United States v. Audrey Johnson, Jr. , 458 F. App'x 464 ( 2012 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 12a0120n.06
No. 10-5290
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Jan 31, 2012
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE
v. ) WESTERN DISTRICT OF
) KENTUCKY
AUDREY LOUIS JOHNSON, JR., )
) OPINION
Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, MOORE, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.
McKeague, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Audrey Louis Johnson, Jr. was convicted
in a jury trial of aiding and abetting another with knowingly or intentionally possessing with intent
to distribute more than 50 grams of cocaine base (“crack”), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a) and
18 U.S.C. § 2. He contends that his conviction rests on evidence that was erroneously admitted
under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) and the prosecutor’s improper closing remarks. He seeks
reversal and remand for new trial. Because the district court properly admitted the evidence, any
error in admitting the contested evidence was harmless, and the prosecutor’s closing remarks were
not flagrant, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
No. 10-5290, United States v. Johnson
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
This case arises from a controlled purchase of crack cocaine between a confidential
informant, Walter Lee Dominique Smith (“Dominique”) and Kenneth Duncan (“Duncan”), which
took place on September 26, 2006. Dominique was a confidential informant (“CI”) with the Oldham
County Police Department in Louisville, Kentucky. His handler was Officer Larry Congleton.
During the summer of 2006, Dominique became acquainted with Duncan while getting his hair cut
at the Kentucky College of Barbering (“the barber college”), where Duncan was a student, and
through their mutual participation in Narcotics Anonymous. Dominique learned of Duncan’s
involvement in dealing crack cocaine through “general conversations” with him. Dominique
informed Officer Congleton about Duncan, and Duncan became the target of an investigation.
On September 13, 2006, Duncan used Dominique’s cell phone to call another cell phone
number. Dominique provided the number of the other cell phone to Agent Congleton, who then
obtained an administrative subpoena to get the subscriber information. The subscriber information
showed that Audrey Johnson, Jr. (“Johnson”) was the account holder and that he lived on Dumesnil
Street in Louisville, KY. Officer Congleton also obtained Johnson’s driver’s license information,
which revealed the same address.
Dominique and Officer Congleton began arranging a controlled purchase. In Dominique’s
recorded phone calls to Duncan, both Duncan and Dominique referred to a third party who would
supply the crack. While discussing the price, Duncan said, “We go see him,” and “That’s what he
told me.” When setting up the sale, Dominique said, “Have him meet you at the shop,” and “Tell
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him to make sure all the weight is there.” At trial, Dominique testified that he did not know exactly
who “him” was, just that he understood Duncan would be getting the crack from someone else.
On September 26, Dominique met with Officer Congleton and other Drug Enforcement
Agency agents to prepare for a controlled purchase of two ounces of crack. Officers set up
surveillance, searched Dominique and his vehicle, counted out $1600 ($800 for each ounce), and
outfitted Dominique with a wire. Phone records showed that Duncan called the number attributed
to Johnson three times that day. Dominique met Duncan at the barber college, and the two men went
inside Dominique’s car. Dominique joked that perhaps he did not want the crack after all, upon
which Duncan became upset, saying “no, don’t do this man, you just had this man go whip this shit
up.” Duncan then got out of the car, and Dominique observed Duncan meet with a man on a green
scooter with a tall pole bearing an orange flag attached to the back. Dominique said, “He on a
scooter, he on a scooter at the end of the building” over the wire to relay to the officers that Duncan
was meeting with a third man. When Duncan returned to the car, he said, “It’s always butter, baby.”
Duncan testified that he was referring to the crack. Once Dominique saw that the substance appeared
to be crack, he paid Duncan. Duncan then went up to the man on the scooter again, and shortly after,
he drove off. Police briefly followed him but broke off after the man began to suspect being
followed. Dominique, followed by Officer Congleton, drove to a prearranged meet location, where
he handed over the crack and was searched to ensure he did not keep any of the drugs or money.
Dominique received $500 for his services.
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Three days later, on September 29, 2006, Officer Congleton went to the Dumesil Street
address. There, parked in a carport behind the residence, Officer Congleton saw a green scooter with
an orange flag.
B. Procedural Background
On June 4, 2007, Duncan and Johnson were indicted by a grand jury of aiding and abetting
each other in knowingly or intentionally possessing with intent to distribute and distributing fifty
grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Duncan pled
guilty, but Johnson elected to go to trial. Though Duncan at first refused to testify against Johnson,
he later wrote a letter to the U.S. Attorney’s Office offering a “water-tight” conviction of Johnson.
Duncan admitted at trial that he was testifying in exchange for a five-year sentence reduction, which
would halve his original ten-year sentence.
Before trial, the court heard arguments on the introduction of 404(b) evidence of prior drug
transactions in which Johnson supplied crack to Duncan. The Government submitted that the
evidence was relevant to establish Johnson’s knowledge and intent regarding drug trafficking. Over
Defendant’s objection, the court admitted the evidence on the basis that it was relevant to identity,
plan, and intent, and concluded that the probative value of the evidence outweighed the prejudicial
value.
At trial, the Government sought to prove that Duncan was not acting alone but had a supplier
for the September 26 sale, that Johnson was that supplier, and that Johnson was the man on the green
scooter that day. Dominique provided an account of the September 26 sale as related above. Officer
Congleton corroborated Dominique’s account, testifying that he observed an exchange of something
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from the man on the scooter to Duncan, whereupon Duncan immediately turned and walked back
to Dominique’s car and consummated the sale. Officer Congleton said he knew the transaction took
place once Duncan reentered the car because Dominique was counting out the money, signaling that
he had the drugs. Officer Congleton then observed Duncan get out of Dominique’s car, walk back
to the man on the scooter, and again saw an exchange of something from Duncan to the man on the
scooter. Congleton testified that the scooter was lime green with a large orange flag attached to the
back end.
Duncan corroborated this sequence of events and identified Johnson as the man on the
scooter and the supplier for this particular deal. He testified that he became acquainted with Johnson
in May 2006 at the barber college, where Johnson was also a student. Regarding the sale, Duncan
confirmed that when he first got out of Dominique’s car to meet Johnson, Johnson gave him the two
ounces of crack, and when he approached Johnson again after the sale, he handed Johnson the
money. Duncan stated that he was just the middle man and that he was not going to make any
money off the deal but was eventually paid $50. He also stated that he had seen Johnson ride the
same green scooter a few times before, but admitted on cross examination that Johnson would
sometimes let others ride the scooter and that scooters were common in that part of town. Most
relevantly to this appeal, Duncan testified that Johnson had regularly supplied him with crack
throughout the summer of 2006, for a period of four or five months. He described purchasing
between a half ounce to an ounce of crack from Johnson on a weekly basis, which he would then
resell.
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The defense’s theory of the case was that Duncan was acting alone—that he possessed
enough cocaine base to consummate the sale himself—and that the man on the scooter was not
Audrey Johnson. The defense presented no witnesses but relied on impeaching Government
witnesses and putting the Government to its burden. The defense showed that Dominique, the CI,
was less than a completely forthright person, as he illegally copied and sold CDs while working as
a CI, in violation of his agreement with the Government not to participate in any illegal activities
without prior approval. Duncan confirmed that Dominique sold bootleg recordings on the day of
the controlled purchase. In its cross examination of Officer Congleton, the defense focused on
Officer Congleton’s inability to describe the man on the scooter with any particularity beyond his
race, general build, and clothing, and his failure to check whether Johnson had ever purchased a
registered moped. Officer Congleton also stated that Kentucky law requires mopeds above a certain
engine size to bear an orange flag on an antenna. The defense also pointed out that Duncan called
many other phone numbers frequently, none of which were further investigated by Officer
Congleton, and that Duncan’s contact with Johnson on September 26 consisted only of voicemail
messages, not actual conversations. And, while Duncan insisted that in 2006 his only source of
supply was Johnson, he later said that he began dealing regularly in April 2006, a few weeks before
he met Johnson in May. When defense counsel asked Duncan who his supplier was in April,
Duncan responded it was a man named Robert Montgomery and that he dealt with Montgomery only
once.
At the end of the trial, the prosecutor stated in his closing argument, “The only issue in this
case . . . is whether or not Audrey Johnson was the person who actually drove the drugs over there
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No. 10-5290, United States v. Johnson
that day.” In his rebuttal statement, the prosecutor stated, “So, when you take a look at the evidence
here, there’s been absolutely no evidence presented in this case that puts the defendant anywhere else
but at the college barber shop at that time.”
The court then gave the jury the following limiting instructions:
You also heard testimony of other uncharged acts of the defendant, other than those
that are actually charged in the indictment. You may consider this other testimony
only as it relates to the defendant’s identity, plan, or intent to commit the charged
crime. You may not use the testimony of the other uncharged acts, if you believe it,
as evidence of the character of the defendant or his propensity to commit the charged
crime in this case. In other words, just because someone did something once doesn’t
mean they are going to do it again, if you even believe the first testimony.
A defendant has an absolute right not to testify. A defendant need not prove
anything. Therefore, the fact that a defendant did not testify or did not call any
witnesses cannot be considered in any way by you in making your deliberations.
The jury found Johnson guilty of aiding and abetting the trafficking of 50 grams or more of
crack cocaine. He was sentenced to a term of 120 months imprisonment followed by five years
supervised release. Johnson timely appeals, arguing that the admission of Duncan’s testimony about
Johnson’s prior drug deals and the prosecutor’s closing comments regarding his lack of an alibi
constitute reversible error.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Rule 404(b)
1. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
This Court reviews a district court’s evidentiary determinations under Rule 404(b) for an
abuse of discretion. United States v. Jenkins, 593 F.3d 480, 484 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting United
States v. Jenkins, 345 F.3d 928, 936 (6th Cir. 2003)). “A trial court abuses its discretion ‘when it
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relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, or when it improperly applies the law or uses an
erroneous legal standard.’” United States v. Spikes, 158 F.3d 913, 927 (6th Cir. 1998) (quoting
Christian Schmidt Brewing Co. v. G. Heileman Brewing Co., 753 F.2d 1354, 1356 (6th Cir. 1985)).
“A new trial is not required unless the error affects substantial rights.” United States v. Bell, 516
F.3d 432, 440 (6th Cir. 2008).
Federal Rule of Evidence (“Rule”) 404(b) provides:
Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a person’s
character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in
accordance with the character. This evidence may be admissible for another purpose,
such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,
absence of mistake, or lack of accident.
This Circuit has outlined a three-step process to determine the admissibility of evidence under
404(b). First, the district court must decide whether there is sufficient evidence that the other acts
actually occurred. United States v. Haywood, 280 F.3d 715, 720 (6th Cir. 2002). Second, the court
must decide whether evidence of the other acts is “probative of a material issue other than character.”
Id. (quoting United States v. Johnson, 27 F.3d 1186, 1191 (6th Cir. 1994)). Third, the court must
apply Rule 403 to determine whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice. Id. Johnson challenges the district court’s determination at each
step.
2. Rule 404(b) Analysis
We find at the outset that Johnson forfeited his argument that the other acts evidence was not
supported by sufficient evidence because he did not contest it in the district court. See United States
v. Hardy, 643 F.3d 143, 150 (6th Cir. 2011) (finding the same argument forfeited because defendant
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No. 10-5290, United States v. Johnson
did not raise it in district court) (citing Vance v. Wade, 546 F.3d 774, 781 (6th Cir. 2008)). And, in
any event, we find no error in the district court’s determination. Johnson’s contentions are based on
the fact that the district court did not explicitly consider the sufficiency of the evidence, focusing
exclusively on whether the evidence could be admitted for a proper purpose, and that the only
evidence of those other acts came from an interested witness, Duncan. This court does not require
a district court to make an explicit finding that prior acts occurred, stating that “[s]uch findings need
not be express, but rather, may be implicit by virtue of the fact that the court admitted the evidence.”
United States v. Matthews, 440 F.3d 818, 828 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Alford, 182
F.3d 918, 1999 WL 397946, at *1 (6th Cir. June 3, 1999) (unpublished table decision)), abrogated
on other grounds by Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 141 (1997); see also United States v.
Wheeler, 349 F. App’x 92, 96 (6th Cir. 2009) (finding district court’s conclusion that prior act
occurred was not error “[r]egardless of any purported lack of analysis”). This court has also found
that the testimony of a single witness is sufficient for a reasonable jury to conclude that the defendant
committed the prior acts, even where the witness is less than completely reliable. Matthews, 440
F.3d at 828-29 (affirming district court’s admittance of witness testimony about prior drug purchase
from the defendant where witness could not remember exactly when or how many times he had
purchased drugs from the defendant and whether he had done so in person or through an
intermediary). The fact that the testimony establishing a defendant’s other acts is impeachable does
not render the evidence irrelevant or insufficient, as long as “the jury can reasonably conclude that
the act occurred and that the defendant was the actor.” Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681,
689 (1988).
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No. 10-5290, United States v. Johnson
Second, we find that the evidence was properly admitted for the purpose of establishing
identity. To be admissible under Rule 404(b), other acts evidence “must deal with conduct
substantially similar and reasonably near in time to the offenses for which the defendant is being
tried.” United States v. Wynn, 987 F.2d 354, 357 (6th Cir. 1993) (quoting United States v.
Blankenship, 775 F.2d 735, 739 (6th Cir. 1985)). “Evidence of other acts is probative of a material
issue other than character if (1) the evidence is offered for an admissible purpose, (2) the purpose
for which the evidence is offered is material or ‘in issue,’ and (3) the evidence is probative with
regard to the purpose for which it is offered.” Bell, 516 F.3d at 441-42.
Johnson put his identity in issue by arguing at trial that he was not the man on the scooter.
Duncan’s testimony that Johnson had been his regular supplier for the four or five months preceding
the controlled purchase was probative of identity because it established that Johnson engaged in
similar acts during the same time frame and with the same partner as the charged offense, making
it more probable that Johnson was the man on the scooter on September 26. See FED . R. EVID . 401
(“Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be
without the evidence; and the fact is of consequence in determining the action”). This serves a
purpose distinct from showing that Johnson merely acted in conformity with a prior bad act. Rather,
the existence of a sustained, ongoing supplier-dealer connection between Duncan and Johnson
during the relevant time period makes it more likely that it was in fact Johnson, as opposed to
another individual, who showed up on the motor scooter that day. In United States v. Thomas, 74
F.3d 676 (6th Cir. 1996), abrogated on other grounds by Morales v. American Honda Motor Co.,
151 F.3d 500, 515 (6th Cir. 1998), we found that a co-defendant’s testimony that the defendant
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regularly bought powder cocaine from the co-defendant, converted it to crack, and then resold it was
probative of identity because “the evidence about the uncharged drug transactions involved the same
type of conduct and occurred during the same time frame and in the same location as the offense
charged[.]” Similarly, we find Duncan’s testimony probative of identity here.
Third, we consider the district court’s Rule 403 determination. “One factor in balancing
unfair prejudice against probative value under Rule 403 is the availability of other means of proof.”
United States v. Merriweather, 78 F.3d 1070, 1077 (6th Cir. 1996); see also Huddleston, 485 U.S.
at 688 (quoting Advisory Committee Notes on Rule 404(b) that urge the balancing decision be made
“in view of the availability of other means of proof”). Identity was front and center in the case, and
Duncan’s testimony was singularly persuasive on that issue. The dissent asserts that once Duncan
identified Johnson as the man on the scooter, additional testimony was superfluous. Not
so—Duncan’s additional testimony provided a context that made it more probable that the identity
of the man on the scooter was Johnson rather than someone else. As this court has recognized, “The
fact that a criminal defendant previously participated in a series of the same crimes with a particular
confederate may, in some instances, raise a fair inference identifying the defendant as the
confederate’s unknown partner.” United States v. Phillips, 599 F.2d 134, 137 (6th Cir. 1979). The
probative value of Duncan’s testimony is, of course, balanced against the recognition that “with all
admitted evidence of prior bad acts,” some prejudice potentially inheres. United States v. Lattner,
385 F.3d 947, 958 (6th Cir. 2004). However, we find that in this particular case, the risk of
propensity reasoning—he did it before, so he must have done it again—is minimized because both
the “before” and “now” pieces of evidence were from the same witness, and the witness was one the
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No. 10-5290, United States v. Johnson
jury must have believed in order to convict. Further, the district court here carefully considered the
significance of the evidence on non-propensity grounds and arrived at the conclusion that the
probative value was not substantially outweighed by potential prejudice. We afford a district court’s
Rule 403 balancing decision “broad discretion,” looking at the evidence “in the light most favorable
to its proponent, maximizing its probative value and minimizing its prejudicial effect.” United
States v. Poulsen, 655 F.3d 492, 509 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v. Bonds, 12 F.3d 540,
567 (6th Cir.1993)). The court also gave a firm limiting instruction to the jury at the close of trial,1
which we have recognized can mitigate potential prejudice. E.g., Merriweather, 78 F.3d at 1077-78.
In light of these facts, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s determination that the
probative value of Duncan’s testimony was not substantially outweighed by the risk of prejudice.
The evidence was thus properly admitted under Rule 404(b).
3. Harmless Error
Even assuming the evidence were improperly admitted, any such error was harmless. See
Haywood, 280 F.3d at 724 (“[W]e will presume that the district court’s error was reversible unless
we can say, ‘with fair assurance, after pondering all that happened without stripping the erroneous
1
The district court’s instruction correctly focused on the permissible purpose of identity but also
stated the jury could use the testimony as evidence of plan and intent, uses on whose propriety we
do not express an opinion. We have previously declined to find such flaws fatal to the validity of
the overall instruction or the ultimate conviction. See United States v. Myers, 123 F.3d 350, 364 (6th
Cir. 1997) (finding limiting instruction that included an improper purpose “adequately warned the
jury of the potential misuses of the other-acts evidence”); Johnson, 27 F.3d at 1194 (finding
contradictory jury instructions that included improper purposes troubling but insufficient to
contaminate the verdict in light of overwhelming evidence of guilt). We find that the instruction
here sufficiently instructed as to the proper use of Duncan’s testimony.
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No. 10-5290, United States v. Johnson
action from the whole, that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error[.]’”) (quoting
Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 765 (1946)). Considering the full evidentiary context, we
are confident that the judgment here was not substantially swayed by Duncan’s testimony regarding
prior deals. Whether the jury convicted Johnson depended entirely on whether they believed
Duncan, and we find it improbable, on the facts of this case, that a juror who did not find Duncan’s
testimony credible regarding the identification of Johnson as his supplier on September 26 would
nonetheless convict Johnson because of Duncan’s testimony regarding prior deals. In so finding, we
do not in any way impugn the jury’s prerogative to believe all, none, or part of a witness’s testimony.
See, e.g., Young v. Trombley, 435 F. App’x 499, 504 (6th Cir. 2011). We merely recognize that, as
stated above, the risk of propensity reasoning on these particular facts was highly doubtful.
B. Prosecutor’s Closing Remarks
1. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
“Whether the government’s closing argument constitutes prosecutorial misconduct presents
a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo.” United States v. Tarwater, 308 F.3d 494,
510-11 (6th Cir. 2002). When reviewing claims of prosecutorial misconduct, this Court first
determines whether the prosecutor’s statements were improper. United States v. Tocco, 200 F.3d
401, 420 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing United States v. Krebs, 788 F.2d 1166, 1177 (6th Cir. 1986)). If so,
this Court must then determine whether they were flagrant, warranting reversal. United States v.
Carroll, 26 F.3d 1380, 1385-87 (6th Cir. 1984). Even if the improper statements were not flagrant,
reversal may still be warranted in some instances. Id.
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No. 10-5290, United States v. Johnson
2. Prosecutorial Misconduct
“The Fifth Amendment guarantees an accused the right to remain silent during his criminal
trial and prevents the prosecution from commenting on the silence of a defendant who asserts the
right.” Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 235 (1980) (citing Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609,
614 (1965)). Indirect references to a defendant’s failure to testify can also violate the Fifth
Amendment privilege. Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d 486, 533 (6th Cir. 2000).
At issue here is the following remark made by the prosecutor in his rebuttal argument: “So,
when you take a look at the evidence here, there’s been absolutely no evidence presented in this case
that puts the defendant anywhere else but at the college barber shop at that time.” Johnson argues
that these statements suggested that he should have provided an alibi by testifying, which infringed
on his Fifth Amendment privilege. The Government argues that the prosecutor’s comment was
proper rebuttal to defense counsel’s closing argument and an accurate summation of the evidence
presented at trial, not a comment on Johnson’s failure to testify or failure to present any evidence.
This court has noted, relying on cases from the Fifth, Seventh, and Ninth Circuits, that the
proscription against commenting on a criminal defendant’s silence “does not extend to a defendant’s
failure to call a witness or to otherwise present exculpatory evidence so long as the prosecutor does
not tax the exercise of the defendant’s right to remain silent.” Tarwater, 308 F.3d at 511. Under this
standard, the prosecutor’s comment in this case may have fallen within permissible bounds.
However, it is unnecessary to dwell on the technical propriety or impropriety of the remark because,
assuming that it was improper, it was not flagrant and thus does not warrant reversal.
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To determine flagrancy, the Sixth Circuit considers: “1) whether the statements tended to
mislead the jury or prejudice the defendant; 2) whether the statements were isolated or among a
series of improper statements; 3) whether the statements were deliberately or accidentally before the
jury; and 4) the total strength of the evidence against the accused.” Tocco, 200 F.3d at 420 (quoting
United States v. Francis, 170 F.3d 546, 549-50 (6th Cir. 1999)). Johnson concedes that any alleged
impropriety was unintentional and that the statement was isolated but argues that the total strength
of the evidence against him was weak and the statement was prejudicial and uncured by the court’s
cautionary instruction to the jury.
Regarding Johnson’s first point, we find the evidence against him was substantial. As for
his second point, in view of the entire record, the remark was sufficiently insulated, occurring in a
brief moment during a trial lasting two and a half days. This court has refused to find reversible
error in similar circumstances. See United States v. Sims, 68 F.3d 476, 1995 WL 620965, at *6 (6th
Cir. Oct. 19, 1995) (unpublished table decision) (“Even in cases of flagrant prosecutorial
misconduct, a reviewing court will refuse to find reversible error if the circumstances occurred only
briefly during a long trial and the court sufficiently instructed the jury to disregard them.”) (internal
alterations and quotations omitted). Further, Defendant’s concern that the prejudicial effect was
enhanced because this remark was one of the last things the jury heard is addressed by the district
court’s firm instruction, which the jury heard after the closing arguments:
A defendant has an absolute right not to testify. A defendant need not prove
anything. Therefore, the fact that a defendant did not testify or did not call any
witnesses cannot be considered in any way by you in making your deliberations.
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No. 10-5290, United States v. Johnson
Three of the four flagrancy factors lean heavily in favor of the prosecution, and the one arguable
factor in favor of Johnson (potential prejudice) is mitigated by the isolation of the comment and the
curative instruction. Thus, we do not find that the prosecutor’s remarks were flagrant.
Johnson argues that his conviction should be reversed and his case remanded for new trial
even if the statement is not considered flagrant. Improper, non-flagrant statements may entitle a
defendant to a new trial if “proof of [the defendant’s] guilt was not overwhelming, [the defendant]
objected to the improper remarks, and the court failed to cure the error with an admonishment to the
jury.” United States v. Stover, 474 F.3d 904, 915 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Carroll, 26 F.3d at 1390)
(alterations in original). Here, Johnson properly objected to the statement. The court also failed to
cure the statement with an admonishment to the jury. However, the court did so for good reason and,
in this particular case, the lack of an admonishment may have actually caused less prejudice to
Johnson. Defense counsel conceded as much at trial. After the jury was excused, the court
explained to defense counsel:
I noticed you made an objection or were going to make an objection during closing.
I recognize what it was about. I really thought it was a minor transgression, if it was
a transgression. To say something about it at the time would call more attention to
what I sort of felt was really a very vague reference to the defendant failing to prove
something. So that’s why I waved you off, so to speak. You are welcome to put it
on the record if you would like.
Defense counsel responded, “I think Your Honor understands my objection. I think Your Honor,
in light of the trial as proceeded, handled it correctly.” Because the court’s failure to admonish the
jury was an attempt to, and likely did, minimize any potential prejudice, we give less weight to this
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factor in this particular case. In light of the strong evidence of Johnson’s guilt presented at trial, we
find that the fundamental fairness of trial was not compromised by the prosecutor’s isolated remark.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. Because I conclude that the
district court abused its discretion in concluding that the unfair prejudicial impact of admitting the
prior bad-acts evidence to prove identity was outweighed by its probative value,1 I respectfully
dissent.
Although I agree with the majority that identity was at issue, I conclude that the district
court’s Rule 403 determination was an abuse of discretion. As the majority correctly identifies, a
significant consideration in the Rule 403 analysis is “the availability of other means of proof” that
are less prejudicial than the evidence at issue. United States v. Merriweather, 78 F.3d 1070, 1077
(6th Cir. 1996) (citing Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 688 (1988)). In Johnson’s case,
the prosecution relied on Duncan’s eyewitness identification to connect Johnson to the crime. Once
Duncan identified Johnson as the man on the scooter, additional testimony from Duncan regarding
Johnson’s identity was superfluous—either the jury was going to believe Duncan’s identification was
accurate or they were not. Nothing about Duncan’s testimony regarding Johnson’s prior bad acts
bolstered Duncan’s credibility. In fact, the only way that this additional testimony could have made
the connection to Johnson more plausible was by the impermissible suggestion that the adage “once
a drug [supplier], always a drug [supplier]” applied to Johnson. See United States v. Bell, 516 F.3d
432, 444 (6th Cir. 2008). This is so because Duncan did not testify about anything “distinctive” or
“signature” regarding Johnson’s prior bad acts, nor did he testify as to their “agreement to commit
a series of crimes” so as to provide probative context. United States v. Phillips, 599 F.2d 134, 136-
1
The unfair prejudicial impact of admitting the prior bad acts to prove identity is reviewed for abuse
of discretion. See United States v. Clay, --- F.3d ---, 2012 WL 43592, at *3 (6th Cir. Jan. 10, 2012).
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37 (6th Cir. 1979) (holding inadmissible confederate’s testimony of defendant’s prior participation
in bank robberies with confederate). Instead, Duncan provided “only general testimony” about
Johnson’s “repeated performance” of prior bad acts. Id. This Circuit has deemed prior bad-acts
evidence inadmissible in similar circumstances. See id.2 Thus, because the unfairly prejudicial
impact of the evidence clearly outweighed its minimal, if not minuscule, probative value in light of
the “singularly persuasive” nature of Duncan’s eyewitness identification, I would hold that the
district court abused its discretion in determining otherwise.
Furthermore, I cannot conclude that any error was harmless. With such minimal evidence
connecting Johnson to the crime and the influence of the inadmissible evidence on the jury’s
treatment of the prosecution’s key witness unknown, my confidence in the validity of the conviction
is undermined. See Bell, 516 F.3d at 448 (concluding error was not harmless where evidence was
not overwhelming and government had “only circumstantial” evidence connecting defendant to the
crime); United States v. Haywood, 280 F.3d 715, 724-25 (6th Cir. 2002) (finding where defendant’s
“guilt was significantly contested” error was not harmless even though the “government offered
sufficient proof” of guilt). The fact that the jury was instructed on three separate impermissible
2
The general nature of Duncan’s testimony also renders this case distinguishable from our holding
in United States v. Thomas, 74 F.3d 676, 678 (6th Cir. 1996), which involved the admission of prior
bad acts to prove identity. In Thomas, the evidence at issue was significantly more probative because
the prior bad acts involved the defendant selling crack at the exact same location and in the exact
same manner as he was alleged to have done in the charged offense. Id. at 679. In contrast, as
previously stated, the testimony with respect to Johnson’s past activities was very vague; Duncan
did not testify that Johnson routinely arrived on a scooter at the same location to supply Duncan with
crack for sale. Duncan testified only that Johnson supplied him with drugs in the past.
Consequently, Duncan’s testimony as to Johnson’s prior bad acts was significantly less probative
than the testimony at issue in Thomas.
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No. 10-5290, United States v. Johnson
purposes for admission3 does not cure, but only underscores, this conclusion. Accordingly, I
respectfully dissent.
3
I do not conclude, nor does the majority urge, that the evidence was admissible for any other
purpose pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b).
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