATRICE COLEMAN, Clerk
Plaintiff – Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant – Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
USDC No. 5:16-CV-817
Before REAVLEY, ELROD, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
JENNIFER WALKER ELROD, Circuit Judge:
Leslie Latrice Coleman, proceeding pro se, raises numerous arguments
challenging the district court’s grant of summary judgment on some of her
claims and the dismissal of her other claims brought against the Department
of Veterans Affairs (VA).
A central issue of her appeal is whether Federal Rule of Evidence 601
requires federal courts to apply state rules of witness qualification when
determining the competency of expert witnesses to testify regarding medical
malpractice claims that turn on questions of state substantive law. Consistent
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with the conclusions of our sister circuits who have addressed the issue, we
conclude that the district court was correct in determining that it does.
However, due to the many other arguments raised in this appeal, we
AFFIRM in part, AFFIRM as modified in part, VACATE in part, and
REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I.
Coleman was in the Air Force from 1999 to 2005. In 2005, she had a
laparoscopic gastric band (“lap band”) inserted by a private medical facility. In
April 2014, Coleman went to the Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital in
San Antonio (VAH-SA), where she complained of daily vomiting and reflux.
She requested removal of the lap band and a surgical revision to a sleeve
gastrectomy. 1 A lap band removal date was eventually scheduled for
November 2015. However, in November 2015, a resident under the supervision
of an attending physician performed an upper endoscopy and concluded that
there was no evidence of the lap band slipping, so the lap band was left in place.
Coleman reported continuing symptoms, and, in February 2016, the VA
referred Coleman to the San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC),
where another physician agreed to schedule Coleman for lap band removal and
a possible sleeve gastrectomy. However, before those surgeries could be
performed, Coleman returned to the VAH-SA, was diagnosed with a slipped
lap band, and, in March 2016, a VAH-SA physician surgically removed the lap
band. Coleman still requested to proceed with the sleeve gastrectomy. In May
2016, a SAMMC physician attempted to perform the sleeve gastrectomy, but
aborted the procedure mid-surgery after concluding that the risk of post-
1Unlike a lap band procedure, which involves placing a band around the patient’s
stomach, a sleeve gastrectomy is the surgical removal of a portion of the patient’s stomach.
See Sleeve Gastrectomy, MAYO CLINIC, https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/
sleevegastrectomy/about/pac-20385183 (last visited Oct. 29, 2018).
2
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operative complications was too high. In July 2016, Coleman went to a private
medical facility where the sleeve gastrectomy was ultimately performed.
From March 2016 through October 2016, Coleman filed at least a dozen
administrative complaints with the VA. Those complaints alleged, inter alia,
that the VA was negligent in treating her slipped lap band, negligent in
approving her sleeve gastrectomy procedure, negligent in failing to refer her
for a psychological evaluation, and negligent in prescribing her medications.
She also alleged that the VA wrongfully disclosed her medical records,
wrongfully recorded her phone calls, wrongfully operated on her without her
consent, wrongfully inflicted emotional distress on her son, and wrongfully
discriminated against her based on her race, gender, and disability. The VA
denied all of those claims. When the VA mailed its denial letters to her,
Coleman accused the VA of threatening, harassing, and oppressing her, as well
as retaliating against her.
On August 17, 2016, Coleman filed her original complaint in federal
district court. The next day she filed her first amended complaint. Less than
a week later, she filed her second amended complaint. Then, on November 7,
2016, she filed her third amended complaint, which the district court
determined to be the live pleading for its summary judgment determination.
In that complaint, as liberally construed, she asserts numerous claims against
the VA under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 2 including allegations of
medical malpractice, violations of the Privacy Act, 3 and discrimination in
2 Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946, 60 Stat. 842 (codified as amended at 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1346(b), 2671–2680).
3 Privacy Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-579, 88 Stat. 1896 (codified as amended at
5 U.S.C. § 552a).
3
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violation of the Civil Rights Act. 4 She sought monetary damages. However,
some of her administrative complaints were not yet denied by the VA at the
time that she filed her third amended complaint.
To support some of her medical malpractice claims, Coleman offered
reports from two medical experts, Dr. Saini and Dr. Flancbaum. The
magistrate judge assigned to the case struck the testimony of Dr. Saini after
determining that Coleman repeatedly failed to make him available for
deposition, but allowed the testimony of Dr. Flancbaum over the government’s
objection that Texas law required medical experts in malpractice lawsuits to
be “practicing medicine.” The magistrate judge concluded that Texas state
requirements governing expert witness qualification were not applicable to
FTCA claims brought in federal court, noting that “whether a witness is
qualified as an expert is a matter to which the Federal Rules of Evidence
apply.” The government objected to that conclusion. The district court then
declined to adopt that recommendation of the magistrate judge and struck Dr.
Flancbaum’s testimony, reasoning that Federal Rule of Evidence 601 requires
a federal court hearing a medical malpractice claim under the FTCA to apply
state rules for determining the competency of proffered medical experts.
Once both of Coleman’s proffered medical experts were stricken, the
district court held that she could not meet her threshold burden for
establishing the relevant standard of care, and consequently the court granted
summary judgment to the government on Coleman’s FTCA medical
malpractice claim.
As to the privacy-related claims, the district court construed Coleman’s
pleadings as using violations of the federal Privacy Act as the basis for bringing
4Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 (codified as amended at 42
U.S.C. §§ 2000a et seq.).
4
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claims under the FTCA. For the privacy-related claims that were not denied
by the VA at the time Coleman filed her third amended complaint, the district
court determined that they were not administratively exhausted under the
FTCA and dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. For the privacy-
related claims deemed to be exhausted, the district court determined that
Coleman had not produced sufficient evidence that the alleged disclosures were
harmful or willful. Consequently, the district court granted summary
judgment to the government on those claims.
The district court then determined that to the extent Coleman had
alleged claims of discrimination, infliction of emotional distress on her son, and
assault and battery, she had failed to offer evidence in support of those claims
sufficient to survive summary judgment. As to the assault and battery claim,
the district court further held that even if Coleman had offered sufficient
evidence, her intentional tort claims were jurisdictionally-barred under the
FTCA. Thus, the district court held that “summary judgment and/or
dismissal” was appropriate for all the remaining claims. Coleman’s motion for
reconsideration was denied. Coleman timely appeals.
II.
The filings of a pro se litigant are “‘to be liberally construed,’ . . . and ‘a
pro se complaint, however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent
standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers[.]’” Erickson v. Pardus,
551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)).
Nonetheless, “pro se litigants, like all other parties, must abide by the Federal
Rules of Appellate Procedure.” United States v. Wilkes, 20 F.3d 651, 653 (5th
Cir. 1994). In addition, “pro se plaintiffs must still plead factual allegations
that raise the right to relief above the speculative level.” Chhim v. Univ. of Tex.
at Austin, 836 F.3d 467, 469 (5th Cir. 2016).
5
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We generally review a district court’s ruling on the admissibility of
expert testimony for abuse of discretion. Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136,
138–39 (1997). However, when the district court bases its ruling on a question
of law, such as an interpretation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or the
Federal Rules of Evidence, this court reviews such interpretations de novo. See
Knight v. Kirby Inland Marine Inc., 482 F.3d 347, 355 (5th Cir. 2007).
We review a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment on a
claim de novo, applying the same standards as the district court. DeVoss v.
Sw. Airlines Co., 903 F.3d 487, 490 (5th Cir. 2018). Summary judgment is
proper when there is no genuine dispute of material fact and the moving party
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 322 (1986). Moreover, summary judgment is required “after adequate
time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a
showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that
party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Id.
We review a district court’s order dismissing a claim for failure to
exhaust administrative remedies de novo. Johnson v. La. ex rel. La. Dep’t of
Pub. Safety and Corrs., 468 F.3d 278, 279 (5th Cir. 2006).
III.
On appeal, Coleman raises many arguments challenging the district
court’s grant of summary judgment and/or dismissal of her claims. Liberally
construed, she argues that the district court erred by: (1) applying Texas
witness competency requirements to disqualify the proffered expert for her
FTCA medical malpractice claim; (2) dismissing some of her privacy-related
claims for failure to exhaust administrative remedies; (3) granting summary
judgment on the remaining privacy-related claims; and (4) holding that her
6
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assault and battery claims were both unsupported and jurisdictionally-
barred. 5
A.
Coleman argues that the district court erred by applying a Texas state
requirement governing expert witness qualification to disqualify the proffered
testimony of Dr. Flancbaum in her malpractice claims brought under the
FTCA. The FTCA is a limited waiver of the federal government’s immunity
from tort lawsuits, allowing plaintiffs to sue the federal government “for money
damages . . . [for] personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful
act or omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the
scope of his office or employment, under circumstances where the United
States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with
the law of the place where the act or omission occurred.” 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1).
Liability for medical malpractice claims brought under the FTCA is
determined by state law. Ayers v. United States, 750 F.2d 449, 452 n.1 (5th
Cir. 1985). The medical malpractice alleged in this claim occurred in Texas.
Under Texas law, a plaintiff alleging medical malpractice must establish, as a
threshold issue, the standard of care that was breached. Hannah v. United
States, 523 F.3d 597, 601 (5th Cir. 2008). Unless that standard of care is
common knowledge or within the experience of laymen, testimony from a
medical expert is required to satisfy the plaintiff’s threshold burden of proof.
Id. (citing Hood v. Phillips, 554 S.W.2d 160, 165–66 (Tex. 1977)).
5 A portion of Coleman’s pro se brief also appears to insinuate that some of her medical
malpractice claims should be dismissed for failure to exhaust rather than disposed of by
summary judgment. However, even with the benefit of being liberally construed, the
argument is difficult to follow and appears to be raising some allegations that were not even
included in the complaint. As such, to the extent Coleman attempts to make such a claim, it
is forfeited on appeal for failure to adequately brief. See DeVoss, 903 F.3d at 489 n.1 (noting
that failure to adequately brief an argument forfeits the claim on appeal).
7
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In Texas, a medical expert can be barred from testifying in medical
malpractice lawsuits if the expert was not “practicing medicine” either at the
time the testimony was given or at the time that the claim arose. Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.401(a)(1). Specifically, the Texas statute states
in relevant part:
(a) In a suit involving a health care liability claim against a
physician for injury to or death of a patient, a person may qualify
as an expert witness on the issue of whether the physician
departed from accepted standards of medical care only if the
person is a physician who:
(1) is practicing medicine at the time such testimony is
given or was practicing medicine at the time the claim arose;
(2) has knowledge of accepted standards of medical care for
the diagnosis, care, or treatment of the illness, injury, or
condition involved in the claim;  and
(3) is qualified on the basis of training or experience to offer
an expert opinion regarding those accepted standards of
medical care.
(b) For the purpose of this section, “practicing medicine” or
“medical practice” includes, but is not limited to, training residents
or students at an accredited school of medicine or osteopathy or
serving as a consulting physician to other physicians who provide
direct patient care, upon the request of such other physicians.
....
(d) The court shall apply the criteria specified in Subsections (a),
(b), and (c) in determining whether an expert is qualified to offer
expert testimony on the issue of whether the physician departed
from accepted standards of medical care, but may depart from
those criteria if, under the circumstances, the court determines
that there is a good reason to admit the expert's testimony. The
court shall state on the record the reason for admitting the
testimony if the court departs from the criteria.
Id. § 74.401.
The magistrate judge in this case determined that Section 74.401(a) does
not apply to FTCA claims, holding instead that the question of expert witness
qualification in federal courts is determined solely by the Federal Rules of
Evidence, and that Dr. Flancbaum was qualified as an expert witness under
8
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Federal Rule of Evidence 702. 6 The district court, however, determined that
Section 74.401(a) does apply to FTCA claims because of Federal Rule of
Evidence 601, 7 and that Dr. Flancbaum must therefore be qualified to act as
an expert witness under both Texas law and Rule 702. The district court then
stated it was “undisputed” that Dr. Flancbaum was not “practicing medicine”
during the relevant time periods, and disqualified him as an expert witness
under Section 74.401(a) without reaching the question of qualification under
Rule 702. However, a review of the briefs and the record reflects that this point
was indeed disputed—both before the district court and again on appeal.
Now on appeal, Coleman disputes the district court’s determination.
Fundamentally, Coleman’s argument is that Texas’s expert witness
qualification rule is purely procedural and therefore inapplicable to FTCA
claims brought in federal courts. As such, she asserts that the district court
erred, that the admissibility of Dr. Flancbaum’s expert witness testimony
should have been determined solely by applying Rule 702, and that
interpreting Rule 601 to require the importation of Texas expert witness
requirements into federal court would put Rule 601 into conflict with Rule 702.
The government responds that Texas’s expert witness qualification rule is at
least partially substantive and must be applied by federal courts under Rule
6 Rule 702. Testimony by Expert Witnesses
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier
of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
7 Rule 601. Competency to Testify in General
Every person is competent to be a witness unless these rules provide otherwise. But
in a civil case, state law governs the witness’s competency regarding a claim or defense for
which state law supplies the rule of decision.
9
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601. As such, the government asserts that the district court correctly applied
the relevant state requirements, and that Rule 601’s importation of state
competency requirements is not in conflict with Rule 702’s admissibility
requirements.
District courts within this circuit have split on the issue. Compare
Muniz v. United States, 2015 WL 1058097, at *13–14 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 9, 2015),
and Martikean v. United States, 2014 WL 4631620, at *2 (N.D. Tex. Sept. 16,
2014) (holding that Section 74.401’s expert witness requirements apply to
FTCA medical malpractice claims originating in Texas), with Gerry v. United
States, 2012 WL 12138540, at *1–3 (W.D. Tex. Dec. 6, 2012) (holding that
Section 74.401’s expert witness requirements do not apply to FTCA medical
malpractice claims originating in Texas).
Rule 601 has two parts. The first part expands the general scope of
witness competency in federal courts (“Every person is competent to be a
witness unless these rules provide otherwise.”); The second part restricts
witness competency based on state law in certain cases where the state
provides the substantive law (“But in a civil case, state law governs the
witness’s competency regarding a claim or defense for which state law supplies
the rule of decision.”). The Federal Rules of Evidence do not define the term
“competency.” However, commentators have observed that “[c]ompetency
under Rule 601 may be defined as the presence of those characteristics that
qualify and the absence of those disabilities that disqualify a person from
testifying.” 27 Charles Wright & Victor Gold, Federal Practice & Procedure
§ 6003 (2d ed. 2007). See also Competency, Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed.
1979) (“In the law of evidence, the presence of those characteristics, or the
absence of those disabilities, which render a witness legally fit and qualified to
give testimony in a court of justice. . . .”).
10
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As the district court in the instant case observed, we have not yet
addressed the question of how, if at all, the second part of Rule 601 impacts
the admissibility of expert witness testimony when a federal malpractice claim
turns on a question of substantive state law. We now address that question,
and we hold that Federal Rule of Evidence 601 requires federal courts to apply
state rules for expert witness qualification when determining the competency
of expert witnesses to testify regarding medical malpractice claims that turn
on questions of state substantive law.
In reaching this conclusion, we join the three other circuits that have
squarely addressed Rule 601’s applicability to medical malpractice lawsuits
applying state substantive law in federal court. See Legg v. Chopra, 286 F.3d
286, 289–92 (6th Cir. 2002); McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283, 1294–95 (11th
Cir. 2004); Liebsack v. United States, 731 F.3d 850, 855–57 (9th Cir. 2013) (all
holding that Rule 601 incorporates state rules for expert qualification when
determining the competency of expert witnesses offering testimony regarding
medical malpractice claims that turn on substantive state law).
In arguing to the contrary, Coleman relies heavily on the holding in
Gerry, a case from the Western District of Texas, which held, without a
discussion of Rule 601, that an expert witness’s qualification is “an evidentiary
question, procedural in nature, and thus governed by the federal rules of
evidence.” 2012 WL 12138540, at *1 (quoting Rogers v. United States, 2006
WL 616908, at *8 (W.D. Tex. Mar. 8, 2006)). Based on that reasoning, Gerry
held that Rule 702 provides the sole basis upon which federal courts should
determine the admissibility of expert testimony, “even in an FTCA case where
state substantive law applies.” Id. at *2.
To be sure, we have held that as a general proposition, “questions
concerning the admissibility of evidence in federal court are governed by the
Federal Rules of Evidence.” See, e.g., Dawsey v. Olin Corp., 782 F.2d 1254,
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1262–63 (5th Cir. 1986) (holding, without a discussion of Rule 601, that a state
law prohibiting medical testimony from unlicensed physicians did not apply to
a non-medical-malpractice tort claim heard in federal court under diversity
jurisdiction); Huss v. Gayden, 571 F.3d 442, 452 & n.7 (5th Cir. 2009) (noting,
without discussing Rule 601, that even where a state provides the substantive
law in a medical malpractice case, “the Federal Rules of Evidence control the
admission of expert testimony[,]” and “[t]he parties’ briefing of admissibility of
expert testimony under [state] law is therefore not relevant” (citing Mathis v.
Exxon Corp., 302 F.3d 448, 459 (5th Cir. 2002))).
However, both the appellant here and the court in Gerry fail to engage
with the second sentence of Federal Rule of Evidence 601 (“But in a civil case,
state law governs the witness’s competency regarding a claim or defense for
which state law supplies the rule of decision.”).
While it is true that cases like Dawsey and Huss stand for the proposition
that evidentiary questions will be governed in the federal courts by the federal
rules, Rule 601 is just that—a federal rule. State evidentiary rules become
pertinent to the extent that the federal rules make them so. Morris v. LTV
Corp., 725 F.2d 1024, 1030–31 (5th Cir. 1984). Rule 601 does exactly that for
state rules governing witness competency in certain claims—like the medical
malpractice claims in the instant case—that turn on questions of state
substantive law. 8 As such, to the extent state competency rules are brought
into the federal courts by and through Federal Rule of Evidence Rule 601, they
are not in tension with the principle, pronounced in cases like Dawsey and
8 Witness competency is not the only context in which the Federal Rules of Evidence
require the application of state evidentiary rules. See Fed. R. Evid. 302 (“In a civil case, state
law governs the effect of a presumption regarding a claim or defense for which state law
supplies the rule of decision.”); Fed. R. Evid. 501 (“But in a civil case, state law governs
privilege regarding a claim or defense for which state law supplies the rule of decision.”).
12
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Huss, that the Federal Rules of Evidence control the admission of expert
testimony in federal courts.
Nonetheless, Coleman contends that reading Rule 601 to import state
rules for expert witness competency would both undermine the Erie doctrine,
see generally Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938) (holding that state
law governs substantive issues and federal law governs procedural issues), and
cause Rule 601 to displace Rule 702. We disagree, and address both
contentions in turn.
It is well-established that a state’s evidentiary rules can have
substantive aspects in certain types of cases. See Conway v. Chemical Leaman
Tank Lines, Inc., 540 F.2d 837, 839 (5th Cir. 1976) (“[T]here are circumstances
in which a question of admissibility of evidence is so intertwined with a state
substantive rule that the state rule excluding the evidence will be followed in
order to give full effect to the state’s substantive policy.” (quoting 9 Charles
Wright & Arthur Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 2405, at 326–
27 (1971))). See also Woods v. Holy Cross Hospital, 591 F.2d 1164, 1168 n.6
(5th Cir. 1979). That is especially true in medical malpractice claims, where
the substantive law of the state requires that the testimony of an expert
witness, rather than the text of a statute, establish the relevant standard of
care against which the defendant will be held. Thus, defining who is competent
to offer the testimony that establishes the legally relevant standard of care is
itself a substantive action. As the Ninth Circuit held in a very similar case:
“[T]he [state] statute here [governing expert witness competency for medical
malpractice suits] is intertwined with the state’s professional negligence law
because it limits what kind of professional can testify to the standard of care.
That limitation, in turn, affects the standard of care against which the
defendant’s conduct will be tested—an inherently substantive inquiry.”
Liebsack, 731 F.3d at 856. As such, reading Rule 601 to import state
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requirements for expert witness competency in this case incorporates rather
than conflicts with the Erie doctrine, as the question of who can testify to the
relevant standard of care is at least partially substantive in nature.
Moreover, the question of competency under Rule 601 complements
rather than displaces the question of admissibility under Rule 702.
Commentators have observed that “Rule 601 pertains specifically to the legal
status to testify as a witness[,]” and “one key to establishing the scope of Rule
601 is to distinguish between competency and admissibility. . . . [A] witness
might be able to offer testimony that is admissible, but that witness still is
prevented from taking the stand if [he is not competent to testify].” 27 Charles
Wright & Victor Gold, Federal Practice & Procedure § 6003 (2d ed. 2007).
Thus, an expert’s testimony might be admissible under Rule 702, yet the
witness himself barred under Rule 601 when relevant state law deems him
legally incompetent to testify on the matter. Conversely, an expert might be
legally competent to testify under Rule 601, yet nonetheless offer testimony
that is inadmissible under Rule 702. As the Sixth Circuit held: “We therefore
find no conflict between [Tennessee’s expert witness statute, as applied
through Rule 601,] and Fed.R.Evid. 702, since the first is directed at
establishing the substantive issue in the case, and the second is a gatekeeping
measure designed to ensure ‘fairness in administration’ of the case.” Legg, 286
F.3d at 292 (referencing Fed. R. Evid. 102). See also McDowell, 392 F.3d at
1295 (“[O]nce a witness is deemed competent to testify to the substantive issue
of the case, his or her testimony should then be screened by Rule 702 to
determine if it is otherwise admissible expert testimony.” (quoting Legg, 286
F.3d at 292)). 9
9 Moreover, to the extent that it could be argued that Rule 702—as interpreted by
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993)—also provides some standards for
determining the “competence” of expert witnesses, that argument does not undermine this
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As such, the district court was correct in its conclusion that in order for
Dr. Flancbaum’s testimony to be admissible in this case, he had to satisfy both
Rule 601’s competency requirements (which in the instant case incorporate the
requirements of Texas’s Section 74.401) and Rule 702’s expert witness
admissibility requirements.
Nonetheless, we hold that the district court did err in its assertion that
it was “undisputed” that Dr. Flancbaum was not “practicing medicine” as the
term is used in Section 74.401. As already noted, Coleman explicitly disputed
this point both before the district court and before us. Section 74.401(b)
provides a non-exhaustive list of activities that constitute “practicing
medicine” under state law, and, while Texas affords trial courts considerable
discretion in determining whether an expert’s activities constitute “practicing
medicine” at the relevant times—see, e.g., Larson v. Downing, 197 S.W.3d 303,
304–05 (Tex. 2006)—the trial court cannot avoid making that determination
here simply by calling the question undisputed. For example, this court can
easily imagine a situation wherein a well-respected and recently retired
surgeon would still be eligible to act as an expert witness in a medical
malpractice case even if he was no longer performing surgeries. Thus, on
remand the district court must consider whether Dr. Flancbaum performed
activities that would be deemed to be “practicing medicine” under the non-
exhaustive definition provided in Section 74.401(b); and alternatively, even if
he was not “practicing medicine” as Texas defines the term, whether he is
nonetheless competent to testify under Section 74.401(d), which permits
departure from the “practicing medicine” requirement where there is “good
reason.”
holding. Congress retains the ability to enact additional rules of evidence specifying
additional requirements for competency in designated cases, and that is precisely what it has
done with the second sentence of Rule 601.
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Consequently, we VACATE the judgment of the district court deeming it
to be undisputed that Dr. Flancbaum was not competent to testify as a medical
expert, and REMAND for that dispute to be adjudicated in the first instance,
as well as for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 10
B.
Coleman next argues that the district court erred by holding that she did
not exhaust the administrative remedies for some of the privacy-related
allegations possibly raised in her complaint.
The district court determined that only some of Coleman’s privacy-
related claims were administratively exhausted—those that had been denied
by the VA on or before the date that she filed her third amended complaint. 11
Those claims were allowed to proceed—and then disposed of by summary
judgment, see infra Section III.C.—while any other privacy-related claims
possibly raised by Coleman’s complaint were dismissed for failure to exhaust
administrative remedies. 12
Coleman’s argument appears to be that the government waived its
ability to raise failure to exhaust as an affirmative defense. The district court
10 Coleman also makes the argument that the district court erred by declining to hold
that the government was collaterally estopped from denying that it was negligent in offering
her bariatric surgery. However, the type of nonmutual offensive collateral estoppel she
asserts “simply does not apply against the government.” United States v. Mendoza, 464 U.S.
154, 162 (1984).
11The claims held to be exhausted, and thus decided on their merits, included: (1) the
allegation that VA attorneys or other personnel wrongfully reviewed her information when
responding to her administrative claims; (2) the allegation that the VA wrongfully recorded
her phone calls; and (3) the allegation that the VA wrongfully disclosed her own information
to her when she filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request.
12 Based on our review of the third amended complaint, as well as the briefs on appeal,
it is unclear which, if any, privacy-related claims raised by Coleman are independent from
the three that were deemed exhausted, and thus which, if any, specific privacy-related claims
raised by Coleman were actually dismissed for failure to exhaust.
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rejected this argument by holding exhaustion to be a jurisdictional prerequisite
for FTCA claims that cannot be waived. We affirm this portion of the district
court’s judgment. See McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 109–13 (1980)
(affirming a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction where the FTCA complainant had
not satisfied administrative exhaustion requirements before filing the
complaint); Gregory v. Mitchell, 634 F.2d 199, 203–04 (5th Cir. 1981) (“The
requirement of exhaustion of administrative review is a jurisdictional requisite
to the filing of an action under the FTCA. . . . [It] cannot be waived. . . . Section
2675 is more than a mere statement of procedural niceties.”); Baker v. McHugh,
672 F. App’x 357, 362 (5th Cir. 2016) (unpublished).
However, because the district court erred by analyzing these claims
under a framework that viewed federal Privacy Act claims as capable of being
brought under the FTCA, we modify the logic underlying the judgment. As
such, this section of the opinion will proceed in two parts: first, we will address
why the district court erred in analyzing Coleman’s privacy-related allegations
as federal Privacy Act claims brought under the FTCA; and second, we will
address why the district court nonetheless did not err by dismissing these
claims.
1.
The district court appears to have construed Coleman’s complaint as
using the FTCA as the vehicle to redress alleged violations of the federal
Privacy Act. However, as we shall explain, alleged violations of the federal
Privacy Act cannot be the basis for FTCA claims. 13
13 Coleman’s briefs and pleadings are very unclear when it comes to explaining the
cause of action by which she purports to be suing the federal government for alleged privacy
violations. At various points, her pleadings before the district court and her briefs on appeal
could be read to suggest that she is either: (a) trying to bring claims directly under the federal
Privacy Act; (b) trying to bring state invasion of privacy claims through the FTCA; or (c)
trying to bring federal Privacy Act claims through the FTCA. Given the confusion in the
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As noted above, the FTCA waives the United States government’s
sovereign immunity only “under circumstances where the United States, if a
private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of
the place where the act or omission occurred.” 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1). The
Supreme Court has “consistently held that § 1346(b)’s reference to the ‘law of
the place’ means law of the State—the source of substantive liability under the
FTCA.” F.D.I.C. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 478 (1994). As such, it is well-
established that a federal agent’s failure to fulfill duties imposed upon him
solely by federal statute cannot stand alone as a basis for suit under the FTCA.
See United States v. Smith, 324 F.2d 622, 624–25 (5th Cir. 1963) (noting that
the FTCA “simply cannot apply where the claimed negligence arises out of the
failure of the United States to carry out a statutory duty . . . [as] [t]he nature
of the claim . . . is simply not one which would be asserted against ‘a private
person’ under the laws of the State”); Art Metal-U.S.A., Inc. v. United States,
753 F.2d 1151, 1157–58 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (explaining that the FTCA “makes the
United States liable in accordance with applicable local tort law. . . . Duties set
forth in federal law do not, therefore, automatically create duties cognizable
under local tort law.”).
Therefore, when the FTCA is used as the vehicle for bringing invasion of
privacy or wrongful disclosure allegations against agents of the United States,
the pertinent inquiry is whether the federal agents violated applicable state
tort laws—not whether the federal agents violated the elements of the federal
Privacy Act. See Burroughs v. Abrahamson, 964 F. Supp. 2d 1268, 1272–73
(D. Or. 2013) (“Because plaintiff’s Privacy Act claim is rooted in federal rather
than state law, and because [the state] has no analogous law, plaintiff cannot
pleadings, it was reasonable for the district court to have construed her filings as attempting
to do the latter. However, that is not a permissible application of the FTCA.
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allege a claim under the FTCA for negligent violation of the Privacy Act.”);
Tripp v. United States, 257 F. Supp. 2d 37, 45 (D.D.C. 2003) (“Unless plaintiff
can establish a duty under District law to keep employee records such as
security clearance application forms confidential, she cannot state a claim for
negligence under the FTCA.”).
Consequently, the district court erred to the extent that it framed its
analysis as assessing federal Privacy Act claims brought through the vehicle
of the FTCA. There are only two permissible frameworks under which
Coleman’s privacy-related allegations could be analyzed: state tort claims
brought under the FTCA (with the FTCA’s attendant statutory exhaustion
requirements), or federal Privacy Act claims brought directly under the
Privacy Act (without the FTCA’s statutory exhaustion requirements).
2.
However, notwithstanding the district court’s use of an incorrect
analytical framework, the district court did not err by dismissing any privacy-
related claims possibly raised by Coleman’s complaint that were not decided
by summary judgment. 14 Therefore, we AFFIRM as modified the portion of
the district court’s judgment dismissing any privacy-related claims raised by
14 To the extent that Coleman’s complaint could possibly be construed as raising any
additional privacy-related claims as state tort claims brought under the vehicle of the FTCA,
those claims would also be subject to, and fail, the FTCA’s statutory administrative
exhaustion requirement. Furthermore, her briefs on appeal do not identify which state tort
laws were allegedly violated, let alone provide any structured argument applying the facts of
this case to those laws. Therefore, any such argument is also held to be forfeited on appeal.
See DeVoss, 903 F.3d at 489 n.1 (noting that failure to adequately brief an argument forfeits
the claim on appeal).
In addition, to the extent Coleman’s complaint could possibly be construed as raising
additional privacy-related claims directly under the Privacy Act, her briefs on appeal do not
identify those claims with any specificity, let alone adequately support them, and thus any
such claims are held to be forfeited on appeal as well. See id. See also Toole v. Peak, 361
F. App’x 621, 621 (5th Cir. 2010) (unpublished) (“[A] pro se appellant still must actually argue
something that is susceptible of liberal construction.”).
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Coleman’s third amended complaint that were not denied by the VA by the
date that complaint was filed.
C.
Coleman next argues that the district court erred by granting summary
judgment for the government on the three privacy-related claims that it
construed as Privacy Act claims and considered on the merits. However, we
hold that the district court did not err in this regard.
As the district court correctly explained, in order for a plaintiff alleging
federal Privacy Act violations to survive summary judgment, the plaintiff must
present evidence that: (1) the information was a covered record; (2) the agency
disclosed the record; (3) the disclosure had an adverse effect on the individual;
and (4) the disclosure was willful. See Jacobs v. Nat’l Drug Intelligence Ctr.,
423 F.3d 512, 516 (5th Cir. 2005). The district court determined that even if it
were to assume that Coleman had satisfied the first two requirements, she had
not provided sufficient evidence of adverse effect or willfulness.
In order for Coleman to recover damages for Privacy Act claims brought
against the United States government, Coleman was required to demonstrate
“proven pecuniary or economic harm.” F.A.A. v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 284, 299
(2012). The district court determined that Coleman did not offer any evidence
of actual harm resulting from the purported privacy violations other than her
own unsubstantiated allegations of emotional trauma. A review of the record
confirms this. Accordingly, the district court did not err in granting summary
judgment for the government on Coleman’s Privacy Act claims.
Those claims also fail because, as the district court correctly held,
Coleman failed to present sufficient evidence that the VA acted with at least
gross negligence in disclosing the information. See Carrington v. U.S. Dep’t of
Def., 46 F.3d 66, at *1–2 (5th Cir. 1995) (unpublished); see also Pippinger v.
Rubin, 129 F.3d 519, 530 (10th Cir. 1997) (holding that the willfulness
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requirement means “action so patently egregious and unlawful that anyone
undertaking the conduct should have known it unlawful, or conduct committed
without grounds for believing it to be lawful[,] or action flagrantly disregarding
others’ rights under the Act” (quoting Andrews v. Veterans Admin., 838 F.2d
418, 425 (10th Cir. 1988))).
As such, summary judgment for the government on these three privacy-
related claims was appropriate, and we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of
summary judgment on these claims.
D.
Finally, Coleman argues that the district court erred by holding that her
claim of assault and battery was both unsupported and jurisdictionally-barred.
Coleman’s claim is that the VA operated on her without her consent when a
resident performed the upper endoscopy in November 2015. Coleman is correct
that the district court erred by holding that it was jurisdictionally-barred from
considering her allegations of assault and battery under the FTCA in this
context; nevertheless, we hold that summary judgment was appropriate for
this claim.
The district court based its determination that Coleman’s assault and
battery claim was jurisdictionally-barred on the exception to the FTCA codified
in 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h) (stating the United States’ waiver of sovereign immunity
under the FTCA shall not apply to “[a]ny claim arising out of assault, battery
. . .”). However, there is a statutory exception to the exception for agents of the
United States furnishing medical care in the course of their duties. See 38
U.S.C. § 7316(f) (“The exception provided in section 2680(h) of title 28 shall not
apply to any claim arising out of a negligent or wrongful act or omission of any
person described in subsection (a) in furnishing medical care or treatment
(including medical care or treatment furnished in the course of a clinical study
or investigation) while in the exercise of such person’s duties in or for the
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Administration.”). See also Franklin v. United States, 992 F.2d 1492, 1502
(10th Cir. 1993) (noting that the plain language of § 7316(f) means that the
government is not immune under § 2680(h) from intentional tort claims arising
out of medical care provided by the VA).
Nonetheless, the district court did not err in its determination that
Coleman’s assault and battery claim was not supported by evidence and could
therefore be dispensed with on summary judgment. As such, even though the
claim was not jurisdictionally-barred, summary judgment was proper and we
AFFIRM this portion of the district court’s judgment.
* * * *
In summary, the district court was correct in its determination that
Federal Rule of Evidence 601 requires that Coleman’s proffered expert witness
must satisfy the state law standards for expert witness competency in addition
to the Federal Rule of Evidence 702 standards for the admissibility of expert
witness testimony. However, because the district court erred in its
determination that it was undisputed that Coleman’s proffered expert failed to
meet those state law standards, and also failed to consider whether there was
“good reason” for excusing that requirement, we VACATE and REMAND for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
The district court’s dismissal for non-exhaustion of any privacy-related
claims raised in Coleman’s complaint that were not denied by the VA by the
date that the third amended complaint was filed is AFFIRMED as modified.
The district court’s summary judgment for the government on the three
privacy-related claims that were reached on their merits is AFFIRMED.
Finally, the district court’s determination that summary judgment was
appropriate on the assault and battery claim is AFFIRMED.
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