United States v. Jamal Elledge , 344 F. App'x 119 ( 2009 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0601n.06
No. 08-1168
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Aug 25, 2009
LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
JAMAL ELLEDGE, EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
Defendant-Appellant.
/
BEFORE: CLAY and ROGERS, Circuit Judges, and JORDAN, District Judge.*
CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Jamal Elledge appeals his 132-month
sentence of imprisonment after a jury found him guilty of conspiracy to distribute and
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1)
and 846, and of attempted possession with intent to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and 846. On appeal, Elledge argues that the sentencing court erred in determining
the drug quantity underlying his offense level, that the court erred in enhancing his sentence for
his supervisory role in the offense, and that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable. For the
reasons that follow, we REVERSE the district court’s judgment and REMAND for
resentencing.
*
The Honorable R. Leon Jordan, Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern District
of Tennessee, sitting by designation.
No. 08-1168
BACKGROUND
A. Procedural History
In November of 2002, Defendant-Appellant Jamal Elledge (“Ellege”) was indicted for
conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (Count One), and for attempted possession with intent to distribute
marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (Count Two). His case proceeded to a
jury trial and on October 26, 2005, he was found guilty of both counts. He was initially sentenced
to concurrent terms of 262 months of imprisonment on each count, but while his direct appeal
was pending, he entered into a stipulation with the government, and this Court entered an order
dismissing the appeal and remanding the case for resentencing. A second sentencing hearing was
held on November 8, 2007, and the court sentenced Elledge to 132 months of imprisonment to
run concurrently on both counts, with credit for time served. Elledge filed a timely notice of
appeal.
B. Substantive Facts
On November 10, 2002, law enforcement stopped a rental van in Phelps County,
Missouri. The driver and passenger, Eric Sander and Nigest Solomon, consented to a search of
the vehicle, and officers found what was later determined to be 297 pounds (gross weight) of
marijuana in the back of the van. Sander and Solomon agreed to cooperate with the authorities
and stated that an individual they knew as “Jay” (later identified as defendant Jamal Elledge) had
hired them to drive marijuana from Phoenix, Arizona to Detroit, Michigan. They agreed to
participate in a controlled delivery of the marijuana to “Jay” in the Detroit area.
-2-
No. 08-1168
With Solomon’s consent, law enforcement monitored and/or recorded a number of phone
conversations in which Elledge inquired as to the status of the trip, expressed frustration with
delays, pressured Solomon “keep going,” and told her he wanted her “out of Missouri.” The
parties also had conversations about arrangements for Elledge to pay Solomon and Sander $5,000
when they arrived in Detroit. After the seized marijuana was weighed in Missouri, federal
authorities flew Solomon and Sander to Detroit, along with the marijuana and the Nevada license
plate from their minivan.1 In Detroit, the marijuana was re-weighed, photographed and
videotaped. The duffle bags were then packed with sham packages and loaded into a nearly
identical minivan for the controlled delivery.
As planned in phone conversations with Solomon, Elledge drove to a hotel parking lot,
entered the rental van, removed a key from under the mat, and attempted to drive away. Elledge
was arrested and officers seized his cell phone (later determined to be the phone used to
communicate with Solomon), an airline ticket stub, $5,139 in cash, and jewelry valued at
$29,050. Officers also found a scale capable of weighing 400 pounds in Elledge’s vehicle.
In exchange for their cooperation, neither Solomon nor Sander were indicted for their
involvement in the offenses. At trial, Solomon testified to the aforementioned events and also
stated that she had driven a load of marijuana from Arizona to Michigan for Elledge twice in the
past, in August and October of 2002. The government presented evidence of hotel, airline, credit
card, and rental car records for those time periods to corroborate Solomon’s testimony. Sander
also testified to his involvement in the aforementioned events, explaining that he had become
1
Agents determined that it was important that the minivan used in Detroit appear nearly
identical to the van that was rented by Solomon because Elledge had seen the vehicle in Phoenix and
personally loaded the marijuana into it.
-3-
No. 08-1168
involved at Solomon’s request and that he had never personally spoken to or met Elledge. The
government also presented evidence from law enforcement agents who weighed the marijuana
seized from the minivan in Missouri and Michigan. The agents stated that the gross weight of the
marijuana was 297 pounds (approximately 135 kilograms), that the packaging likely weighed one
to two pounds, and that it was “not at all” possible that the net weight of the marijuana was less
than 220 pounds (100 kilograms).2
Elledge challenged the weight of the marijuana that was seized and emphasized that the
agents did not maintain notes or receipts that would corroborate the weights of the packages, that
the scales used by agents did not print out a weight ticket and were not regularly certified, that the
government’s photos only revealed a weight marking on the outside of one bundle, and that
Elledge did not have a proper opportunity to contest the government’s findings because the
marijuana was destroyed after it was weighed and videotaped. Elledge also challenged the chain
of custody of the marijuana, noting that the Missouri agent did not transport the marijuana to the
airport and that the unidentified person who transported the marijuana to the airport did not testify
at trial. The jury convicted Elledge of both counts but returned a special verdict form specifying
that the associated drug quantity was 50 to 100 pounds, as opposed to the over 100 pounds
charged in the indictment.
2
Mark Williams, a former detective at the Missouri Sheriff’s Department, testified that he
individually weighed each of the sixteen bundles of marijuana that were seized and that the total
weight was 297 pounds. He testified that the weight included the wrapping of the marijuana, but
that it was not possible that the marijuana weighed less than 220 pounds in total. Drug Enforcement
Agency (“DEA”) Agent Ross Roel testified that he weighed each of the 16 bundles in Michigan,
marked the weight on each package, and used a calculator to arrive at a gross weight of 297 pounds.
-4-
No. 08-1168
Elledge’s Presentence Report (“PSR”) scored an offense level of 26 based on 100 to 300
kilograms of marijuana and recommended that he be sentenced as a career offender pursuant to
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Elledge contested the drug quantity underlying the offense level and the career
offender designation. The district court found the relevant drug quantity to be 50 to 100
kilograms but agreed that Elledge was a career offender. This resulted in a Guidelines range of
262 to 327 months and the court sentenced Elledge to 262 months of imprisonment on each count
to be served concurrently.
On direct appeal, Elledge argued that the sentencing court erred in sentencing him as a
career offender because one of his prior convictions did not qualify as a predicate offense. While
the appeal was pending, the government and Elledge entered into a stipulated agreement wherein
Elledge dismissed the appeal and this Court remanded the case for resentencing. At resentencing,
the government no longer argued that Elledge was a career offender but argued that the district
court should hold him accountable for more than 100 kilograms of marijuana, that his guidelines
range should be enhanced for his supervisory role in the offense, and that the court should depart
from the Guidelines in light of his criminal history. Elledge objected to each of these positions.
More specifically, he argued that while the court was not bound by the jury-determined range of
50 to 100 kilograms, the court should adhere to it and use the most conservative offense level
consistent with that range (level 20, corresponding to 40 to 60 kilograms of marijuana). Without
addressing that argument directly, the Court determined that Elledge’s base offense level was 24
based on a drug quantity of 80 to 100 kilograms of marijuana and stated that the two-point
supervision enhancement was a “close question” but appropriate under the facts of the case. The
court therefore assigned an offense level of 26, corresponding to a Guidelines range of 120 to 150
-5-
No. 08-1168
months, and sentenced Elledge to 132 months of imprisonment to run concurrently on both counts
with credit for time served. Elledge filed a timely notice of appeal and the matter is now before
this Court.
DISCUSSION
I.
Elledge first argues that the court’s unsupported drug quantity finding led to an improper
calculation of his base offense level under the Guidelines. While Elledge styles this issue as an
erroneous factual finding, his argument is essentially one of procedural error.3
On appeal, sentences are reviewed for reasonableness under an abuse of discretion
standard. United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 260-61 (2005); United States v. Sedore, 512
F.3d 819, 822 (6th Cir. 2008). As part of the reasonableness inquiry, an appellate court must
ensure that the district court did not commit significant procedural error, such as:
failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the
Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors,
selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately
3
In the first issue of Elledge’s brief, he argues that “the district court clearly erred in its
unsupported finding of fact that defendant should be held accountable for 80-100 kilograms of
marijuana for purposes of determining his advisory guideline range.” Elledge Br. at 22. While he
presents the issue as one of fact, the substance of his argument challenges the court’s procedure in
addressing his argument. See Elledge Brief at 24 (stating that he repeatedly argued for a lower base
offense level and drug quantity in light of the facts of his case and relevant case law, but that “[t]he
court did not explain why it picked BOL 24 (80-100 kg) or why it rejected BOL 20 or 22 or address
Defendant’s reliance on Walton[.]”). In Elledge’s fourth assignment of error, he argues that his
sentence is procedurally unreasonable, that the “incorrect scoring of a guideline range is significant
procedural error[,]” and that “[i]f this Court determines that the district court erred in its
determination of Defendant’s guideline range, Defendant’s sentence must be vacated.” Elledge Br.
at 33-34. Because the substance of Elledge’s argument is one of procedural reasonableness, we will
address it as such. Based on above-quoted arguments and Elledge’s objections at trial, he has
sufficiently raised and preserved the issue for our review.
-6-
No. 08-1168
explain the chosen sentence-including an explanation for any deviation from the
Guidelines range.
Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 128 S. Ct. 586, 597 (2007). This Court grants a presumption
of substantive reasonableness to sentences within the advisory Guidelines range. United States v.
Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006); see also Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 346
(2007) (approving of presumption).
At trial, there was a dispute as to the quantity of drugs associated with Elledge’s conduct.
The government presented witnesses who claimed that the gross weight of the marijuana seized
by agents was 297 pounds (approximately 135 kilograms), and that the net weight, excluding an
estimated one to two pounds of packaging, was well above the charged 100 kilograms. Elledge,
however, challenged the chain of custody of the drugs, the lack of documentation supporting the
weights, and, most significantly, the government’s destruction of the drugs and packaging prior to
trial. The jury, apparently crediting some of Elledge’s arguments, returned a special verdict form
that specified that Elledge’s conduct involved 50 to 100 kilograms of marijuana, as opposed to
the “over 100 pounds” charged in the indictment.
At resentencing, although Elledge conceded that the court was entitled to reject the jury-
determined range of 50 to 100 kilograms for the purposes of sentencing, he argued that the court
should adhere to it given the weaknesses of the government’s proofs on the matter. The court
explicitly agreed with the 50 to 100 kilogram range and expressed its dissatisfaction with the
DEA’s stated policy of destroying drugs prior to trial which, in its assessment, deprived Elledge
of his right to challenge the evidence as to chain of custody, quality, and quantity.
-7-
No. 08-1168
This did not resolve the issue, however. Elledge further argued—both in his sentencing
memorandum and at his resentencing hearing—that the 50 to 100 kilogram range corresponded to
three possible offense levels (level 20 for 40 to 60 kilograms of marijuana, level 22 for 60 to 80
kilograms, and level 24 for 80 to 100 kilograms), and that under United States v. Walton, 908
F.2d 1289, 1302 (6th Cir. 1990),4 the court should use most conservative estimate.
After reiterating Elledge’s Walton argument at the resentencing hearing, defense counsel
stated at least three times that the judge would need to decide which offense level (20, 22, or 24)
would apply. The court—apparently misunderstanding the argument—repeatedly stated that it
chose a range of 50 to 100 kilograms. Finally, after the government joined in prompting the court
that it would need to select an offense level of “20, 22, or 24,” the court stated that “the base
offense level that I intended to pick was 24. That was the base offense level.” (Trial Tr. vol. 8 at
38.) The court did not discuss the matter further.5
4
In Walton, this Court stated:
We believe that the guidelines do not permit the District Court to
hold a defendant responsible for a specific quantity of drugs unless
the court can conclude the defendant is more likely than not actually
responsible for a quantity greater than or equal to the quantity for
which the defendant is being held responsible. [ . . . .] Thus when
choosing between a number of plausible estimates of drug quantity,
none of which is more likely than not the correct quantity, a court
must err on the side of caution.
908 F.2d at 1302.
5
The court did not ask the parties if they objected to the sentence that was imposed, and the
government does not argue that plain error review should apply under United States v. Vonner, 516
F.3d 382, 386 (6th Cir. 2008), and United States v. Bostic, 371 F.3d 865, 871 (6th Cir. 2004).
-8-
No. 08-1168
On appeal, Elledge argues that the district court “simply announced it had selected a base
offense level of 24” without addressing his arguments for a lower level. We agree and hold that
the court committed procedural error by failing to address Elledge’s non-frivolous arguments for
a lower sentence. Procedural reasonableness requires, among other things, that a district court
properly calculate the Guidelines range and that it “adequately explain the chosen sentence.”
Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597. In light of this obligation, this Court consistently has held that, “[w]hen a
defendant raises a particular[, nonfrivolous] argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record
must reflect both that the district judge considered the defendant’s argument and that the judge
explained the basis for rejecting it.’” United States v. Lalonde, 509 F.3d 750, 770 (6th Cir. 2007)
(internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added); see also United States v. Peters, 512 F.3d
787, 789 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that a sentence is not procedurally reasonable if, “[w]hen the
defendant or prosecutor ‘presents nonfrivolous reasons for imposing a different sentence,’” a
sentencing judge fails to “address the ‘parties’ arguments’ and ‘explain why he has rejected those
arguments’”) (quoting Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2468)); United States v. Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 305 (6th
Cir. 2005) (requiring an “articulation of the reasons the district court reached the sentence
ultimately imposed.”).6 As such, when Elledge offered non-frivolous arguments in favor of a
lower offense level, the court had an obligation to articulate its reasons for the selecting the
offense level it chose.
6
The above-cited cases are all consistent with the Gall Court’s observation that courts may
be required to explicitly address relevant issues expressly raised by the parties. 128 S. Ct. at 599
(“Had the prosecutor raised the issue, specific discussion of the point might have been in order[.]”).
-9-
No. 08-1168
Here the record plainly demonstrates that the district court failed to satisfy this
requirement. Elledge repeatedly argued that an offense level of 20 should apply under the
circumstances of the case and in light of Walton, but the court offered no explanation as to why it
selected an offense level of 24. Based on the record before it, we can only speculate as to the
reasoning underlying the offense level (and the associated drug quantity) that the sentencing court
chose, and it cannot be said that the court “provide[d] a clear explanation of why it has either
accepted or rejected the parties’ arguments and thereby chose the particular sentence imposed[.]”
United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 580 (6th Cir. 2007). The sentence imposed was therefore
procedurally unreasonable and we will remand for resentencing.
II.
In his second assignment of error, Elledge argues that the district court clearly erred in
enhancing his base offense level by two levels for his role as an “organizer, leader, manager, or
supervisor” of Nigest Solomon under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1.
This Court reviews a district court’s factual findings for clear error. United States v.
Walls, 546 F.3d 728, 735 (6th Cir. 2008). A decision is clearly erroneous when this Court has a
“definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” United States v. Jeross, 521 F.3d
562, 569 (6th Cir. 2008). However, as to the court’s legal conclusion on whether to impose a
leadership enhancement under § 3B1.1, this circuit has mixed authority regarding whether a
reviewing court should apply a de novo standard or a more deferential standard. In United States
v. Young, this Court summarized the “unsettled” state of the law in this area as follows:
When reviewing § 3B1.1(a) impositions in the past, ‘we reviewed
the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal
-10-
No. 08-1168
conclusions de novo.’” [Walls, 546 F.3d at 734] (quoting United
States v. McDaniel, 398 F.3d 540, 551 n.10 (6th Cir. 2005)).
“However, in 2001, ‘the Supreme Court ruled in Buford v. United
States that, in light of the fact-bound nature of the legal decision,
an appellate court should review deferentially, rather than de novo,
a district court’s application of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2.’” Id. (quoting
McDaniel, 398 F.3d at 551 n.10). Some cases in this circuit
suggest, without discussing Buford, that “‘[a] district court’s
determination regarding a defendant’s role in the offense is
reversible only if clearly erroneous.’” United States v. Jeross, 521
F.3d 562, 579 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Gates, 461
F.3d 703, 709 (6th Cir. [2006]) . . . . Other cases state that “[w]e
have not settled the question of what standard governs review of a
sentencing enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1.” United States
v. Moncivais, 492 F.3d 652, 660 (6th Cir. 2007).
553 F.3d 1035, 1052-1053 (6th Cir. 2009). Because we conclude that Elledge is not entitled to
relief under any standard of review, we need not decide whether we owe deference to the district
court’s decision to impose a leadership enhancement under § 3B1.1.
When deciding whether a supervisory enhancement should apply, a district court should
consider:
the exercise of decision making authority, the nature of participation in the
commission of the offense, the recruitment of accomplices, the claimed
right to a larger share of the fruits of the crime, the degree of participation
in planning or organizing the offense, the nature and scope of the illegal
activity, and the degree of control and authority exercised over others.
18 U.S.C. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4 (2009).
In the instant case, the district court determined that “based upon Miss Solomon’s
testimony and the constant phone calls or calling you, you calling her for directions, her calling
you for directions, your giving her directions, I think that you were a supervisor.” (Trial Tr. vol.
-11-
No. 08-1168
8 at 36.) The court also stated that “the evidence fairly taken reflects that Mr. Elledge was the
brains behind the operation. He conceived it. He planned it.” (Id. at 18.)
The record supports the court’s imposition of the enhancement. Although Elledge argues
that he and Solomon were equals or “joint-venturers,” the government presented evidence that
Elledge recruited Solomon for at least two trips, that he instructed her to rent a vehicle with
Nevada license plants to avoid suspicion, that he instructed her to take a particular route through
Missouri, and that he gave her directions regarding how to rent the vehicle and what credit card to
use. In addition, there is evidence that Elledge spoke to Solomon on seven recorded calls and
dozens of other unrecorded calls in the course of the trip, and that in the recordings, Elledge
repeatedly inquired as to Solomon’s progress, reminded her not to speed, instructed her continue
driving despite her stated illness, and expressed frustration with her lack of progress. Finally,
there is evidence that Elledge intended to pay Solomon $5,000 for her services, but that the load
of marijuana could be sold in Detroit for a profit of $300,000 or more.
This Court has upheld § 3B1.1 enhancements in similar cases. In United States v. Munoz,
we found that a supervisory role existed when the defendant “made arrangements for the courier
to deliver the drugs,” was in “repeated contact” with the informant, and “played a role in
coordinating the delivery and payment for” the drugs. 233 F.3d 410, 416 (6th Cir. 2000).
Likewise, in United States v. Gaitan-Acevedo, we found that an enhancement was appropriate
when the defendant gave directions to a courier as to when a delivery was to be made and made
arrangements for the courier when his vehicle broke down, and when a second courier possessed
the defendant’s telephone number as a contact person. 148 F.3d 577, 595-96 (6th Cir. 1998).
Because Elledge’s conduct is markedly similar to the conduct discussed in Munoz and Gaitan-
-12-
No. 08-1168
Acevedo, and because the evidence clearly indicates that Solomon was acting under his direction,
the district court did not err in applying an enhancement under § 3B1.1, regardless of the standard
of review that is applied.
Elledge also challenges the application of the enhancement by arguing that the district
court violated his Sixth Amendment right to a jury verdict under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530
U.S. 466, 490 (2000), by engaging in judicial fact-finding to determine by a preponderance of the
evidence that he played a supervisory role in the offense. This argument lacks merit in light of
relevant Supreme Court precedent. In Booker, the Supreme Court held that while the Sixth
Amendment is violated when a sentencing judge makes factual findings that determine a
mandatory guideline range, an advisory Guidelines system would not violate the constitutional
right to trial by jury. 543 U.S. at 233. This Court has since made clear that so long as a
sentencing court does not treat the Guidelines as mandatory, it is permissible for the court to
make factual findings in the course of calculating advisory Guidelines. United States v. Kosinski,
480 F.3d 769, 774-77 (6th Cir. 2007); United States v. Gardiner, 463 F.3d 445, 461 (6th Cir.
2006). Elledge does not argue that the court viewed the Guidelines as mandatory, and our review
of the record reveals that court did not consider itself bound by the Guidelines. Consequently, the
district court’s fact-finding with respect to Elledge’s supervisory enhancement did not violate the
Sixth Amendment.
Finally, Elledge argues that the sentence imposed by the district court was procedurally
unreasonable in light of the improper application of the § 3B1.1 supervisory enhancement.7
7
With respect to his claim alleging an improper § 3B1.1 enhancement, Elledge does not
argue that the court failed to articulate the reasons underlying its application of the enhancement,
and the record would not support such an argument.
-13-
No. 08-1168
Because the court’s application of the contested enhancement was not in error, Elledge’s
procedural reasonableness argument with respect to this issue also fails.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we REVERSE the district court’s judgment and REMAND
for resentencing.
-14-
No. 08-1168
ROGERS, J., dissenting. I respectfully dissent from the determination that reversal is
required by the failure to explain how the guideline range was arrived at. While it is important
for a district court to make clear how its guideline calculation is made, in this case the reasoning
is obvious from the record. The evidence clearly showed that the amount of marijuana exceeded
100 kg, but the court decided to defer to the jury’s determination that the amount was between 50
kg and 100 kg. The court was not required to defer to the jury verdict, but made that
determination in its discretion. That discretionary exercise of deference to the jury did not require
the court to go further and pick the lowest guideline range within the range found by the jury, and
the district court declined to do so. Additional explanation would have been helpful, but was not
required.
All of the evidence showed that Elledge was responsible for a drug quantity that far
surpassed the range found by the jury. Both the detective from the Missouri Sheriff’s department
and the DEA agent testified that the gross weight of the marijuana was 134.7 kg (297 lbs),
including the wrapping but not including the duffel bags. Both witnesses also testified that the
wrappings weighed only a few pounds—one set of the wrapping weighed 0.24 lbs, and if that
weight was consistent for all the packages, the sixteen wrappers together would have weighed
3.87 lbs. The district court made a determination to cap the amount for sentencing purposes at the
highest range consistent with the jury verdict, after expressing its dissatisfaction with the DEA’s
policy permitting the pre-trial destruction of the drugs. No further explanation was reasonably
required as to why the court capped the drug amount without reducing it more than
necessary—doing so was all that was necessary to achieve the court’s purpose of conforming to
the jury’s verdict, and thereby expressing dissatisfaction with the DEA policy.
-15-
No. 08-1168
The district court did not need to “err on the side of caution,” under United States v.
Walton, 908 F.2d 1289, 1302 (6th Cir. 1990). That admonishment applies when the court is
“choosing between a number of plausible estimates of drug quantity, none of which is more likely
than not the correct quantity,” id., or when “the amount of drugs is uncertain,” United States v.
Long, 190 F.3d 471, 478 (6th Cir. 1999). But the district court was not uncertain about the
amount of drugs in this case. All of the available evidence suggested that Elledge was actually
responsible for more than 100 kg of marijuana. The court’s decision to find less than 100 kg of
marijuana had nothing to do with uncertainty, and had only to do with deference to the jury and
concern about DEA evidence-preservation policy. Neither concern plausibly suggested an
amount less than 80 kg.
I agree with the other parts of the majority opinion and I would therefore affirm the
sentence of the district court.
-16-