United States v. Wanda Love , 553 F. App'x 548 ( 2014 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 14a0079n.06
Case No. 13-3743
FILED
Jan 29, 2014
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
) THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
WANDA LOVE, ) OHIO
)
Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION
)
)
BEFORE: CLAY and DONALD, Circuit Judges; MAYS, District Judge.
Bernice B. Donald, Circuit Judge. A jury found Defendant-Appellant Wanda Love
guilty on one count of conspiring to prepare false tax returns in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371(Count 1) and fifty-nine counts of aiding the preparation and filing of false tax returns in
violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2) (Counts 2–60) based on Love’s conduct during the 2006, 2007,
and 2008 tax seasons. The district court sentenced Love to fifteen months’ imprisonment on
each count, with all of the sentences to be served concurrently, followed by two years of
supervised release for Count 1 and one year of supervised release for each of Counts 2-60, again
to run concurrently. The district court also ordered Love to pay $134,149 in restitution and a
$6,000 special assessment. Love appeals, arguing that the district court violated her Sixth

The Honorable Samuel H. Mays, Jr., United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee, sitting by
designation.
Case No. 13-3743
United States v. Love
Amendment right to confront witnesses against her by denying her motion to compel disclosure
of her co-defendant’s 2004 and 2005 tax returns. Additionally, Love argues that the government
did not present sufficient evidence to prove her guilt beyond a reasonable doubt for five of her
fifty-nine counts of aiding the preparation and filing of false tax returns and that these five
convictions merit reversal. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM Love’s convictions and
sentence.
I.
Wanda Love worked as a tax preparer at a branch of the tax preparation company H&R
Block, located in a Walmart in Toledo, Ohio. According to evidence adduced at trial, beginning
in the 2006 tax season, Love generated extra money by having certain tax filers claim that they
were self-employed, regardless of whether the filers actually worked, and taking a kickback from
the refunds these filers subsequently received. As a part of this plan, Sonya Moses (“Moses”)—
Love’s cousin, co-defendant, and eventually a cooperating witness for the government—began
referring people, usually family and friends, to Love to participate in this plan. Although H&R
Block had a policy that prohibited employees from personally receiving payments or gratuities
for preparing tax returns, the participants in this scheme compensated Love directly for her
assistance. Moses explained that she and Love split the money obtained from the people Moses
recruited, and other participants testified that Moses had explained this fee-sharing arrangement
to them.
As part of this scheme, Love would file false Schedule C self-employment income based
on individuals’ fabricated involvement in fictitious businesses in order to allow them to receive
Earned Income Credit (“EIC”) refunds. These “businesses” often included a version of the
filers’ names in their titles; typically purported to sell some combination of belts, hair
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accessories, or purses; and tended to report identical sales numbers. A number of the tax filers
assisted by Love admitted that they did not run any businesses and were not self-employed
during the tax years in question. For example, while preparing Tephanie Moses’s 2007 returns,
Love knew Tephanie Moses did not have a business but nonetheless listed “Tephanie’s Purses”
on her Schedule C form. Similarly, Laura Simpson testified that she told Love she did not own a
business but that Love and Moses told her to claim she owned “Laura’s Belts and Purses.”
Of the forty fraudulent returns that Love prepared in 2006 and 2007, none of them
reported expenses or costs of goods for the businesses listed on their Schedule C forms. This
absence is notable for two reasons. First, as Robert Miller, an IRS Revenue Agent, testified,
“legitimate businesses have cost of goods sold or expenses.” Second, according to Cynthia
Kowalski—an H&R Block manager who taught several tax preparation training classes that
Love had completed, including a course about EIC and preparing Schedule C forms—asking
someone who sells purses or belts about expenses would have been a basic question for any tax
preparer.
In 2008, the IRS made clear that it expected tax preparers like Love to exercise due
diligence, which included questioning a business’s gross receipts if they were not accompanied
by expenses. In response, after not listing any business expenses on the tax returns that she
prepared in 2006 and 2007, eighteen of the nineteen fraudulent returns prepared by Love in 2008
listed expenses and costs of goods. The same fraudulent filers for whom Love did not list any
end-of-year inventory on December 31, 2007 in their 2007 returns suddenly had beginning-of-
the-year inventory on January 1, 2008 in their 2008 returns. Agent Miller testified that this
would be “impossible,” and IRS Special Agent Jason Failing explained that a business’s
inventory value at the end of one year should match the starting inventory for the next year
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Under the EIC program, refunds increase to a plateau at the maximum credit level before
beginning to decrease as income increases. Of the false returns Love prepared for tax years 2006
to 2008, the vast majority—all fourteen of the returns from 2006, twenty-four of the twenty-six
from 2007, and thirteen of the nineteen from 2008—received the maximum earned income
credit. The evidence at trial indicated that Love offset higher gross receipt numbers for the 2008
filings she prepared by reporting cost of goods and expenses in order to lower the net profit on
the returns and thereby maximize the EIC refund amount. In total, Love’s customers for whom
she prepared false returns fraudulently obtained $134,149 in refunds.
II.
On July 11, 2012, a grand jury returned a sixty-count indictment against Love and Moses,
charging each of them with a single count of conspiring to prepare false tax returns in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 371 and charging Love with fifty-nine additional counts of aiding the preparation
and filing of false tax returns in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2). On December 12, 2012, Love
filed a motion to compel the government to disclose the 2004 and 2005 tax returns for Moses and
others, claiming that without them she would not be able to cross-examine Moses effectively.
The district court, however, denied this motion, both because the U.S. Attorney’s Office did not
possess the returns and because Love had not shown that the 2004 and 2005 returns were
material to the charges concerning false tax returns for tax years 2006 through 2008. During her
trial, Love renewed her request and again asserted that not having Moses’s tax returns violated
her right to meaningfully cross-examine witnesses against her as provided by the Sixth
Amendment’s Confrontation Clause.
After voir dire on February 11, 2013, the proof in Love’s trial began on February 12. On
February 14, 2013, at the close of the government’s case-in-chief, Love moved for a judgment of
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acquittal on all charges under Fed. R. Crim. P. 29. In particular, Love argued that the evidence
was insufficient to support the five charges based on the returns Love filed for Veora Brown,
Lashona Crossland, Annisa McIntoush, and Sabrina Williams because there had been no
testimony regarding whether they actually owned businesses. The district court denied this Rule
29 motion. Love rested without presenting proof. Love did not renew her Rule 29 motion at the
close of the evidence.
On February 15, the jury returned a verdict finding Love guilty on all sixty counts. On
June 7, 2013, the district court sentenced Love to concurrent fifteen-month sentences on all of
the counts, followed by two years of supervised release for Count 1 and one year of supervised
release for Counts 2-60, again to run concurrently. The district court also ordered $134,149 in
restitution and a mandatory $100 special assessment to be paid for each charge for a total of
$6,000.
Love timely appealed. On appeal, she renews her argument that the district court violated
her Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against her when it denied her motion to
compel disclosure of Moses’s 2004 and 2005 tax returns. Love also argues that the government
did not present sufficient evidence to prove her guilt beyond a reasonable doubt for the aiding the
preparation and filing of false tax returns charges relating to the returns she filed for Rochelle
Arrington (Count 2), Veora Brown (Count 6), Lashona Crossland (Count 9), and Sabrina
Williams (Counts 57 and 58).
III.
We turn first to Love’s argument that not having access to Moses’s 2004 and 2005 tax
returns violated her constitutional right to confront witnesses against her. We generally review
alleged violations of the Confrontation Clause de novo. United States v. Henderson, 626 F.3d
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326, 333 (6th Cir. 2010). If, however, a claim is merely a discovery or evidentiary issue cloaked
as a constitutional claim, we review it for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., United States v.
Richards, 659 F.3d 527, 549 (6th Cir. 2011).
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides in pertinent part: “In all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses
against him . . . .” U.S. Const. amend. VI. “[A] criminal defendant states a violation of the
Confrontation Clause by showing that he was prohibited from engaging in otherwise appropriate
cross-examination designed to show a prototypical form of bias on the part of the witness, and
thereby ‘to expose to the jury the facts from which jurors . . . could appropriately draw inferences
relating to the reliability of the witness.’” Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 680 (1986)
(quoting Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 318 (1974)).
“The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant an
opportunity to impeach the credibility of a witness against him because impeachment is
fundamental to effective cross-examination. . . . [H]owever, this does not mean that the
defendant is free to impeach a witness ‘in whatever way, [or] to whatever extent the defense
might wish.’” United States v. Holden, 557 F.3d 698, 704 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Van Arsdall,
475 U.S. at 679) (internal citations omitted). The Confrontation Clause guards a defendant’s
ability to cross-examine a witness regarding bias, motive to testify, or partiality but does not
“[confer] a right in every case to impeach the general credibility of a witness through cross-
examination.” Boggs v. Collins, 226 F.3d 728, 737 (6th Cir. 2000) (quoting Davis, 415 U.S. at
321 (Stewart, J., concurring)). “The key issue is whether the jury had enough information to
assess the defense’s theory of the case despite the limits placed on cross-examination.” Holden,
557 F.3d at 704. “[T]rial judges retain wide latitude insofar as the Confrontation Clause is
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concerned to impose reasonable limits on such cross-examination based on concerns about,
among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’ safety, or
interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.” Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 679;
accord United States v. Beverly, 369 F.3d 516, 535 (6th Cir. 2004).
Love cross-examined Moses extensively. Love, however, argues that to have cross-
examined Moses effectively, she needed access to Moses’s 2004 and 2005 tax records to assess
whether Love had prepared Moses’s tax returns, as Moses asserted but Love denied, and whether
Moses had claimed EIC on her 2004 or 2005 returns. Love argues that if the tax return
information indicated that Love had not prepared Moses’s tax returns and that Moses previously
had filed for and received EIC, then she could use that information to discredit Moses and argue
that Moses, rather than Love herself, had been the driving force behind the tax fraud scheme.
Both the record below and Love’s own argument on appeal indicate that her right to
confront and cross-examine Moses was not denied. Rather, Love is, in essence, challenging the
district court’s denial of her motion to compel and the limitations it placed on her cross-
examination of Moses. Accordingly, we review Love’s claim for abuse of discretion. United
States v. Gray, 521 F.3d 514, 529 (6th Cir. 2008); United States v. Obiukwu, 17 F.3d 816, 821
(6th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). “A district court abuses its discretion when it relies on erroneous
findings of fact, applies the wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard when
reaching a conclusion, or makes a clear error of judgment.” Schlaud v. Snyder, 717 F.3d 451,
457 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Randleman v. Fidelity Nat. Title Ins. Co., 646 F.3d 347, 351 (6th
Cir. 2011)) (quotation marks omitted).
Tax return information is presumed confidential; 26 U.S.C. § 6103(a) prohibits its
disclosure. Love contends that her constitutional rights trump this privacy interest but fails to
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explain the relevance of Moses’s 2004 and 2005 tax returns to her defense. Even assuming that
the requested returns did indicate both that Love had not prepared Moses’s taxes and that Moses
had claimed EIC in 2004 and 2005, these facts would not excuse either Love’s culpability as a
participant in the tax fraud conspiracy or Love’s preparing fraudulent tax returns for others
during the 2006, 2007, and 2008 tax years. The requested returns—if they were available and
favorable to Love—might have related to Moses’s overall credibility regarding her testimony
about how the tax fraud scheme began. Love, however, was not charged with aiding Moses’s
filing false tax returns, and such generalized impeachment would not demonstrate Moses’s bias
or motive to testify regarding Love’s preparing tax returns listing fictitious Schedule C income
for other people, as would be required to raise concerns about effective cross-examination based
on the charges against her. See Boggs, 226 F.3d at 737.
Love had the chance to cross-examine Moses about her motive to testify during the
Love’s extensive questioning regarding Moses’s cooperation agreement, her initial lies to the
government, the inception of the scheme, and Love’s preparing Moses’s tax returns. Despite the
limitations not having Moses’s 2004 and 2005 tax returns potentially placed on Love’s cross-
examination of Moses, the jury could adequately assess Love’s theory of her case. See Holden,
557 F.3d at 704. The district court did not abuse its discretion or impermissibly impede Love’s
right to confront and cross-examine Moses. Accordingly, Love’s Confrontation Clause claim
fails.
IV.
Love also argues that the government did not present sufficient evidence to prove beyond
a reasonable doubt that she knew that the incomes reported in the returns for Rochelle Arrington,
Veora Brown, Lashona Crossland, and Sabrina Williams were false and that the convictions for
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the five counts of aiding in the filing false tax returns in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2) related
to these returns should be vacated. The government, for its part, argues that all of these
sufficiency challenges have been waived because Love did not mention Arrington in her Rule 29
motion and because Love failed to renew the motion at the close of all of the evidence.
Love’s entire Rule 29 motion stated the following:
At this time, Your Honor, I would make a Rule 29 motion with respect to all the
counts in the indictment. I will not argue all of the counts, but there are a few that
I think are deserving of argument at this point. With respect to Veora Brown,
Lashona Crossland, Annisa McIntoush, and Sabrina Williams, Your Honor, there
has been no testimony regarding those four individuals and whether or not they
had businesses. For that reason I think the government has failed to provide
sufficient evidence upon which a jury could base a verdict of guilty. It's only with
respect to those four, Your Honor, I would—that’s the extent of my argument on
the Rule 29 motion at this point.
“Although specificity in a Rule 29 motion is not required, where the defendant makes a Rule 29
motion on specific grounds, all grounds not specified in the motion are waived.” United States v.
Chance, 306 F.3d 356, 369 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing United States v. Dandy, 998 F.2d 1344, 1356-
57 (6th Cir. 1993)); accord United States v. Wesley, 417 F.3d 612, 617-18 (6th Cir. 2005). The
government contends that Love’s Rule 29 motion pertained specifically to the charges relating to
Brown, Crossland, McIntoush, and Williams and that all other grounds, including those related
to Arrington, are waived. By initially stating that it was “with respect to all the counts in the
indictment,” Love’s Rule 29 motion strongly suggests that she is making a general motion and
then highlighting aspects of the general motion, rather than making a specific motion. The
district court’s response to Love’s motion—“The Court denies the Rule 29 motion and finds
there is sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction for the defendant on each of the counts offered
by the government, including the counts just identified by [defense counsel].”—confirms that
Love made a general Rule 29 motion, as the court addressed all of the charges, not just the ones
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Love highlighted. Because Love entered a general Rule 29 motion, her failing to mention the
charge relating to Arrington specifically did not waive this claim on appeal. See Chance, 306
F.3d at 371.
Love did, however, waive all of her sufficiency claims by failing to renew her Rule 29
motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of the evidence. “This Court will not consider
challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence if the defendant failed to make a Rule 29 motion for
judgment of acquittal at the end of the prosecution's case-in-chief and at the close of the
evidence.” Id. at 368 (citing Dandy, 998 F.2d at 1356). “Failure to make the required motions
constitutes a waiver of objections to the sufficiency of the evidence.” Id. at 369; accord United
States v. Kuehne, 547 F.3d 667, 696-97 (6th Cir. 2008). Because Love did not renew her Rule
29 motion at the close of evidence, she has waived her sufficiency claims. We, therefore, review
these claims for “manifest miscarriage of justice” and “only reverse a conviction if the record is
devoid of evidence pointing to guilt.” Kuehne, 547 F.3d at 697 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United
States v. Carnes, 309 F.3d 950, 956 (6th Cir. 2002)).
The record is not devoid of evidence pointing to Love’s guilt with regard to Love’s
aiding in the preparation and filing of false tax returns for Arrington, Brown, Crossland, or
Williams. To convict Love of violating 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2), the government had to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) that Love aided, assisted, procured, counseled, advised or caused
the preparation and presentation of a return; (2) that the return was fraudulent or false as to a
material matter; and (3) that Love acted willfully. United States v. Goosby, 523 F.3d 632, 637
(6th Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. Sassak, 881 F.2d 276, 278 (6th Cir. 1989)).
The indictment alleged that Love aided in preparing false tax returns for fourteen
people—including Veora Brown, Lashona Crossland, and Sabrina Williams—in tax year 2006
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and twenty six people—among them Rochelle Arrington and Williams—in tax year 2007. The
returns at issue share idiosyncratic features both among themselves and with the other fraudulent
returns. Each of these returns listed a business that followed Love’s standard naming scheme for
a fictitious business by using a variation of the filer’s first name and then purporting to sell belts,
purses, or accessories: Veora’s Belts and Purses (Brown); Shona’s Handbags and Accessories
(Crossland); Sabrina’s Coach and Such (Williams); and Rochelle’s Purses and Belts (Arrington).
Beyond the similarly styled names of their fictitious businesses, the returns for Arrington,
Brown, Crossland, and Williams shared the distinctive feature of reporting mysteriously
expense-free sales-based businesses that earned the maximum EIC. Special Agent Failing
testified that all fourteen of the 2006 fraudulent returns and the vast majority of the 2007
fraudulent returns—including Arrington’s and Williams’s—reflected sales-based business
descriptions that reached the maximum EIC but that did not have any expenses. As Agent Miller
explained, “legitimate businesses have cost of goods sold or expenses,” and a tax preparer has
the duty to ask a person with a business selling belts and purses about associated expenses—a
point echoed in the testimony of Kowalski, the H&R Block manager and trainer, who explained
that these would be basic questions for a tax preparer. Agent Miller also called attention to the
unusually repetitive instances of returns reporting gross receipts of $12,500 and $12,550 in the
2006 filings. Finally, Miller testified that, given their contents, one person’s preparing all of
2006 and 2007 returns in question “would cause great concern for me.”
Love “concedes that the returns [for Arrington, Brown, Crossland, and Williams] were
similar to those of other tax filers who testified that Wanda Love knew they were not employed.”
In addition to the five returns for Arrington, Brown, Crossland, and Williams at issue on appeal,
Love prepared thirty-five other similar returns for tax years 2006 and 2007 for allegedly self-
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employed filers who primarily sold belts, accessories, or purses, all of whom operated without
expenses and nearly all of whom earned the maximum EIC. Love nonetheless contends that
these similarities are not sufficient to sustain her convictions related to Arrington, Brown,
Crossland, and Williams. But circumstantial evidence can be sufficient to sustain a guilty
verdict, and, as this Court explained in another 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2) case, “the similarity in the
type of false deductions claimed on most of the tax returns is strong circumstantial evidence that
the defendant willfully submitted tax returns containing false statements.” Goosby, 523 F.3d at
637; see also United States v. Stafford, 721 F.3d 380, 392 (6th Cir. 2013) (“[C]ircumstantial
evidence alone can sustain a guilty verdict and . . . [such] evidence need not remove every
reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.” (quoting United States v. Ramirez, 635 F.3d 249, 256
(6th Cir. 2011))).
This evidence demonstrates that the record is not devoid of evidence pointing to Love’s
guilt. There has been no manifest miscarriage of justice, so we will not reverse these five
convictions. See Kuehne, 547 F.3d at 697 (6th Cir. 2008).
V.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Love’s convictions and sentence.
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