Gary Watkins v. George Stephenson ( 2023 )

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 23a0007p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
┐
GARY WATKINS,
│
Petitioner-Appellant, │
> No. 21-2914
│
v. │
│
GEORGE STEPHENSON, Warden, │
Respondent-Appellee. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
No. 2:10-cv-13199—Arthur J. Tarnow, District Judge.
Decided and Filed: January 13, 2023
Before: KETHLEDGE, READLER, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: James C. Thomas, JAMES C. THOMAS P.C., Sterling Heights, Michigan, for
Appellant. Jared D. Schultz, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing,
Michigan, for Appellee.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
MURPHY, Circuit Judge. When a state prisoner seeks to amend a habeas petition filed
in federal court, the prisoner often will encounter a problem: the one-year statute of limitations
will have expired by the time of the amendment. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). If the prisoner
timely filed the original petition, this problem may not be insurmountable. Under Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 15(c)(1)(B), the amended petition will “relate[] back to the date” of the
original petition as long as the new claims arose from the same “conduct, transaction, or
No. 21-2914 Watkins v. Stephenson Page 2
occurrence” as the old ones. But sometimes a court will dismiss a prisoner’s original petition on
procedural grounds, and the prisoner will seek to file a new petition in a later suit. Can the
petition in the new suit “relate back to the date” of the petition in the dismissed suit, such that
Rule 15 allows the prisoner to rely on that earlier date to determine the new suit’s timeliness?
Gary Watkins’s appeal in this habeas case raises that question. Like every other circuit
court to address it, we hold that Rule 15 does not apply across cases in this fashion. And our
prior decision in this case forecloses Watkins’s other attempts to establish the timeliness of his
amended petition. See Watkins v. Deangelo-Kipp, 854 F.3d 846, 849–52 (6th Cir. 2017).
We thus affirm the district court’s dismissal of his petition.
I
Watkins lived next door to Quincey Varner and Varner’s girlfriend in Ypsilanti,
Michigan. In January 2006, Watkins reneged on a deal to sell his car to Varner, triggering a feud
between them. On January 9, Varner’s girlfriend spoke with Watkins and thought they had
resolved their differences. Around 7:00 p.m. the next day, Varner dropped her off at her job as a
nurse at a nearby hospital.
A half hour later, police received reports of shots fired at Watkins’s house. Officers
arrived to find a bleeding Varner lying unconscious in Watkins’s driveway. Standing nearby,
Watkins told the officers to call an ambulance because he had shot Varner. The paramedics who
treated Varner spotted no weapons on or around him, but he had two gunshot wounds in his
chest, one in his thigh, one in his posterior, one in his shin, and one in his arm. A trail of blood
led from Varner’s location back to Watkins’s house. Officers discovered a handgun just inside
Watkins’s home and a double-barreled shotgun in his living room. Varner died hours later at the
hospital where his girlfriend worked.
During interrogation, Watkins confessed to shooting Varner. According to Watkins, the
two argued in his house and wrestled over his shotgun. After regaining control of the shotgun,
Watkins shot Varner with each barrel in quick succession. He then retrieved his handgun as an
injured Varner fled to the yard. Catching up to Varner outside, Watkins continued to shoot at
him while screaming “die mother fucker, die.” Tr., R.15-10, PageID 496.
No. 21-2914 Watkins v. Stephenson Page 3
The State of Michigan charged Watkins with several crimes. He began to engage in
concerning behavior in jail, such as refusing to eat and urinating on himself. This behavior led to
four pretrial psychological evaluations. The first evaluator found Watkins incompetent to stand
trial but opined that he could become competent in a hospital setting. A second evaluator
reversed course, concluding that Watkins had been acting bizarrely to fake incompetence. A
third agreed that his odd behavior resulted from “malingering” rather than “mental illness.”
Eval., R.17-1, PageID 1157. And a fourth found insufficient evidence to conclude that Watkins
lacked criminal responsibility for his actions.
Watkins’s problematic behavior continued at trial. After he flipped over a counsel table,
the judge removed him to a secured room to watch the trial. While there, he spat on an officer
and “managed to urinate on the television and the” cart on which it sat. Tr., R.15-9, PageID 455.
When Watkins testified, he admitted that he had shot Varner but claimed that the shooting had
occurred at a different time and location.
The jury convicted Watkins of second-degree murder, assault with intent to murder, and
two counts of using a firearm in commission of a felony. The court sentenced him to a prison
term of 2 years for the firearm offenses to run consecutively to a prison term of 25 to 50 years for
the murder and assault convictions.
In 2008, Watkins filed a pro se habeas petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court
ordered Watkins to pay the filing fee or apply for leave to proceed in forma pauperis. Watkins
did neither. The court thus dismissed his petition without prejudice for failure to prosecute.
In 2010, Watkins returned to federal court. He filed a pro se document captioned a
“motion for equitable tolling to allow petitioner’s pro se petition for writ of habeas corpus to
proceed timely.” Pet., R.1, PageID 1. This filing alleged four claims: that the trial court
committed two sentencing errors, that his counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing “to
investigate and raise a defense,” and that the prosecutor committed misconduct. Id., PageID 11.
The district court construed this motion as a second habeas petition and stayed this new federal
case to allow Watkins to exhaust his claims in state court.
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In 2014, after the state courts rejected his claims, Watkins filed a “supplemental” petition
in the stayed federal case. Now assisted by counsel, he raised six amended claims: (1) that
counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to seek a fifth competency evaluation at trial;
(2) that counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to request self-defense jury
instructions; (3) that the trial court’s verdict form violated his jury-trial right; (4) that the court
violated his right to represent himself; (5) that a communication breakdown between Watkins
and his counsel deprived him of the assistance of counsel; and (6) that the trial court and defense
counsel wrongly allowed a biased juror to sit.
The district court reopened the case. The court construed Watkins’s supplemental
petition as a motion to amend his 2010 petition, and it granted the motion. It later awarded
habeas relief to Watkins. The court agreed with his first claim that his counsel had wrongly
failed to request another competency evaluation after his trial outbursts. In the process, it
rejected the Warden’s argument that this claim was untimely. It reasoned that the claim related
back to the date of Watkins’s 2010 petition under Rule 15 because both petitions raised
ineffective-assistance claims. It also equitably tolled the limitations period due to Watkins’s
mental-health struggles.
The Warden appealed. We reversed on statute-of-limitations grounds. Watkins, 854 F.3d
at 849–52. The parties agreed that Watkins had filed his amended petition outside the limitations
period. Id. at 849. And we held that Watkins’s successful ineffective-assistance claim in the
amended petition did not “relate back” to the generic ineffective-assistance claim in his 2010
petition. Id. at 850–51. We next held that Watkins had not shown an entitlement to equitable
tolling. Id. at 851–52. We reasoned that he had introduced no evidence about his mental health
after his conviction became final. Id. And we added that his ability to seek timely relief in state
court showed that his mental-health problems had not prevented timely litigation. Id. at 852.
On remand, the district court held that the statute of limitations barred Watkins’s five
remaining claims. Watkins argued, for the first time, that his amended petition actually related
back to the 2008 petition that the court had previously dismissed, but the court rejected this
argument. It also held that the remaining claims lacked a connection to any claim in the 2010
No. 21-2914 Watkins v. Stephenson Page 5
petition. This time, Watkins appealed. He raises legal issues that we review de novo. See Miller
v. Am. Heavy Lift Shipping, 231 F.3d 242, 246–47 (6th Cir. 2000).
II
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) imposes a “1-year period
of limitation” on state prisoners who seek to challenge their state convictions in federal court
under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Id. § 2244(d)(1). The parties agree that Watkins filed his 2008 and
2010 petitions within this statute of limitations. The federal habeas laws also allowed Watkins to
amend a habeas petition “as provided in the rules of procedure applicable to civil actions.” 28
U.S.C. § 2242; see Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 654–55 (2005).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 sets forth those procedural rules. It permits a party to
amend a complaint in a typical civil case or a petition in a habeas case with “leave” of a district
court and directs the court to “freely give leave when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
15(a)(2); see Mayle, 545 U.S. at 655. Here, the district court allowed Watson to file six claims in
an amended petition that replaced the four claims in his 2010 petition. But the decision to grant
Watkins’s motion to amend did not automatically render his six new claims timely. Their
timeliness presumptively depended on whether Watkins had filed the amendment within the one-
year statute of limitations. See Hill v. Mitchell, 842 F.3d 910, 922 (6th Cir. 2016). And the
parties agree that Watkins did not do so. See Watkins, 854 F.3d at 849.
That said, Rule 15 sometimes allows a prisoner to invoke the original petition’s filing
date when considering the timeliness of an amended petition that would otherwise fall outside
the statute of limitations. See Cowan v. Stovall, 645 F.3d 815, 818 (6th Cir. 2011). It indicates:
“An amendment to a pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading when,” as relevant
here, “the amendment asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or
occurrence set out—or attempted to be set out—in the original pleading[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P.
15(c)(1)(B).
Watkins contends that this relation-back rule renders his amended claims timely.
Specifically, Watkins argues that all six claims relate back to the claims in his 2008 petition.
When discussing this argument, even the Warden concedes that the 2008 petition raised at least
No. 21-2914 Watkins v. Stephenson Page 6
one of the claims (the juror-bias claim) that Watkins asserted in his amended petition.
Alternatively, Watkins argues that the five amended claims that we did not consider in our prior
decision relate back to the 2010 petition. We thus must address two questions: Can an
“amendment” under Rule 15 relate back to a dismissed petition from a separate case? And did
any amended claim arise from the same “conduct, transaction, or occurrence” as the claims in the
2010 petition?
Question 1: Can an “amendment” under Rule 15 relate back to a dismissed
petition? No. Both text and precedent foreclose Watkins’s attempt to tie his amended petition to
the date of a pleading in a different case. To begin with, Rule 15’s text contemplates that the
relevant filings will arise in the same case. It does not say that an amendment can “relate[] back
to the date” of any pleading filed anywhere. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1). It says that the amendment
can “relate[] back to the date of the original pleading[.]” Id. (emphasis added). The use of the
definite article (“the”) shows that Rule 15 refers to one specific document. See Nielsen v. Preap,
139 S. Ct. 954, 965 (2019); Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 434 (2004). The adjective
“original” identifies that document: the initial complaint (or petition) in the case in which the
amendment occurs. See Mayle, 545 U.S. at 655. No reasonable person versed in legal language
would describe a habeas petition in a different case as the “original” pleading in a case currently
pending in the court.
Watkins’s contrary interpretation could effectively eliminate AEDPA’s statute of
limitations. Cf. Mayle, 545 U.S. at 662. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permit plaintiffs
to voluntarily dismiss a case without a court order or a defendant’s approval if they do so early
enough in the suit. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(A)(i). Suppose a prisoner files a habeas petition and
then voluntarily dismisses it. That tactic could allow the prisoner to file a second (otherwise
untimely) petition decades later by relying on the date of the dismissed petition for statute-of-
limitations purposes. See Graham v. Johnson, 168 F.3d 762, 779–80 (5th Cir. 1999).
For these reasons, every circuit court to address this issue (nine, by our count) has
interpreted Rule 15 to bar prisoners from relying on the date of a dismissed petition. See
Neverson v. Bissonnette, 261 F.3d 120, 126 (1st Cir. 2001); Warren v. Garvin, 219 F.3d 111, 114
(2d Cir. 2000); Jones v. Morton, 195 F.3d 153, 160–61 (3d Cir. 1999); Graham, 168 F.3d at
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779–80; Tucker v. Kingston, 538 F.3d 732, 734 (7th Cir. 2008); White v. Dingle, 616 F.3d 844,
847 (8th Cir. 2010); Rasberry v. Garcia, 448 F.3d 1150, 1155 (9th Cir. 2006); Marsh v. Soares,
223 F.3d 1217, 1219–20 (10th Cir. 2000); Nyland v. Moore, 216 F.3d 1264, 1266 (11th Cir.
2000) (per curiam). Outside this habeas context, we have also rejected the argument that the
initial complaint in a new case can “relate back” to another complaint in a dismissed case. See
State Bank of Coloma v. Nat’l Flood Ins. Program, 851 F.2d 817, 820 (6th Cir. 1988); see also
Velez-Diaz v. United States, 507 F.3d 717, 719 (1st Cir. 2007) (citing cases); Carter v. Tex.
Dep’t of Health, 119 F. App’x 577, 581 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (same). We now extend
this rule to the habeas context. Watkins cannot rely on his dismissed 2008 petition to save the
untimely claims in his amended petition.
Question 2: Did any amended claim arise from the same “conduct, transaction, or
occurrence” as the claims in the 2010 petition? No. Our prior decision in Watkins’s case
largely disposes of this argument that his amended claims “arose out of the conduct, transaction,
or occurrence” as the claims in his 2010 petition. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B); see Watkins,
854 F.3d at 849–51. The Supreme Court has narrowly interpreted the phrase “conduct,
transaction, or occurrence” in this habeas context. See Pinchon v. Myers, 615 F.3d 631, 642 (6th
Cir. 2010) (discussing Mayle, 545 U.S. at 656–64). A prisoner cannot assert merely that the
claims in the original and amended petitions all relate to the same trial or conviction. Mayle, 545
U.S. at 662. To relate back, the amended claims must “share a ‘common core of operative
facts’” with the original claims. Cowan, 645 F.3d at 818 (quoting Mayle, 545 U.S. at 664). So
any “new” facts generally may differ only in specificity (not in kind) from those originally
alleged. Id. at 819.
Our decisions in Cowan and Watkins demonstrate what this rule requires. In Cowan, we
held that an amended ineffective-assistance claim alleging that counsel had failed to interview
specific witnesses related back to an original ineffective-assistance claim alleging that counsel
had “failed to investigate” and find “witnesses [who] would have supported” the defense. Id.
(emphasis omitted). The new claim “merely added more detail” to the original. Id. In Watkins,
by contrast, we held that Watkins’s amended ineffective-assistance claim that counsel wrongly
failed to request another competency evaluation did not relate back to the original ineffective-
No. 21-2914 Watkins v. Stephenson Page 8
assistance claim that counsel failed “to investigate and raise a defense.” 854 F.3d at 850. The
two allegations challenged different “episodes” in that one concerned a defense on the merits and
the other concerned Watkins’s competency. Id. at 850–51; see also Hill, 842 F.3d at 924–25.
Like the claim that we already rejected, Watkins’s five remaining claims in his amended
petition are different in “kind” (not just “specificity”) from the four that he raised in the original
2010 petition. Cowan, 645 F.3d at 819. Watkins does not even attempt to show that three of the
amended claims—that the trial court’s verdict form violated his jury-trial right, that the trial
court violated his right to represent himself at trial, and that the trial court allowed a biased
juror—have any factual connection to his original claims whatsoever. Recall that his original
petition alleged two sentencing errors, a generic ineffective-assistance claim, and a prosecutorial-
misconduct claim. So these three amended claims alleged errors in the way that the trial court
managed the trial procedure, whereas the original claims alleged errors at the later sentencing, by
Watkin’s trial counsel, or by the prosecutor. See Mayle, 545 U.S. at 651–52, 657; Pinchon,
615 F.3d at 643; Wiedbrauk v. Lavigne, 174 F. App’x 993, 1002 (6th Cir. 2006).
The remaining ineffective-assistance claims in Watkins’s amended petition fare no better.
Those claims criticized trial counsel for failing to request self-defense jury instructions, failing to
object to the allegedly biased juror, and failing to communicate with Watkins before trial. As
noted, his original ineffective-assistance claim alleged that his attorney failed “to investigate and
raise a defense.” Watkins, 854 F.3d at 850. The amended claims do not relate back to this
assertion because it was “completely bereft of specific fact allegations[.]” Hill, 842 F.3d at 924.
The original claim failed to allege any facts, to identify counsel’s investigatory failures, or to
specify the defense that counsel failed to raise. See Watkins, 854 F.3d at 850. In addition, to the
extent that the original claim had any substance, it concerned counsel’s failure to introduce
evidence of an unspecified defense. But his amended claims concerned other matters. Two
raised objections about trial procedure (allowing a biased juror and failing to request jury
instructions), and the other objected to counsel’s communications with Watkins. His new claims
thus go well beyond merely adding “more detail” to what Watkins previously alleged. Cowen,
645 F.3d at 819.
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In response, Watkins cites our caselaw recognizing that a district court should freely
grant a motion to amend a habeas petition as long as it will not prejudice the other side. See Coe
v. Bell, 161 F.3d 320, 341 (6th Cir. 1998). He notes further that the Warden has not shown
prejudice. Watkins overlooks that the district court here did grant his motion to amend. But that
decision does not establish the timeliness of the amended claims. See Hill, 842 F.3d at 922–23.
Watkins next argues that we should equitably toll AEDPA’s limitations period because of
his mental-health struggles. See Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 645–49 (2010). In our last
appeal, however, we rejected his argument that these same mental-health struggles qualified as
the type of extraordinary circumstance that would justify equitable tolling. See Watkins,
854 F.3d at 851–52. Watkins did not present evidence of his mental health since his conviction,
and his mental health did not prevent him from timely pursuing his claims in state court. Id.
Watkins offers no grounds to reassess this analysis. Cf. Thomas v. Mahoning Cnty. Jail, 2017
WL 3597428, at *3 (6th Cir. Mar. 21, 2017) (order) (citing United States v. Haynes, 468 F.3d
422, 426 (6th Cir. 2006)).
Watkins lastly asks us to reconsider our prior decisions in Watkins and Hill. But a panel
of this court cannot overrule our prior published precedent. See Salmi v. Sec’y of Health & Hum.
Servs., 774 F.2d 685, 689 (6th Cir. 1985).
We affirm.