United States v. Victoria Hawkins ( 2019 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 19a0474n.06
No. 18-3497
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT Sep 11, 2019
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE
VICTORIA HAWKINS, ) NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
) OHIO
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
BEFORE: BOGGS, BATCHELDER, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.
BOGGS, Circuit Judge. Victoria Hawkins was a client and then an employee of a
company called BRIDGES. BRIDGES had a series of contracts to give job training to welfare
recipients. The company’s general manager, Daniel Morris, overbilled for its services, thereby
defrauding the federal government of more than $3.5 million. Morris gave almost $1.3 million of
the proceeds to Hawkins, in the form of two houses, three cars, and about $750,000 in cash. A jury
convicted Hawkins of conspiracy, federal-program fraud, and money laundering. She now
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence and a jury instruction. We are unpersuaded by these
arguments, so we affirm her conviction.
I. Background
BRIDGES opened for business in Toledo, Ohio in 2001. Daniel Morris was the company’s
general manager, and his job “was to run everything.” From 2004 to 2015, BRIDGES had 17
contracts with the Lucas County, Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, worth more than
No. 18-3497, United States v. Hawkins
$15.7 million. These contracts related to Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, a cash
assistance program for certain low-income households. The federal Department of Health and
Human Services funds TANF by giving block grants to the states. In Ohio, the state passes the
money to county agencies, which administer the program. Lucas County hired BRIDGES to help
TANF recipients train for and find jobs. To this end, BRIDGES and the county entered into a series
of “cost reimbursement contracts.” BRIDGES provided its services, incurred the resulting costs,
and periodically requested reimbursement from the county.
This is where the fraud happened. BRIDGES did the work. But Morris inflated his
reimbursement requests and falsified supporting documents. He invented “ghost employees,”
overstating the company’s payroll expenses. He also exaggerated his real employees’
transportation expenses. To survive annual audits by the county, he had his accountant keep “a
separate set of books.” Morris and the accountant also forged bank records, audit reports, board-
meeting minutes, time sheets, and mileage reports. The IRS discovered the overbilling scheme
while investigating unrelated tax fraud by Morris, and BRIDGES went out of business. Ohio’s
State Auditor later reviewed BRIDGES bank records and discovered $3,552,740 in impermissible
expenditures and non-payroll checks. (The audit only went as far back as 2011, so the actual loss
was presumably higher.)
$1,289,566.50 of this money went to Victoria Hawkins. Hawkins started out as a BRIDGES
client. Later, Morris hired her to help other clients write résumés. She worked at BRIDGES from
September 2008 to sometime in 2011 or 2012. After she left the company, she maintained a close
relationship with Morris, who confessed that he was in love with her and offered to “take care of
[her].”
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He did exactly that. Morris bought Hawkins two houses, one for $47,000 and the other for
$400,000. He also bought her three cars, for $27,969.80, $44,916.20, and $19,680.50. He also gave
her a debit card and deposited about $750,000 in the associated checking account, which was in
the name of BRIDGES. She used the money to pay bills and buy clothes, purses, limo rides, and
vacations. Morris paid for all of this out of BRIDGES bank accounts—and Hawkins knew this.
Hawkins went to trial (along with co-defendants James Moody and Angela Bowser, fellow
recipients of Morris’s largesse whose appeals we address in separate opinions), and the jury
convicted her on all counts:
Count(s) Offense Statute
1 Conspiracy to commit program fraud and mail fraud 18 U.S.C. § 3713–4 Program fraud 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(A)
13 Money-laundering conspiracy 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h)
14, 16–18 Money laundering 18 U.S.C. § 1957The district court sentenced her to 54 months in prison, and she timely appealed.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Each of the charges had a knowledge element: The government needed to prove not just
that Hawkins accepted money that Morris had fraudulently obtained, but also that she knew the
money was ill-gotten. See R. 161, 2359, 2363–64, 2368, 2374, 2376 (so instructing the jury). She
argues that the evidence of her knowledge is insufficient. We disagree.
In sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenges, “the relevant question is whether, after viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319 (1979). It is the jury’s job, not ours, “to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh
the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Ibid.-3-
No. 18-3497, United States v. Hawkins
As Hawkins points out, the government introduced no direct evidence that she knew about
the overbilling scheme. Morris and his bookkeeper never implicated her in the submission of
inflated reimbursement requests and forged records. And she testified that she knew nothing about
the fraud (or any other aspect of the BRIDGES finances).
But, “[a]s we have noted in the past, it can be difficult to obtain direct evidence of
something so internal as intent to commit fraud.” United States v. Washington, 715 F.3d 975, 980
(6th Cir. 2013). Jurors are therefore free to “consider circumstantial evidence and draw reasonable
inferences from” it. Ibid. The circumstantial evidence here is sufficient to sustain Hawkins’s
conviction.
First, Hawkins received large sums of money—almost $1.3 million—unrelated to her work
for BRIDGES. Hawkins admitted that she knew this money came from BRIDGES, not Morris
personally. Morris bought her a $400,000 house, and she delivered BRIDGES checks to the seller
to pay for it. He also gave her access to a BRIDGES account at Charter One bank; he deposited an
average of $27,000 to $32,000 in company funds into this account each month so “she could pull
money out any time she needed to get to it.” This happened “after [she] quit working for
BRIDGES”; none of the money she took was connected to any legitimate, reimbursable business
expense. This alone is strong circumstantial evidence that Hawkins knew about the fraud. See, e.g.,
United States v. Dodson, 817 F.3d 607, 610 (8th Cir. 2016) (finding sufficient evidence of
knowledge where the defendant was not directly involved in the overbilling scheme, in part
because he “cashed checks for work he knew he did not do . . . from an organization he had never
worked for”); United States v. Weaver, 220 F. App’x 88, 91–92 (3d Cir. 2007) (holding, in a wire-
fraud case, that defendant’s receipt of paychecks for a no-show job was sufficient evidence of
specific intent to defraud).
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Second, Hawkins lied to IRS investigators and a grand jury about her role in BRIDGES
and the cars Morris bought her. IRS Special Agent Dean Martin interviewed Hawkins in February
2015. During the interview, she claimed that she was still working for BRIDGES as an independent
contractor. In fact, she had left the company years earlier and had never been an independent
contractor. She made more false statements a month later, when she testified before a grand jury.
She claimed to be “a community outreach manager” for BRIDGES and said she had held the job
for “a little over two years.” She described her “current responsibilities” in the present tense. In
reality, she had not worked for BRIDGES for three years, and she never held that position when
she did work there. She said she received 1099s for this work; there were none. She also testified
that Morris bought her one car rather than three. At trial, Hawkins admitted that she had lied to the
grand jury, claiming she did so at Morris’s instruction. A reasonable juror could have inferred from
these false statements that Hawkins knew about the fraud and “sought to conceal [her] own
wrongful acts.” United States v. Davis, 490 F.3d 541, 550 (6th Cir. 2007). See also Dodson, 817
F.3d at 610 (finding sufficient evidence of knowledge where the defendant received paychecks for
a no-show job and then “lied to an investigator about doing the work—going into detail about the
work he supposedly did”).
Third, the jury did not have to credit Hawkins’s trial testimony denying that she knew about
the fraud. The jury had “an opportunity to view [her] demeanor and judge [her] credibility,” and
on appeal, “[w]e are loath to override their conclusion.” Davis, 490 F.3d at 550.
For these reasons, a reasonable juror could have found that Hawkins knew she was
receiving stolen money. She does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on the other
elements of the charged offenses. Thus, the evidence is sufficient to sustain her conviction on all
counts.
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No. 18-3497, United States v. Hawkins
III. Good-Faith Instruction
Hawkins also challenges the district court’s good-faith jury instruction. She concedes that
the instruction correctly stated the law, but she argues that it nevertheless was confusing or
prejudicial as applied to her. This argument is meritless.
“When jury instructions are claimed to be erroneous, we review the instructions as a whole,
in order to determine whether they adequately informed the jury of the relevant considerations and
provided a basis in law for aiding the jury in reaching its decision. A judgment may be reversed
based upon an improper jury instruction only if the instructions, viewed as a whole, were
confusing, misleading, or prejudicial.” United States v. Williams, 612 F.3d 500, 506 (6th Cir. 2010)
(cleaned up).
Over Hawkins’s objection, the district court instructed the jury that “[t]he good faith of a
defendant is a complete defense to the charges of conspiracy to commit federal program theft or
mail fraud . . . and federal program theft.” The court went on to give an instruction that was a copy,
almost verbatim, of the Sixth Circuit’s pattern good-faith instruction. Compare Sixth Circuit
Pattern Criminal Jury Instruction 10.04 (2019) with R. 161 at 2355–56.
Hawkins objects to one sentence of the district court’s instruction: “A defendant [does not]
act in good faith if, even though he or she honestly holds a certain opinion or belief, defendant also
knowingly makes false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises to others.” She
concedes that this is an accurate statement of the law. But she objects that the instruction
“render[ed] her ineligible” for the good-faith defense, since she lied to the IRS and the grand jury.
Thus, she claims, the instruction was confusing or prejudicial.
The core problem with this argument is that the supposed prejudice comes from an
inference the jury was allowed to make. As we explained above, the jury was free to take
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Hawkins’s lies as circumstantial evidence that she knew about the fraud and “sought to conceal
[her] own wrongful acts.” Davis, 490 F.3d at 550. Hawkins gives no other reason to think the
instruction was confusing or prejudicial, and she cites no law in support of her argument. Thus,
the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Hawkins’s objection to the good-faith
instruction.
IV. Conclusion
For these reasons, we AFFIRM Hawkins’s conviction.
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