United States v. Robert Noel , 488 F. App'x 928 ( 2012 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 12a0766n.06
FILED
No. 10-1950
Jul 16, 2012
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v. ) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
) MICHIGAN
)
ROBERT NOEL, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: SILER, DAUGHTREY, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
SILER, Circuit Judge. Robert Noel appeals his conviction and sentence for being a felon
in possession of firearms. For the following reasons, we affirm.
I.
Noel was convicted in 2010 of two counts of being a felon in possession of firearms in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Evidence gathered from the execution of two search warrants
at Noel’s residence led to his conviction. In 2007, the first warrant was executed and firearms were
seized. The second warrant was executed in 2008 and, also yielded firearms. Both search warrants
were issued upon affidavits from police describing how confidential informants made controlled
drug purchases from a man at Noel’s address.
Noel was arrested on September 17, 2008 and indicted on September 24, 2008. There were
numerous delays before his trial began on April 6, 2010. The district court excluded the time period
No. 10-1950
United States v. Noel
between October 9, 2008 to March 16, 2010 from Speedy Trial Act calculations. The time was
excluded for “ends of justice” continuances so that Noel’s initial and subsequent appointed counsel
could consult with him and review discovery–the first attorney withdrew because Noel, acting pro
se, filed objections to a brief the attorney filed–as well as for delays resulting from pretrial motions
that Noel filed acting pro se.
After his conviction, Noel was classified by the district court as an armed career criminal and
sentenced to 188 months imprisonment. He had four prior “serious drug offenses.” Three of the
offenses were distributing cocaine in 1991 on March 26, May 24, and May 29, and the other offense
was conspiring to distribute cocaine in 1991 between March 1 and July 6.
II.
Noel claims his speedy trial rights were violated due to the 19-month delay between his arrest
and the beginning of his trial and that the district court erred when it denied his request for a Franks
hearing and in sentencing him as an armed career criminal.
“In determining whether a defendant's right to a speedy trial has been violated, this court
reviews questions of law de novo and questions of fact under the clearly erroneous standard.” United
States v. Robinson, 455 F.3d 602, 607 (6th Cir. 2006).
When the district court denies a Franks hearing its factual findings are reviewed for clear
error and its conclusions of law de novo. United States v. Graham, 275 F.3d 490, 505 (6th Cir.
2001) (citation omitted).
-2-
No. 10-1950
United States v. Noel
III.
A.
To determine if a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial has been violated,
courts should consider: “Length of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant's assertion of his
right, and prejudice to the defendant.” Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972). The Speedy
Trial Act requires the government to file an indictment within 30 days of a defendant’s arrest and
begin his trial within 70 days of the initial appearance or the filing of the indictment, whichever is
later. United States v. Myers, 666 F.3d 402, 404 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3161). “Delays
due to continuances granted by the court are excluded from the time within which a trial must start
under the Speedy Trial Act if ‘the ends of justice served by taking such action outweigh the best
interest of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial.’” United States v. Stewart, 628 F.3d 246,
253 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7)(A)).
The 19-month delay between Noel’s arrest and trial is enough time to trigger speedy trial
concerns. See United States v. Robinson, 455 F.3d 602, 607 (6th Cir. 2006) (“A delay approaching
one year is presumptively prejudicial.”). Accordingly, “[t]he core task is determining which party
shoulders the balance of blameworthiness for this delay.” United States v. O’Dell, 247 F.3d 655, 667
(6th Cir. 2001). Nearly all of the delays were caused by Noel himself. Therefore, his Sixth
Amendment and Speedy Trial Act rights were not violated. As the district court explained, in its
post-conviction decision, when it denied Noel’s motion to dismiss due to speedy trial violations:
Under the Speedy Trial Act, [Noel] was indicted within thirty days of being taken
into federal custody. In addition, no more than thirty-four days are countable towards
the calculation of the seventy-day time limit . . . .
-3-
No. 10-1950
United States v. Noel
The delay in the case was due primarily, if not exclusively, to the myriad pretrial
motions filed by [Noel] and the need to clarify [Noel’s] sometimes ambiguous
conduct concerning whether he wished to proceed pro se or through defense counsel.
Moreover, any prejudice that [Noel] alleges he experienced with respect to his ability
to pursue his defense due to his incarceration and decision to proceed pro se was
ameliorated by the fact that [Noel] always had highly competent and cooperative
standby counsel to assist him in his defense. [Noel] has not identified any specific
prejudice that could not have been addressed by this arrangement. Based on a review
of the parties’ filings and the entire court record, it is determined that [Noel’s] speedy
trial rights have not been violated.
Noel argues that under Barker, his case languished too long to comply with the Sixth
Amendment and that the district court abused its discretion under the Speedy Trial Act when it
allowed a 92-day ends-of-justice continuance.
But Noel has not shown that the district court’s factual findings are clearly erroneous. Also,
he has not shown that his alleged prejudice was greater than any other person subject to criminal
prosecution, regardless of the length of time between that person’s arrest and trial. Furthermore,
since the district court has wide discretion to allow ends of justice continuances under the Speedy
Trial Act, Stewart, 628 F.3d at 253, and the 92-day continuance was granted upon the agreement of
both parties, we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion.
B.
The right to a Franks hearing arises as follows:
A defendant is entitled to a hearing to challenge the validity of a search warrant if he
“makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement knowingly and
intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included by the affiant in
the warrant affidavit, and [ ] the allegedly false statement is necessary to the finding
of probable cause.” If, at the evidentiary hearing, “the allegation of perjury or
reckless disregard is established by the defendant by a preponderance of the evidence,
and, with the affidavit’s false material set to one side, the affidavit’s remaining
-4-
No. 10-1950
United States v. Noel
content is insufficient to establish probable cause, the search warrant must be voided
and the fruits of the search” suppressed.
Graham, 275 F.3d at 505 (citing Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56 (1978)). Noel claims
he was entitled to a Franks hearing to challenge the validity of the search warrants. He denies drugs
were ever purchased at his residence. He argues that the government’s failure to produce documents
that demonstrate the substances allegedly purchased from his home were illegal narcotics and a time
discrepancy between a warrant and its underlying affidavit prove that the alleged controlled drug
buys never took place.
Noel’s argument fails. Police determined that drugs were being sold at Noel’s residence
based on the statements of a reliable confidential informant, not their own knowledge, and the fact
that the substance the confidential informant obtained from Noel’s residence field tested positive for
illegal narcotics. During Noel’s trial, officer Timothy Larrison explained that all substances obtained
from a controlled drug buy are field tested for the presence of illegal narcotics. He testified that if
authorities choose to pursue criminal charges against someone based on evidence other than the
drugs obtained in the controlled buy then the drugs are not preserved or sent to a lab for analysis.
Here, Noel has not demonstrated that authorities knowingly and intentionally made false
statements, or made them with reckless disregard for the truth. Nor did he demonstrate that the
absence of the field tested drugs and lab documents was contrary to the ordinary practice of law
enforcement.
The time discrepancy does not help Noel meet his burden either. The warrant was issued at
1610 hours on the same day the underlying affidavit was signed at 1612 hours. “Minor discrepancies
-5-
No. 10-1950
United States v. Noel
in the affidavit may reflect mere inadvertence or negligence, rather than [a] reckless falsehood.”
United States v. Elkins, 300 F.3d 638, 649 (6th Cir. 2002). Larrison testified that he made a mistake
in his notes about one of the controlled drug buys, which caused him to write the wrong time on his
affidavit. This evidence “‘even if construed in favor of the defendant, cannot be understood to show
that [Larrison] gave either a knowingly false affidavit or otherwise acted in bad faith.’” United
States v. Mick, 263 F.3d 553, 564 (6th Cir. 2001). Larrison’s mistake “does not rise to the level of
deliberate or reckless misstatements as required by Franks.” Id. Accordingly, the district court did
not err when it denied Noel’s requests for a Franks hearing.
C.
Under the Armed Career Criminal Act, anyone convicted of being a felon in possession of
firearms “and has three previous convictions . . . for a . . . serious drug offense, . . . committed on
occasions different from one another,” is an armed career criminal. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). A serious
drug offense includes the possession with the intent to distribute a controlled substance and carries
a maximum penalty of ten years or more of incarceration. Id. at § 924(e)(2)(A)(i). Whether a
defendant has committed the predicate offenses to be considered an armed career criminal “is a legal
issue subject to de novo review.” United States v. McCauley, 548 F.3d 440, 447 (6th Cir. 2008)
(citation omitted).
“[A] career criminal is one who has been convicted of three criminal episodes.” McCauley,
548 F.3d at 448 (citations and quotation marks omitted). In United States v. Roach, 958 F.2d 679,
683 (6th Cir. 1992), the Armed Career Criminal Act was applied to a defendant who had been
previously convicted of three serious drug offenses for selling controlled substances in 1981 on
-6-
No. 10-1950
United States v. Noel
March 11, March 12 and March 26. We rejected the defendant’s argument that since these serious
drug offenses were made close in time they should be considered one episode. Id. Instead, we held
that since the defendant committed serious drug offenses on three different days the “offenses do not
constitute a single criminal episode.” Id. at 684. Here, Noel committed three serious drug offenses
on three separate days in the same year.
Noel argues that two of these three offenses should be subsumed by his conspiracy
conviction and be considered as only one offense since they were the substantive offenses of the
overarching conspiracy and were consolidated for his plea agreement and sentencing. If so, he does
not qualify as an armed career criminal because he would only be guilty of two previous serious drug
offenses.
But under McCauley, “the fact that a defendant was convicted for [more than one] offense[]
during the same judicial proceeding does not prevent those offenses from constituting ‘occasions
different’ [from one another] under the [Armed Career Criminal Act].” 548 F.3d at 448. And
conspiracy is a crime whether or not it succeeds. United States v. Schaffer, 586 F.3d 414, 422-23
(6th Cir. 2009). “Indeed, it is the mutual understanding or agreement itself that is criminal,” not
whether Noel successfully distributed drugs. Id. at 423. Each of his prior serious drug offenses is
independent of the others. Accordingly, the district court properly sentenced Noel as an armed career
criminal.
AFFIRMED.
-7-