Nolan Darby v. Pilot Corp. ( 2018 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 18a0449n.06
Nos. 17-5992/17-5998
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
KEVIN THOMPSON, on behalf of himself and all )
others similarly situated, )
)
FILED
Aug 29, 2018
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
v. )
)
LOVE’S TRAVEL STOPS & COUNTRY STORES, )
INC., )
)
ON APPEAL FROM THE
Defendant-Appellee. )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
)
COURT FOR THE EASTERN
)
DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
NOLAN C. DARBY; LAURIE ANDERSON; )
CHASE MOSELY; DORENE IVY, )
OPINION
)
Plaintiffs-Appellants, )
)
v. )
)
PILOT CORPORATION; PILOT TRAVEL )
CENTERS, LLC, doing business as Pilot Flying J, )
)
Defendants-Appellees. )
Before: GIBBONS, BUSH, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. Time was, just about anywhere you drove, you could
pump your gas first (or even have it pumped for you) and then pay for it afterwards. Time was,
gas cost less than a buck a gallon.
Times changed. Nowadays, to stave off fuel theft, pay-at-the-pump devices commonly ask
customers either to prepay inside or to insert a payment card before pumping, allowing the gas
Nos. 17-5992/17-5998, Thompson v. Love’s Travel Stops & Country Stores, Inc., et al.
station to validate the card and to obtain preauthorization from the card issuer to charge the
customer for the forthcoming transaction. When a pay-at-the-pump customer uses a credit card,
this preauthorization process holds a fixed amount of available credit before the pump dispenses
any fuel. The hold is released at some time after the transaction is completed, when the actual
amount of the transaction posts as a settled charge to the customer’s account.
Plaintiffs in this pair of putative class-action lawsuits allege that Defendants (operators of
convenience stores and gas stations) preauthorize too much (up to $125 per transaction for
passenger vehicles) for too long (several days) and without adequate notice. But Plaintiffs have
alleged only the abstract injury of the loss of their available credit pending release of the
preauthorization holds. No Plaintiff has alleged any concrete injury arising from that temporary
loss of available credit. Plaintiffs therefore lack standing to assert their claims, so we affirm the
district court’s order dismissing their actions. Because this dismissal is for want of jurisdiction,
however, we remand for the district court to enter its order without rather than with prejudice.
I
The proposed class representatives are citizens of various states who allege that they made
purchases from Defendants in amounts ranging from $14.75 to $47.99 but were subjected to
preauthorization holds of up to $125 on their credit-card accounts.1 Plaintiffs assert claims for
breach of implied-in-fact contract, unjust enrichment, fraudulent concealment, and violations of
various state statutes. “We review de novo the district court’s dismissal for lack of standing, we
accept as true all the material allegations in the Plaintiffs’ complaints, and we construe Plaintiffs’
1
Plaintiffs assert that “a debit card is the functional equivalent of a credit card,” Thompson’s Br. 14 (citation
omitted), and that Defendants have violated a Tennessee statute requiring disclosure of certain preauthorization holds
for debit-card transactions, Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-128. Debit cards are not credit cards, however, and the named
Plaintiffs who purchased fuel in Tennessee (Anderson, Mosely, and Thompson) all pleaded in Plaintiffs’ complaints
that they used a credit card and not a debit card for their purchases. Because the Tennessee statute in question does
not even arguably apply to any of these Plaintiffs’ transactions, we decline to consider further whether Plaintiffs have
pleaded a cognizable injury arising from Defendants’ alleged violation of that statute.
2
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complaints in Plaintiffs’ favor.” Crawford v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 868 F.3d 438, 457 (6th Cir.
2017); see also Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421–22 (1969).
II
Federal courts have constitutional authority to decide only “cases” and “controversies.”
U.S. Const. Art. III § 2; Muskrat v. United States, 219 U.S. 346, 357 (1911). The requirement of
standing is “rooted in the traditional understanding of a case or controversy.” Spokeo, Inc. v.
Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016). To bring suit, Plaintiffs must have “alleged such a personal
stake in the outcome of the controversy as to assure that concrete adverseness which sharpens the
presentation of issues” before the court. Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 204 (1962).
Each Plaintiff has the burden “clearly to allege facts demonstrating that he is a proper party
to invoke judicial resolution of the dispute.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 518 (1975). “Standing
cannot be ‘inferred argumentatively from averments in the pleadings,’” FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of
Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 231 (1990) (quoting Grace v. Am. Cent. Ins. Co., 109 U.S. 278, 284 (1883)),
“but rather ‘must affirmatively appear in the record.’” Id. at 232 (quoting Mansfield C. & L.M.R.
Co. v. Swan, 111 U.S. 379, 392 (1884)). The Supreme Court has “always insisted on strict
compliance with this jurisdictional standing requirement,” Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 819
(1997), and so must we.
A
At a minimum, Article III standing requires that for each claim, each plaintiff must assert
an actual or imminent injury that is traceable to the defendant and redressable by the court. Lujan
v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–62 (1992); Crawford, 868 F.3d at 452. The injury must be
an “injury in fact,” meaning “an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and
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particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at
560 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The requirement that an injury be “concrete and particularized” has two discrete parts:
concreteness, which is the requirement that the injury be “real,” and not “abstract,” Spokeo, 136
S. Ct. at 1548, and particularization, which is the requirement that the plaintiff “personally [have]
suffered some actual or threatened injury.” Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Ams. United for
Separation of Church and State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 472 (1982) (emphasis added) (quoting
Gladstone, Realtors v. Vill. of Bellwood, 441 U.S. 91, 99 (1979). The hurdle that Plaintiffs fail to
clear is concreteness. “Abstract, intellectual problems,” FEC v. Akins, 524 U.S. 11, 20 (1998),
and “abstract concern,” Diamond v. Charles, 476 U.S. 54, 67 (1986), are not concrete injuries. An
injury doesn’t have to be tangible to be concrete, of course, but “it must actually exist.” Spokeo,
136 S. Ct. at 1548.
B
As the district court aptly recognized, Plaintiffs’ allegations in their complaints are
conclusory, and, to the extent that they purport to state a concrete injury, circular. For example:
▪ “The excessive holds, in effect, resulted in losses of credit, depriving Plaintiff and
Class members of access to their otherwise available credit funds for several days.
They proximately caused Plaintiff . . . to suffer demonstrable, ascertainable, and
measurable damages, i.e., not merely losses of credit, but tangible, pecuniary, and
actual harm, as their available credit disappeared for several days. These damages
reflect the opportunity cost of the credit card holds placed in excess of the actual
purchases made. That is, the difference between the amount of the credit card hold
placed and the actual purchase represents spending power denied to Plaintiff and
proposed Class members by Love’s.” Thompson’s Amended Compl. ¶ 6.
▪ “Plaintiffs . . . allege much more than a temporary diminution in their available
credit. They have suffered a demonstrable loss of credit, which was proximately
caused by Pilot. This loss of credit resulted in actual harm. Thus, they suffered
concrete and tangible injuries and real-world harm as a result of Pilot’s acts and
omissions.” Darby’s Amended Compl. ¶ 71.
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The language of Plaintiffs’ complaints clearly reflects Plaintiffs’ recognition of the Article
III standing requirement. But equally clear is Plaintiffs’ failure to plead facts that would satisfy
that requirement. Nevertheless, on appeal, Plaintiffs have doubled down on their assertions that
their conclusory claims in their complaints suffice to show standing:
▪ “The District Court either mis-comprehended [sic] Plaintiff’s standing allegations or it was
simply wrong in its analysis. The alleged temporary loss of credit and spending power was
not ‘merely a description of the effect of lost credit.’ Rather, the temporary seizure of
Plaintiff’s credit and diminishment of his spending power was an invasion of Plaintiff’s
credit, a legally-protected interest. This is all that is required. Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1548.
What is more, the harm alleged was not something Plaintiff feared might happen or which
put him at risk. To the contrary, this loss of credit and spending power happened and
existed. Thus, it was real, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Thompson’s Br. 23–24.
▪ “If granted leave to amend, Plaintiffs would augment their complaint with a host of
additional facts to more fully allege the requirements of Article III standing. For example,
although they did not believe it necessary to do so, in view of the District Court’s rulings,
Plaintiffs could have amended their complaint to allege emotional distress or by adding
one or more additional Plaintiffs who had actually attempted to make purchases during the
‘hold’ period but had their credit cards declined because of the holds.” Darby’s Br. 34
(emphasis added).
Nowhere in Plaintiffs’ pleadings or briefs do Plaintiffs articulate what is “real” about the
harm arising from Defendants’ temporary preauthorization holds. Indeed, Plaintiffs state in their
amended complaints that “Plaintiff has not specifically alleged that [Defendant’s] grossly
excessive credit holds have deprived him and other Class members of basic needs, insufficient
funds to cover expenses, or overdraft charges, but it is likely – and even probable – that the loss of
credit occasioned by such holds has indeed resulted in such deprivations for other unnamed Class
members.” Thompson’s Amended Compl. ¶ 39. Whether it is “likely” (or “probable,” same
difference) that some unnamed person has suffered a concrete injury on account of Defendants’
preauthorization practice is irrelevant to our inquiry, for “[a] potential class representative must
demonstrate individual standing.” Fallick v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 162 F.3d 410, 423 (6th Cir.
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1998). This individual standing “must affirmatively appear in the record.” FW/PBS, 493 U.S. at
232 (citation omitted). And here it does not.2
Plaintiffs rely on a Tennessee Supreme Court decision that, Plaintiffs claim, “recognize[s]
that state and federal courts alike implicitly recognize that loss of credit is an economic injury.”
Darby’s Br. 24 n.12 (citing Discover Bank v. Morgan, 363 S.W.3d 479, 497 (Tenn. 2012)). But
Morgan does not even purport to address Article III standing.
Moreover, Morgan uses “loss of credit” to mean injury to one’s credit rating, not temporary
loss of available credit on a credit-card account. See Morgan, 363 S.W.3d at 497–98. And equally
damaging to Plaintiffs’ reliance on Morgan is that, even if Plaintiffs could show a “loss of credit”
as contemplated in Morgan, “the loss of credit must have caused actual harm to the aggrieved
party, such as lost profits or added costs.” Id. at 497. Plaintiffs have pleaded no such harm.
Plaintiffs essentially ask us to hold that any intrusion upon one’s credit limit, no matter how
temporary or factually harmless, is legally actionable. But Plaintiffs provide neither relevant
authorities nor persuasive principles to support their position, nor can we find any. Whatever
interest an individual has in his credit limit, it is not so legally protected that every occupation of
available credit is per se a cognizable injury.
The district court was therefore correct to dismiss Plaintiffs’ actions for want of standing.
A pair of analogies supports this conclusion. As in Lujan, for example, in which the Supreme
Court held that environmental organizations’ members had not suffered concrete harm from the
endangering of wild animals in Sri Lanka when they did not even have plans to go see the animals
in Sri Lanka and they thus lacked standing to challenge the Secretary of the Interior’s interpretation
2
We do not (and, indeed, may not) answer the theoretical question whether Plaintiffs would have had
standing if they had alleged, for example, that a preauthorization hold precipitated a subsequent denial of another
attempted charge, resulted in a fee, impaired a credit rating, or otherwise caused some injury beyond the temporary
occupation of Plaintiffs’ unused credit, which is the only harm alleged in Plaintiffs’ complaints.
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of the Endangered Species Act as it affected those animals, similarly, Plaintiffs here lack standing
to challenge the temporary holds on their credit when they do not even allege any intent to use that
credit had it been available. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–62. This case is also analogous to
Crawford, which we decided last year. There, plaintiffs (mostly Americans living abroad)
complained, inter alia, that certain foreign-account tax-compliance laws caused them difficulties
in their dealings with foreign banks. See Crawford, 868 F.3d at 443, 450–52. We held that the
plaintiffs lacked standing, concluding as to some plaintiffs that though they may have alleged
having foreign bank accounts to which the challenged laws could theoretically apply, they had not
alleged any concrete injury such as the closure of an account or the actual or even impending
imposition of a tax or penalty for noncompliance. See id. at 458–61. Likewise here: Plaintiffs
may have alleged a practice by Defendants that could theoretically produce a concrete injury, but
they have not alleged any arguably concrete injury such as the denial of an opportunity to use their
credit, the rejection of an attempted charge, an impairment to a credit rating or credit report, or a
fee.
In short, Plaintiffs lack standing to sue, so we affirm the dismissal of their actions.
III
Without providing any reasoning as to why it did so, the district court dismissed Plaintiffs’
actions with prejudice rather than without prejudice. A dismissal labeled “with prejudice” signals
a final judgment on the merits with preclusive effect. See Gooch v. Presbyterian Home Hosp., 239
F. 828, 830 (6th Cir. 1917) (“[T]he defendants moved the court to dismiss the action with
prejudice, which no doubt means to dismiss it absolutely and on the merits.”); cf. Warfield v.
AlliedSignal TBS Holdings, Inc., 267 F.3d 538, 542 (6th Cir. 2001) (“A voluntary dismissal with
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prejudice operates as a final adjudication on the merits and has a res judicata effect.” (citation
omitted)).
But Article III standing is jurisdictional, and a federal court lacking subject-matter
jurisdiction is powerless to render a judgment on the merits. See Capron v. Van Noorden, 6 U.S.
(2 Cranch) 126, 127 (1804); Gaff v. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp., 814 F.2d 311, 319 (6th Cir. 1987)
(holding that “[i]n order to have dismissed [supplemental state-law] claims with prejudice, the
district court had to have exercised [subject-matter] jurisdiction over the claims”). Consistent with
this, our court has stated on several occasions that dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction
should normally be without prejudice. See, e.g., Pratt v. Ventas, Inc., 365 F.3d 514, 522 (6th Cir.
2004) (“[A] dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction does not operate as an adjudication on
the merits for preclusive purposes.” (quoting Holloway v. Brush, 220 F.3d 767, 778 (6th Cir.
2000))); Revere v. Wilmington Fin., 406 F. App’x 936, 937 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Dismissal for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction should normally be without prejudice, since by definition the court
lacks power to reach the merits of the case.” (citing Ernst v. Rising, 427 F.3d 351, 366 (6th Cir.
2005))).
Defendants do not argue that any extraordinary circumstances exist in this case that would
justify a dismissal with prejudice as an exception to the general rule that a dismissal for lack of
standing is without prejudice. And Defendants’ cited cases, which all concern dismissals for
failure to state a claim, are inapposite because such dismissals are properly entered with prejudice.
See Pratt, 365 F.3d at 522 (“A dismissal for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6) is a judgment on the merits, and is therefore done with prejudice.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)). We therefore conclude that it was improper for the district court to
purport to order a dismissal with prejudice. See Attias v. Carefirst, Inc., 865 F.3d 620, 624 (D.C.
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Cir. 2017) (“Jurisdiction is the power to declare the law, and when it ceases to exist, the only
function remaining to the court is that of announcing the fact and dismissing the cause.” (quoting
Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 94)).
IV
In sum, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiffs’ actions for want of
standing, but we REMAND these actions for entry of orders dismissing them without prejudice.
9