United States v. Pierre Washington ( 2018 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Case No. 17-5903
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
Jun 07, 2018
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
PIERRE STEPHAN WASHINGTON, ) KENTUCKY
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
____________________________________ )
BEFORE: KEITH, ROGERS, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
DAMON J. KEITH, Circuit Judge. Appellant Pierre Stephan Washington challenges his
classification as an armed career criminal under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA),
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), and the district court’s imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence of
180 months as a result of his ACCA classification. Washington raises three arguments on appeal.
Washington’s first argument, that the maximum term of imprisonment associated with his prior
convictions should be determined under the current version of state law, is clearly foreclosed by
the Supreme Court’s decision in McNeill v. United States, 563 U.S. 816 (2011), which defense
counsel concedes abrogated United States v. Morton, 17 F.3d 911 (6th Cir. 1994), and remains
binding precedent. His second argument is also easily rebuffed under Supreme Court precedent,
Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998) and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S.
Case No. 17-5903
United States v. Pierre Washington
466 (2000), where the Court established and reaffirmed that related prior convictions need not be
proven beyond a reasonable doubt by a jury or included in the charging document. See Apprendi,
530 U.S. at 490 (“Other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for
a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond
a reasonable doubt.”) (emphasis added).1 Washington’s final argument, alleging that the term
“serious drug offense” is unconstitutionally vague based on the same rationale articulated in
Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), is wholly unsupported by legal authority in this
circuit.
Setting aside our analysis of the merits of Washington’s claims for the moment, we turn to
defense counsel’s preservation of these issues for review on appeal. Washington’s Morton claim,
having been asserted and later withdrawn, is now waived, and is thus unreviewable on appeal. See
United States v. Saucedo, 226 F.3d 782, 787 (6th Cir. 2000); United States v. Jackson, 23 F. App’x
254, 255 (6th Cir. 2001). Washington’s two remaining arguments, raised for the first time on
appeal, fall outside the scope of the general objection to his ACCA classification asserted at
sentencing and are now subject to plain error review. See United States v. Aparco-Centeno,
280 F.3d 1084, 1087 (6th Cir. 2002); see also United States v. Yancy, 725 F.3d 596, 600 (6th Cir.
2013) (“We have also applied plain-error review to forfeited claims when ‘well-settled’ law . . .
made objection ‘futile.’”) (citations omitted).
1
Although aspects of the Supreme Court’s decision in Almendarez-Torres have been called into question, the prior
conviction exception remains intact. See Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 111 n.1 (2013). Moreover, prior
panels of this court confronted with the same inquiry—“is Almendarez-Torres still good law based on the Supreme
Court cases over the last fifteen years [?]”— have repeatedly answered affirmatively. See United States v. Nagy, 760
F.3d 485, 488 (6th Cir. 2014) (“Almendarez-Torres is still good law and will remain so until the Supreme Court
explicitly overrules it.”) (quoting United States v. Anderson, 695 F.3d 390, 398 (6th Cir. 2012)); see also Bosse v.
Oklahoma, 137 S. Ct. 1, 2 (2016) (“Our decisions remain binding precedent until we see fit to reconsider them,
regardless of whether subsequent cases have raised doubts about their continuing vitality.”) (quotations and citations
omitted).
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Case No. 17-5903
United States v. Pierre Washington
In order for a court of appeals to exercise discretion to correct a forfeited objection, there
must be: (1) an error; (2) that is plain; (3) that affects substantial rights; and (4) seriously affects
the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings. See United States v. Olano,
507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993). “‘Plain’ is synonymous with ‘clear’ or, equivalently, ‘obvious.’” Id. at
734.
On review for plain error, Washington has failed to identify any relevant legal authority in
support of his remaining arguments that would have rendered any alleged error “clear” or
“obvious” to the district court at the time of sentencing, or to this panel at the time of appellate
review. Absent a showing of legal authority clearly demonstrating an error in the district court’s
application of the ACCA, Washington cannot establish that plain error was committed. See United
States v. Lantz, 443 F. App’x 135, 139 (6th Cir. 2011) (“A lack of binding precedent on the specific
issue indicates that there is no plain error.”) (citation omitted).
Accordingly, the district court’s sentence and judgment are affirmed.
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