Tuttle v. Sepolio ( 2023 )

Case: 23-20013 Document: 00516762942 Page: 1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
May 23, 2023
No. 22-20279
c/w No. 23-20013 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Clifford F. Tuttle, Jr., as Representative of the Estate of Dennis W.
Tuttle, Deceased; Robert Tuttle; Ryan Tuttle; Jo Ann
Nicholas; John Nicholas,
Plaintiffs—Appellees,
versus
Eric Sepolio; Manuel Salazar; Thomas Wood; Oscar
Pardo; Frank Medina; Clemente Reyna; Cedell Lovings;
Nadeem Ashraf; Marsha Todd; Robert Gonzales,
Defendants—Appellants.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC Nos. 4:21-CV-270; 4:21-CV-272
Before Richman, Chief Judge, and Elrod and Oldham, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam:
This appeal concerns civil-rights claims brought by the estates of Den-
nis Tuttle and Rhogena Nicholas in relation to the Houston Police Depart-
ment’s attempt to execute a search warrant at 7815 Harding Street. Appel-
lees are various police officers. They asserted qualified immunity and moved
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to dismiss. The district court dismissed some claims and allowed others to
proceed. We AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and VACATE in part.
I
In reciting these facts, we accept all well-pleaded allegations as true
and construe them in Plaintiffs’ favor, rejecting all naked assertions and legal
conclusions. Walker v. Beaumont ISD, 938 F.3d 724, 735 (5th Cir. 2019). The
controversy began with a phone call reporting suspected unlawful activity.
Patricia Garcia called the police department, claiming that the residents in
7815 Harding Street were involved in selling heroine and possessed various
firearms, including machine guns. Tuttle owned that home, and lived there
with Nicholas, his wife. Police officers investigated the home, observed no
criminal activity, and forwarded their notes to Lieutenant Marsha Todd, a
member of the department’s narcotics division and responsible in part for
assigning cases to other narcotics officers.
Todd relayed the information concerning Harding Street to Officer
Gerald Goines, an officer in narcotics division Squad 15. Goines then took a
series of actions to fraudulently obtain a search warrant for the residence at
issue. First, Goines executed an affidavit swearing that a confidential inform-
ant told him that the informant purchased heroine from the residence and
observed firearms within the home. Based on the affidavit, Goines then ap-
plied for and received a no-knock search warrant from a municipal judge.
It turned out that the testimony contained in Goines’s affidavit was
false. Goines later admitted that he had not paid any confidential informant
to purchase drugs from the Harding Street home. He maintains that he pur-
chased the heroine and witnessed the firearms himself, but Plaintiffs deny
that allegation. In any event, Goines and Officer Steven Bryant organized
Squad 15 officers to execute the search warrant. These are Eric Sepolio, Ma-
nuel Salazar, Felipe Gallegos, Thomas Wood, Oscar Pardo, Frank Medina,
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Clemente Reyna, Cedell Lovings, and Nadeem Ashraft.
The events that followed are highly contested. Plaintiffs allege that
officers fired without provocation, shooting and killing a dog owned by Tuttle
and Nicholas. Plaintiffs further allege that officers, both inside the home and
outside of it, began firing their weapons after the initial shot was fired. And
they allege that all the officers mentioned above were on the scene and in-
volved in executing the warrant. Nor do any of those officers deny being pre-
sent and participating. Any firing done by Tuttle, Plaintiffs contend, was
done purely in defense of himself and his wife. As a result of the gunfire,
Tuttle and Nicholas were killed and four officers seriously injured.
Also at issue is Lieutenant Robert Gonzales, the supervisor of Squad
15. Plaintiffs contend that Gonzales was aware that Goines regularly violated
City policy relating to confidential informants and regularly lied in order to
obtain no-knock search warrants. And they assert that Gonzales knew that
Goines had not actually investigated the Harding Street home.
Plaintiffs brought multiple claims against various defendants pursuant
to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. As relevant here, they asserted two general categories
of claims—that the officers used excessive force in executing the search war-
rant and that the search and seizure were unlawful. As against the individual
officers, Plaintiffs asserted both direct claims and claims premised on failure
to intervene. And as against Gonzales and Todd, Plaintiffs asserted that the
two lieutenants are directly liable for excessive-force and search-and-seizure,
and liable on a failure to supervise theory. Finally, Plaintiffs also asserted
wrongful death and survival as separate “causes of actions,” in their words.
Several of the officers moved to dismiss, asserting qualified immunity.
Those officers are Sepolio, Salazar, Gallegos, Wood, Pardo, Medina, Reyna,
Lovings, and Ashraft, as well as Gonzales and Todd. As to Plaintiffs’ exces-
sive-force claims, the district court denied the motions in full, including the
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claims for failure to supervise. As to Plaintiffs’ search and seizure claims, the
district court dismissed the claims against the individual officers, but allowed
the failure-to-supervise claims to proceed. And the district court denied the
motions to dismiss as to Plaintiffs’ claims for wrongful death and survival.
II
We have jurisdiction to review orders denying qualified immunity be-
cause they are immediately appealable according to the collateral-order doc-
trine. Carswell v. Camp, 54 F.4th 307, 310 (5th Cir. 2022). We review de novo
a district court’s denial of a qualified-immunity defense. Allen v. Hays, 21-
20337, slip op. at 4 (5th Cir. 2023). To overcome such a defense, the plain-
tiffs must plead facts showing: (1) that the defendants violated their constitu-
tional right; and (2) that the right at issue was clearly established at the time
of the violation. Henderson v. Harris County, 51 F.4th 125, 132 (5th Cir.
2022). We have discretion to consider those inquiries in whatever order best
suits the particular case. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009).
A
We first consider the claims asserted against the officers who did not
have a role in supervising other officers. That is, the claims asserted against
Sepolio, Salazar, Gallegos, Wood, Pardo, Medina, Reyna, Lovings, and Ash-
raft. As to those officers, Plaintiffs asserted claims for excessive force and
unlawful search-and-seizure, based on direct liability and failure to intervene.
1
The district court denied the officers’ motions to dismiss Plaintiffs’
excessive-force claims. To state such a claim, a plaintiff must establish that
he was injured as a result of force that was “clearly excessive to the need” as
well as “objectively unreasonable” in light of the relevant circumstances.
Jackson v. Gautreaux, 3 F.4th 182, 186 (5th Cir. 2021).
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Plaintiffs’ allegations state an excessive-force claim that overcomes
qualified immunity. Accepting Plaintiffs’ version of events as true, the offic-
ers fired upon Tuttle and Nicholas without provocation. Taken together, the
facts alleged are sufficient at the pleading stage. The officers deny that they
shot first, as is their right. But such a denial does not override our obligation
to accept the well-pleaded facts. We find no error in the district court’s de-
nial of the motions to dismiss these claims.
2
The district court granted the officers’ motions to dismiss Plaintiffs’
search-and-seizure claims. It did not specify whether it dismissed the claims
with prejudice. In such a case, we presume that claims are dismissed without
prejudice. Marshall v. Kansas City S. Ry. Co., 378 F.3d 495, 500–01 (5th Cir.
2004). The officers urge us to amend the dismissal to being with prejudice,
but they cite no legal authority for the proposition that we have jurisdiction
to consider an appeal from an order granting a motion to dismiss without
prejudice. Indeed, they admit that the “claims of unlawful search [asserted
against these defendants] . . . are not an active part of this case.” That ad-
mission is appropriate. In this interlocutory posture, we lack jurisdiction to
consider arguments “unrelated to the denial of qualified immunity.” Burn-
side v. Kaelin, 773 F.3d 624, 626 n.1 (5th Cir. 2014).
3
Last, the district court denied the officers’ motions to dismiss Plain-
tiffs’ claims for excessive force and unlawful search-and-seizure based on a
failure-to-intervene theory. Such a theory requires a plaintiff to show that an
officer was present while another officer violated someone’s constitutional
right, was aware of the violation, and had a clear opportunity to intervene but
failed to do so. See Joseph v. Bartlett, 981 F.3d 319, 343 (5th Cir. 2020). With
respect to the excessive-force claims, even viewing the allegations in
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Plaintiffs’ favor, we must conclude that they fail to show that the officers had
a sufficient opportunity to intervene while the firefight was in progress. And
supposing that the facts as pleaded demonstrate such an opportunity, they
certainly do not show a clearly established right to intervention. The same is
true with respect to the search-and-seizure claims. The facts as alleged do
not show that the officers were involved in obtaining the search warrant or
otherwise knew the warrant was obtained fraudulently. Arizmendi v. Gabbert,
919 F.3d 891, 897 (5th Cir. 2019). It therefore follows that they had no op-
portunity to intervene and prevent the unlawful search. We thus hold that
the district court erred in allowing these claims to proceed. The claims will
be dismissed with prejudice because they are futile. See, e.g., Anokwuru v.
City of Houston, 990 F.3d 956, 966 (5th Cir. 2021).
B
Next, we consider the claims asserted against the officers who alleg-
edly had a role in supervising other officers: Lieutenants Todd and Gonzales.
Against these defendants, Plaintiffs asserted claims for excessive force and
unlawful search-and-seizure, based on direct liability and failure to supervise.
1
As an initial matter, Todd argues that the district court erred in ad-
dressing her motion to dismiss in the order at issue here. We agree. Before
entering the order from which the officers appeal, the district court had al-
ready ruled on Todd’s motion to dismiss, and Todd had already appealed
that order. Indeed, a separate appeal is proceeding specifically addressing
those issues. See Tuttle v. Todd, No. 22-20233. The district court therefore
lacked jurisdiction to enter any judgment respecting Lieutenant Todd. See
Williams v. Brooks, 996 F.2d 728, 729–30 (5th Cir. 1993). The district court’s
order must be vacated insofar as it concerns Todd.
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2
The district court denied Gonzales’s motion to dismiss the excessive
force and search-and-seizure claims based on direct liability. We conclude
that this was error because Gonzales was not personally involved in obtaining
the search warrant or in effectuating the search. “Personal involvement is an
essential element” of demonstrating liability under § 1983. Delaughter v.
Woodall, 909 F.3d 130, 137 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Thompson v. Steele, 709
F.2d 381, 382 (5th Cir. 1983)). As discussed below, it may conceivably be the
case that Gonzales is liable for the actions of Goines and others based on his
failure to supervise those officers. But the facts alleged show that Gonzales
had no direct role in the allegedly unlawful activity at issue here. This claim
should have been dismissed as a matter of law.
3
The district court denied Gonzales’s motion to dismiss the excessive
force and search-and-seizure claims based on a failure-to-supervise theory. A
“supervisory official may be held liable under section 1983 for the wrongful
acts of a subordinate ‘when [the supervisory official] breaches a duty imposed
by state or local law, and this breach causes plaintiff's constitutional injury.’”
Smith v. Brenoettsy, 158 F.3d 908, 911 (5th Cir. 1998) (quoting Sims v. Adams,
537 F.2d 829, 831 (5th Cir. 1976)). We have understood this inquiry to con-
tain three elements: (1) that the supervisor failed to train or supervise the
subordinate; (2) a causal link between the failure to train or supervise and the
constitutional violation; and (3) that the failure to train or supervise amounts
to deliberate indifference. Roberts v. City of Shreveport, 397 F.3d 287, 292 (5th
Cir. 2005); Smith, 158 F.3d at 911–12.
The threshold for pleading a failure-to-supervise claim is high, but we
conclude that it is satisfied here. Plaintiffs allege multiple specific instances
in which Goines fraudulently obtained a search warrant and in which violence
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occurred. They further allege that Gonzales—in his capacity as Goines’s su-
pervisor—knew about these infractions, but did nothing to correct them. As
such, these allegations present the uncommon case where deliberate indiffer-
ence may be attributed to an officer’s supervisor. The facts alleged also sup-
port the inference that Gonzales failed to supervise Goines, and that a causal
link exists between his failure to supervise and the actions that ultimately oc-
curred. The district court did not err in allowing this claim to proceed.
C
Finally, we address Plaintiffs’ state-law wrongful death and survival
claims. The officers contend that those claims should be dismissed because
they are not separate causes of action for purposes of state law. However, at
this interlocutory posture, the officers have not adequately raised this issue.
Federal qualified immunity does not apply to state-law claims, see Brown v.
Miller, 519 F.3d 231, 238–39 (5th Cir. 2008), and the officers have not briefed
the argument that they are entitled to qualified immunity as a matter of Texas
law. Our jurisdiction extends only to issues concerning the denial of qualified
immunity, and the officers have not framed this issue in that light. Burnside,
773 F.3d at 626 n.1. We therefore do not address this topic.
III
For the reasons stated above, the judgment below is AFFIRMED in
part, REVERSED in part, and VACATED in part. The district court de-
nied the motions to dismiss the excessive-force claims asserted against Sepo-
lio, Salazar, Gallegos, Wood, Pardo, Medina, Reyna, Lovings, and Ashraft.
It also denied Robert Gonzales’s motion to dismiss as to Plaintiffs’ excessive
force and search-and-seizure claims premised on a failure-to-supervise the-
ory. Those aspects of the judgment are AFFIRMED.
Next, the district court denied the motions to dismiss Plaintiffs’ ex-
cessive-force and search-and-seizure claims premised on a failure-to-
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intervene theory. It also denied Gonzales’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ ex-
cessive-force and search-and-seizure claims premised on a direct-liability
theory. Those aspects of the judgment are REVERSED and those claims
are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
In addition, the district court appears to have included Marsha Todd
in its rulings. Because the district court was deprived of jurisdiction as to
Todd when she filed a separate appeal, any aspects of the judgment relating
to Todd are VACATED.
Finally, the district court granted the motions to dismiss the search-
and-seizure claims asserted against Sepolio, Salazar, Gallegos, Wood, Pardo,
Medina, Reyna, Lovings, and Ashraft and denied the motions to dismiss the
state-law wrongful death and survival claims asserted against all defendants.
We lack jurisdiction to consider those components of the district court’s
judgment and so do not address them.
The case is REMANDED to the district court for proceedings con-
sistent with this opinion.
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Andrew S. Oldham, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in
part:
In my view, Officer Gonzalez is entitled to qualified immunity because
neither the plaintiffs nor the district court pointed to any clearly established
law holding otherwise.
Qualified immunity is an affirmative defense, and after it’s raised, it’s
the plaintiffs’ burden to overcome it. See, e.g., Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S.
511, 526 (1985) (“Unless the plaintiff’s allegations state a claim of violation
of clearly established law, a defendant pleading qualified immunity is entitled
to dismissal before the commencement of discovery.”). Plaintiffs can meet
their burden by pointing to a Supreme Court case that places “the statutory
or constitutional question beyond debate.” Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148,
1152 (2018) (per curiam) (quotation omitted); see Rivas-Villegas v. Cortesluna,
142 S. Ct. 4, 7 (2021) (per curiam) (assuming published circuit precedent can
in theory clearly establish law but only to reverse the Ninth Circuit’s reliance
on it). That precedent must be “clear enough that every reasonable official
would interpret it to establish the particular rule.” District of Columbia v.
Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 590 (2018). Again and again, the Supreme Court has
emphasized that the legal principle must “clearly prohibit the officer’s
conduct in the particular circumstances before him.” Ibid. (emphasis added);
Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015) (instructing courts not to define
clearly established law at a “high level of generality” (quotation omitted));
Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 742 (2011) (same); Brosseau v. Haugen, 543
U.S. 194, 198 (2004) (per curiam) (the clearly-established inquiry “must be
undertaken in light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general
proposition” (quotation omitted)).
Here, however, the district court did not apply the correct standard.
In its analysis of the clearly established prong, the district court merely
quoted general legal principles from Wanger v. Bonner, 621 F.2d 675, 680 (5th
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Cir. 1980), and Brown v. Callahan, 623 F.3d 249, 253–55 (5th Cir. 2010). But
neither case is even close to this one. See Salazar v. Molina, 37 F.4th 278, 287
(5th Cir. 2022), cert. denied, No. 22-564, 2023 WL 3046124 (Apr. 24, 2023)
(mem.). And the plaintiffs don’t attempt to point to a factually similar case
either. Pls’ Supp. Br. 13–14.
I therefore respectfully dissent from the majority’s denial of qualified
immunity to Officer Gonzalez.
11