William Eakes, III v. David Sexton ( 2014 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 1430885n.06
NO. 14-5017 F I l E g
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT NOV 3 5 2014
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
WILLIAM EAKES, III, )
)
Petitioner-Appellant, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT
v. ) FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT
) OF TENNESSEE
DAVID SEXTON, WARDEN, ) )
)
Respondent-Appellee. )
BEFORE: McKEAGUE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and POLSTER, District J udge:
POLSTER, District Judge. On May 22, 1998, Jerry Barnes and his 18-year old nephew,
William (Billy) Bakes, III, killed Tehition Christman at a Motel 6 in Nashville, Tennessee. Two
days later, Barnes and Bakes were arrested and confessed to the murder. In separately taped
c0nfessions, both Barnes and Bakes stated that Tehition came to the hotel to sell them cocaine, that
Barnes and Tehition got into an argument about the amount of the cocaine, and that the argument
turned physical and culminated in Tehition‘s death. This scenario supported a charge of
second-degree murder, exposing Bakes and Barnes to prison sentences of 15 to 60 years. After
persistent urging from Tehition’s parents, however, the State also charged Bakes and Barnes with
first-degree murder — pursuing a theory of felony murder requiring the State to prove that Bakes
*The Honorable Dan Aaron Polster, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
and Barnes intended to rob Tehition when they killed him. The two were tried separately. A key
witness at Eakes’ trial was Myra Christman, Tehition’s mother, who provided the only evidence
regarding the valuables in Tehition’s possession the night he was killed. Bakes was convicted of
felony murder as well as second-degree murder, and was sentenced to life in prison. Eakes'
felony-murder conviction was affirmed on appeal and post-conviction relief was denied. At the
subsequent trial of Barnes, Myra Christman did not testify and the jury was unable to reach a
verdict on felony murder. Barnes subsequently entered a guilty plea to second-degree murder and
was sentenced to 20 years in prison.
In 2013, Eakes filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 that
the district court denied after a hearing. Although the district court denied the petition, it granted
a certificate of appealability on Eakes’ Brady claim. Because we cannot affirm the district court’s
ruling and are constrained by statute from granting unexhausted claims, we vacate the district
court’s ruling and remand with instructions to stay further proceedings should Bakes elect to
pursue exhaustion of any available state remedies.
I.
At approximately 9:30 pm. on Friday, May 22, 1998, Tehition Christman left his parents’
house in his white 1992 Nissan after receiving a phone call. Tehition told his parents that he
would be back shortly after he went to Corey Watkins’ house. That was the last time Myra
Christman saw her sonalive.
At approximately 10:30 pm. that night, Tracy Rosser, the manager of a Motel 6 just a few
miles from the Christmans' home, knocked on the door of a room registered to Barnes (a 38-year
old exterminator with a cocaine problem who was referred to by local drug dealers as "the bug
evidence that Eakes 0r Barnes intended to rob Tehition when they killed him was the fact that
Tehition was found in the trunk of his car without his wallet or shoes and his pockets turned inside
out.
Because Myra Christman was the key witness in the case, any evidence arguably impacting
her credibility or bias was relevant, material, and should have been disclosed to Eakes’ counsel
prior to trial. See Harris v. Lafler, 553 F.3d 1028,1033—34 (6th Cir. 2009). The failure of the
State to produce the suppressed evidence is inexcusable.
The district court, in holding that under Brady the withheld evidence was immaterial,
“never went beyond evaluating the materiality of each individual item of evidence separately."
See Castleberry v, Brigano, 349 F.3d 286, 292 (6th Cir. 2003) (finding the collective impact of
withheld evidence material). In doing so, the district court failed to comply with Supreme Court
precedent requiring courts to evaluate withheld evidence collectively, rather than item—by—item.
Id. (“Because the state court applied only an item-by-item determination of materiality, the
decision is contrary to the Supreme Court’s decision in Kyles. The Court in Kyles specified that
the materiality of withheld evidence may be determined Only by evaluating the evidence
collectively.” (citing Kyles, 514 U.S. at 419)); see also Brooks, 626 F.3d at 892 (noting that in
determining whether undisclosed evidence is material, the evidence is reviewed “collectively, not
item-by-item.” (quoting Kyles, 514 US. at 436)). That the district court failed to look at the
suppressed evidence collectively is not the only problem with its analysis of the Brady claim. The
district court misread the record (the Victim-Advocate’s report was drafted two years before the
trial, not after the trial); it failed to address ADA Haycox’s May 1999 case notes; and it reached an
A. I can’t recall.
(R. 47-5 at 35-36; Page 732-33.)
11
erroneous legal conclusion (contrary to the district court’s conclusion that the prosecutor was not
responsible for failing to disclose the Victim-Advocate report because the Advocate was located
"in a separate part of the District Attorney’s office," the prosecutor is in fact responsible for
disclosing all Brady information in the possession of that office, such as the Victim—Advocate
report, even if the prosecutor was unaware of the evidence prior to trial).
The undisclosed evidence was favorable to Eakes because it showed that Myra’s trial
testimony over two years after the murder was significantly different than her recollection of
events just three months after the murder. Without ADA Milam’s letter, there was no way for
Eakes’ counsel to know that Myra was willing to change her initial detailed story about how
Tehition came about carrying $175 the night of the murder to conform to the documentary
evidence; there was no way for Eakes’ counsel to know that Myra earlier gave a different answer
about who called Tehition the night he was murdered and left counsel unable to questiou her about
where Tehition said he was going when he left the house; and there was no way for Eakes’ counsel
to know that Myra added jewelry to the detailed list of items she recounted more than two years
earlier. With the Victim-Advocate Report and ADA Haycox’s case notes, Eakes’ counsel could
have attempted to show that Myra's bias and vindictiveness led her to supplement the valuables
Tehition supposedly wore to create evidence of Eakes’ motive for robbing Tehition.
Furthermore, Eakes’ counsel could have used this evidence to show that Myra and her husband
pressed the State to charge Eakes with felony
murder so that he would receive the death penalty or a lifetime prison sentence when the
prosecutors initially assigned to the case were reluctant to do so.
12
Since this evidence could have been used to attack Myra’s credibility, it may well have
been determinative of Eakes' guilt or innocence on the felony—murder charge. The evidence was
material because Eakes’ felony-murder conviction rested largely on her testimony which was not
strongly corroborated. If disclosed and used effectively, this evidence may have made the
difference between Eakes' conviction or acquittal on this charge. But the court reviewing a Brady
claim need not determine whether Eakes can show it was more likely than not that he would have
received a different verdict had he possessed that evidence. The question is whether, in its
absence, he received a fair trial. Brooks, 626 F.3d at 892 (citing Kyles, 514 US. at 434).
That said, before seeking federal habeas relief, state prisoners must first exhaust their
available state court remedies by fairly presenting all their claims to the state courts. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(b); Rhines v. Weber, 544 US. 269, 274 (2005). "The Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) codified the requirement that an applicant for a writ of habeas
corpus first exhaust her claims in state court before presenting them to federal court." Rockwell v.
Yukins, 217 F.3d 421, 423 (6th Cir. 2000). Under AEDPA, for a mud to grant relief on the merits
of an unexhausted claim, it would have to find either that “there is an absence of available State
corrective process," or that “circumstances exist that render such process ineffective to protect the
rights of the applicant.” 28 U.S.C § 2254 (b)(1)(B). Here, it appears that there are available state
remedies to address Eakes’ Brady claim.
In Tennessee, a defendant may challenge his conviction and sentence by filing a petition
for post-conviction relief under Tennessee's Post-Conviction Procedure Act, Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-30-101 et seq. Prior to Eakes’ counsel discovering the aforementioned documentary evidence,
Bakes filed a state post-c0nviction petition on two occasions. Both petitions were dismissed.
13
While Tennessee has held that Brady claims are not cognizable grounds for reopening
post-conviction proceedings, Harris 12. State, 102 S.W.3d 587, 591 (Tenn. 2003), it has recognized
Brady claims as grounds for a writ of error coram nobis, Freshwater v. State, 160 S.W.3d 548, 556
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2004) (holding that a Brady claim discovered 30 years after conviction may be
a cognizable claim in a coram nobis petition and equitably tolling the writ’s statute of limitation).
Accordingly, it appears that Eakes may have available state remedies.
“[T]he exhaustion requirement is not a jurisdictional one but rather an issue of comity
between federal and state courts.” White v. Mitchell, 431 F.3d 517, 526 (6th Cir. 2005). Thus, a
state can waive the exhaustion requirement. See Harris v. Lafler, 553 F .3d 1028,1032 (6th Cir.
2009). However, “ [a] state shall not be deemed to have waived the exhaustion requirement or be
estopped from reliance upon the requirement unless the State, through counsel, expressly waives
the requiremen ." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(3). Here, the State has not expressly waived its
nOn-exhaustion defense, and none of the State’s actions before the district court can be reasonably
construed as an express waiver. While the State has not raised non-exhaustion on appeal, this
court may raise non-exhaustion sua sponte. See, e.g., Clinkscale v. Carter, 375 F.3d 430, 436-37
(6th Cir. 2004); King v. Berghuz‘s, 744 F.3d 961 (6th Cir. 2014).
When we are confronted with the appeal of a district court’s decision denying the petition
of a state prisoner which asserts unexhausted habeas claims, we have three options: (1) affirm the
denial of the petitiOn if the unexhausted claims are meritless; (2) vacate and remand with
instructions to dismiss the petition for lack of exhaustion if there is no “cause” excusing petitioner’s
failure to exhaust; or (3) vacate and remand the case to the district court if the petitioner has
“cause” to excuse his failure to exhaust and wishes to pursue exhaustion of his state court remedies.
See Harris, 553 F. 3d at 1031-32 (citations omitted). In Rhines, the Supreme Court noted that the
14
“stay and abeyance” option should only be used where the petitioner had " good cause for his failure
to exhaust, his unexhausted claims are potentially meritorious, and there is no indication that the
petitioner engaged in intentionally dilatory litigation tactics.” Rhines, 544 U.S. at 278 (citing
Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 522 (1982)).
As noted above, rather than reviewing the undisclosed evidence collectively, the district
court dissected each item of undisclosed evidence piecemeal in violation of Supreme Court
precedent. See Castleberry, 349 F.3d at 291. Thus, we cannot affirm the district court’s ruling
because it misapplied the Brady standard. Insofar as the district court’s ruling denied Eakes’
Brady claim on the merits, it is vacated. We remand the case to the district court with instructions
to stay the case so that Eakes can pursue exhaustion of available state court remedies. Eakes has
“ good cause" for failing to exhaust his Brady claim in state court because his lawyer discovered the
documentary evidence only after Eakes had filed his federal habeas petition. Furthermore, as
discussed above, Eakes’ Brady claim is potentially meritorious.
Given the tremendous lapse of time in procuring the undisclosed evidence — and the effort
it took to do so — it may seem unfair to direct Eakes back to the state courts to resolve his Brady
claim. But we are constrained by statute to do so. Accordingly, we VACATE the denial of the
Brady claim on the merits and REMAND this case to the district court for further proceedings as
outlined above.
15
man”). She noticed that some of the curtains had been ripped off the drapery hooks. She knocked
on the door several times, to no avail. Finally, when she threatened to call the police if the door
was not opened, Barnes opened the door just far enough to stick his head out. When she asked
Barnes about the curtains, he said “they” were just having rough sex. She said the motel did not
allow parties, and that if there were any disturbances from that room, they would have to leave.
The next day, after Barnes had vacated the room, a housekeeper reported to the manager
that he had found blood and other signs of a violent struggle in Barnes’ room. Police, upon
notification, examined and secured the room. They then went to Barnes’ home where they found
blood on his truck and bloody clothes in his washing machine. Police received information that
Barnes routinely rented hotel rooms in the area (his wife would testify at trial that she did not allow
him to do drugs at home in the presence of their children). On Sunday morning, police tracked
down Barnes and Bakes at a Super 8 Motel near the Motel 6. Just as officers approached their
room, Barnes and Eakes walked outside and, soon after, confessed to Tehition’s murder.
Both gave recorded confessions saying that Tehition had come to Bames' room to sell them
crack cocaine, Tehition and Barnes got into an argument over the amount of the cocaine, and the
argument turned physical. Bakes stated that he became involved in the fight only when Barnes
asked for help after Tehition started biting Barnes’ thumb. Eakes said that he initially hit Tehition
with a telephone, then went outside to the truck, got an axe, came back in, and hit Tehition in the
back of the head with the blunt side of the axe. Bakes stated that his uncle started choking
Tehition, and he helped by putting his hands over his uncle's hands and pressing down.
Barnes guided police to where he had hidden Tehition's car and body, and Eakes showed
them the location of the axe and the bloody hotel bedding. An autopsy showed that Tehition, at
the time of death, was under the influence of cocaine.
3
When Tehition did not come home Friday night, Myra Christman knew that something was
wrong because he did not respond to her numerous pages despite his habit of quickly responding to
them. At midday on Sunday, however, when Officer Jim Malone went to Tehition’s house
inquiring about the white Nissan and who was driving it, Myra and Thomas Ward, Tehition's
stepfather, were both “very evasive." (R. 69-1.) Despite the fact that Tehition had been missing
for 36 hours, they refused to disclose Tehition’s name and they refused to say at what time they had
last seen him. Officer Malone memorialized this encounter in a report dated May 24, 1998. This
report was never disclosed to Eakes.
On June 1, 1998, a Victim Advocate wrote the following comments in a report after
interviewing Tehition’s parents ten days after the murder:
Victim's family can be a handful. They don't want to believe that vic was involved
w/drugs. They believe he was set up and want both [defendants] to either get the
death penalty or life w/out parole.
(R. 69-2.) This report was never disclosed to Eakes.
On August 3, 1998, Assistant District Attorney (ADA) James Milam, the first prosecutor
on the case, interviewed Tehition’s parents. Myra “did most of the talking,” though each of the
parents showed general agreement with what the other parent said. ADA Milam memorialized
this interview in a letter to lead detective Johnny Lawrence. ADA Milam reported, among other
things:
[Myra] related that on Friday, May 22, she had taken her son’s income tax refund
check in the amount of approximately $474 and deposited all but $175 of that
amount in the Aladdin Industries Credit Union. She had received $175 in cash
which she had given to the victim upon her return home from work that day. She
thinks that she can locate her credit union statement showing the deposit on that
date and possibly the deposit slip as well.
The significance is that the victim had this money with him when he left home
around 9:45 after receiving a phone call from Corey Watkins.
The parents recalled that the victim was watching a Chicago Bulls play-off game
when the phone rang and that he told them he would be back shortly after he went
to Corey’s.
(R. 69-3 at 2.) Myra also told ADA Milam that when Tehition left, he was wearing a gold watch
worth $300 that she had given him for his birthday and a $575 nugget ring with diamonds that she
had given him for Christmas.
The Milam letter also reveals that Tehition’s parents thought he was either set up by Corey
Watkins or that Corey was somehow involved in Tehition’s murder. They told ADA Milam that
Corey lied about his contact with Tehition on the mOming of his murder, and that Corey must have
possessed Tehition's pager after his death because Corey had supposedly retrieved a private phone
number off the pager and was using the pager to receive calls.
Finally, ADA Milam stated:
' The parents also reported that a man named Michael Childs, telephone number
2266641, told them that Jerry Barnes had called him and told him to come to the
motel, because he had beat somebody down and had a car for sale. This man's
brother, Kevin Childs, who has the same phone number, supposedly told the
parents that Barnes said he had taken some money off a guy and had a h0micide on
his hands.
(Id. 3.) The Milam letter was never disclosed to Eakes.
Handwritten notes dated March 21, 2000 and found in the files of ADA T.J. Haycox, the
second prosecutor on the case, state that when he interviewed Kevin Childs, Kevin denied that
Barnes ever told him he murdered any0ne stating, instead, that Barnes told him "he & guy had got
into it & he beat him up (not that he killed him).” These notes were never disclosed to Bakes.
That same day, ADA Haycox typed up a report summarizing his case notes. With regard
to his interview of Kevin Childs, he reported that he spoke to Kevin Childs who said that he saw
Barnes at some apartments shortly after the murder and that he saw a bite mark on Barnes’ thumb,
but he did not remember Barnes making any incriminating statements. ADA Haycox further
reported that the family refused to believe their son had anything to do with drugs despite the
autopsy report and Tehition’s criminal history. He reported that "the most likely scenario is that
the victim came to deliver drugs, there was an argument which turned physical, and in the process
Barnes and Eakes killed the victim.” (R. 69-5.) He concluded that “[the parents] have larger
ideas about the case than the facts support." (Id.) This document was never disclosed to Bakes.
In March 2000, Officer Rose Beme interviewed Michael Childs at ADA Lisa Naylor’s
request. (ADA Naylor assisted ADA Pamela Anderson at Eakes’ October 2000 trial.) Officer
Beme reported that Michael Childs denied having any contact with either Barnes or Eakes around
the time of the murder. This report was never disclosed to Bakes.
Before trial, Eakes filed a motion seeking Brady material. None of the aforementioned
documents were produced.
Eakes’ trial was held in October 2000, well over two years after Tehition's murder. Myra
Christman was the first witness, and the key witness on the subject of the robbery element
1 In very short order, she testified that, on the day of the
necessary for the first—degree conviction.
murder, Tehition asked her for some money, so she took $300 out of a credit uniOn account listed
in both their names for herself and TehitiOn and gave Tehitiou $175. Myra also testified that
“[a]round 9:30, my sister answered my telephone and someone had called Tehition. She said it
was a young man but I don’t know who.” (R. 47-5 at 12.) When Eakes' counsel asked Myra
lUnder Tennessee law, the killing of another committed in the perpetration of a robbery
constitutes first-degree murder. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(2). In such case, "[the] intent to
commit the underlying felony must exist prior to or concurrent with the commission of the act
causing the death of the victim." State v. Buggs, 99S S.W.2d 102, 106 (Tenn. 1999).
whether she was aware that her son was into drugs, she responded, “No, sir.” (Id. at 21.) And
when he asked her if she had any knowledge of her son associating with people who sell drugs,
ADA Anderson objected to that question, and the court sustained the objection — foreclosing any
further inquiry by Bakes' counsel into the subject. Finally, Myra testified that when Tehition left
the house that night, he had on a gold necklace, a $380 watch, a $528 gold ring with diamonds on
it, a diamond earring, a $180 dollar pair of Michael Jordan shoes, and the $175 she had given him
that day.
The jury found Bakes guilty of first-degree and second-degree murder, and he was
sentenced to life in prison. His convictions were affirmed on appeal and his petition for
post-conviction relief was denied.
Bakes filed his federal habeas petition pro 58 on December 30, 2009. On May 23, 2013,
the district court appointed Michael C. Holley of the Federal Public Defender’s Office to represent
Bakes. The aforementioned documentary evidence was not discovered until August of 2013,
when Attorney Holley received access to the prosecutor’s file and asked the court for 30 days to
review it. Based on his review, Attorney Holley filed an amended habeas petition detailing the
suppressed evidence and supplementing his earlier request for equitable tolling of the one-year
period for filing habeas petitions under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d).
After holding an evidentiary hearing on Bakes’ habeas claims, the district court issued an
order finding that all but the Brady claim were time-barred, and denied the Brady claim on the
merits. The court did, however, grant Bakes a certificate of appealability on the Brady claim.
II.
“[T]he suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request
violates due process, where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of
7
the good faith 0r bad faith of the prosecution. Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 432 (1995) (citing
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963)). To establish a Brady violation, a habeas petitioner
must establish three elements: (1) the evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either
because it is exculpat0ry, 0r because it is impeaching; (2) the evidence must have been suppressed
by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and (3) prejudice must have ensued. Brooks v.
Tennessee, 626 F.3d 878, 890 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82
(1999)).
With regard to the first element, the Supreme Court has held that the duty to turn over
favorable evidence encompasses impeachment evidence as well as exculpatory evidence. Giglio
v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154 (1972) ("When the 'reliability of a given witness may well be
determinative of guilt or innocence,’ nondisclosure of evidence affecting credibility falls within
this general rule") (quoting Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269 (1959)); U.S. v. Bagley, 473 U.S.
667, 676 (1985) ("[S]uch evidence . . . if disclosed and used effectively, [] may make the difference
between conviction and acquittal.").
Regarding the second element, due process requires the court to look at the character of the
evidence rather than the character of the state actor who failed to disclose it. Moldowan v. City of
Warren, 578 F.3d 351, 384 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 110
(1976)).
As to the third element, a habeas petitiOner demonstrates prejudice by showing that the
suppressed evidence is “material.” Brooks, 626 F.3d at 892 (citing Kyles, 514 U.S. at 433-34).
In determining materiality, “[t]he question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not
have received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair
trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence." Id. (quoting Kyles, 514
8
U.S. at 434). "In making this determination, we review the evidence ‘collectively, not item by
item.“ Id. (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 43 6).
The materiality of Brady evidence depends almost entirely on the value of the undisclosed
evidence relative to the other evidence produced by the state. United States v. Sipe, 388 F.3d 471,
478 (5th Cir. 2004) (citing Smith v. Black, 904 F.2d 950, 967 (5th Cir. 1990), vacated on other
grounds, 503 U.S. 930 (1992)). Undisclosed evidence that is cumulative of other evidence is not
material. Brooks, 626 F.3d at 893 (citing Carter 12. Mitchell, 443 F.3d 517, 533 11.7 (6th Cir.
2006)). Nor is evidence impeaching the testimony of a witness whose account is strongly
corroborated by additional evidence supp0rting a guilty verdict. Slpe, 388 F.3d at 478 (citing
Wilson v. Whitley, 28 F.3d 433, 439 (5th Cir. 1994)). However, if the impeachment evidence
"would seriously undermine the testimony of a key witness on an essential issue or there is no
strong corroboration, the withheld evidence has been found to be material." Id. (quoting United
States v. Weintraab, 871 F.2d 1257, 1262 (5th Cir. 1989)).
That the withheld informatiOn may seem inculpatory, as well as exculpatory, on its face in
no way diminishes the government’s duty to disclose favorable evidence. United States v.
Howell, 231 F .3d 615, 625 (9th Cir. 2000). Indeed, the Supreme Court recently rejected a state’s
request for “a certain amount of leeway in making a judgment call" as to the disclosure of any
given piece of evidence. Kyles, 514 U.S. at 438-39 (noting that the character of a piece of
evidence as favorable will often turn on the context of the existing or potential evidentiary record).
The Kyles Court explained:
This means, naturally, that a prosecutor anxious about tacking too close to the wind
will disclose a favorable piece of evidence. See Agurs, 427 U.S., at 108, 96 S. Ct.,
at 23 99-2400. (“[T]he prudent prosecutor will resolve doubtful questions in favor
of disclosure") This is as it should be. Such disclosure will serve to justify trust
in the prosecutor as “the representative . . . of a sovereignty . . . whose interest . . . in
9
a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done.”
Berger v. UnitedStates, 295 U.S. 78, 88, 55 S. Ct. 629, 633, 79 L. Ed. 1314 (1935)).
And it will tend to preserve the criminal trial, as distinct from the prosecutor's
private deliberations, as the chosen forum for ascertaining the truth about criminal
accusations.
Kyles, 514 U.S. at 439-40 (citations omitted).
The bias of a witness is “always relevant” in discrediting the witness and affecting the
weight of the testimony. Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316 (1974) (internal quotation marks
omitted). The right to expose bias is so fundamental that generally applicable evidentiary rules
that otherwise limit inquiry into specific instances of conduct do not apply to credibility attacks
based on motive 0r bias. United States v. Hill, 322 F.3d 301, 304 (4th Cir. 2003) (citing Quinn v.
Haynes, 234 F.3d 837, 845 (4th Cir. 2000)). See, e.g., Smith v. United States, 283 F.2d 16, 20 (6th
Cir. 1960) (bias cannot be classified as hearsay); United States v. Harris, 542 F.2d 1283, 1302 (7th
Cir. 1976) (“other acts” evidence may be introduced to show bias).
III.
Billy Eakes admitted to killing Tehition Christman, so the only contested issue of any
consequence at his trial was whether he intended to rob Tehition when he killed him. Key
testimony on this question was provided by Tehition’s mother, since his stepfather could not recall
the jewelry Tehition was wearing when he left the house.2 Without Myra’s testimony, the only
2Contrary to the district court’s conclusion and Respondent’s position, Myra Christman's
testimony was not corroborated by Thomas Ward:
Can you tell us what he was wearing when he left?
When I saw him that afternoon he had on some blue shorts and a light shirt,
striped shirt.
Did he have on any jewelry?
Jewelry?
Yes.
Well, I know that he pretty much wore jewelry all the time.
But do you recall whether or not he had it on that day?
IQPWQP’IQ P40
10