United States v. Gooch , 850 F.3d 285 ( 2017 )

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 17a0050p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ┐
Plaintiff-Appellee, │
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> No. 15-4360
v. │
│
│
ERIC GOOCH, │
Defendant-Appellant. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court for
the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
No. 1:13-cr-00282—Solomon Oliver, Jr., Chief District Judge.
Argued: January 27, 2017
Decided and Filed: March 2, 2017
Before: GUY, CLAY, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Kenneth P. Tableman, KENNETH P. TABLEMAN, P.C., Grand Rapids, Michigan,
for Appellant. Daniel R. Ranke, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Cleveland, Ohio,
for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Kenneth P. Tableman, KENNETH P. TABLEMAN, P.C., Grand
Rapids, Michigan, for Appellant. Daniel R. Ranke, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE,
Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge. Defendant Eric Gooch appeals his jury
convictions and sentences for conspiracy to obstruct commerce by means of robbery,
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obstructing commerce by means of robbery, armed bank robbery, and carrying a firearm
during the commission of a crime of violence. We affirm.
I.
Defendant helped plan armed robberies of a discount store and two banks. During
the discount store robbery, defendant accompanied two others to the business in a
getaway car. Defendant planned to enter, but changed his mind. Defendant witnessed
Shawn Caldwell give a firearm to codefendant Larnell Tripp, who robbed the cashier and
the business’s safe at gunpoint. A month later, defendant, Caldwell, and Greg Williams
robbed a bank. Caldwell remained in the car while defendant and Williams brandished
firearms and robbed the bank’s vault. Three weeks later, defendant accompanied
Caldwell and Williams to another bank, but remained outside the bank entrance.
Williams robbed the bank at gunpoint, placing the firearm against the bank manager’s
head and pistol-whipping a security guard. Defendant neither admitted nor denied
knowing prior to the robbery that Williams would use a firearm.
The prosecution charged defendant in a seven-count indictment consisting of two
counts of conspiracy to obstruct commerce by means of robbery, a.k.a. “Hobbs Act
robbery” (18 U.S.C. §§ 1951(a), 1951(b)(1), and 2); three counts of using, carrying and
brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence (18 U.S.C.
§§ 924(c)(1)(A) and 2); and two counts of armed bank robbery (18 U.S.C. §§ 2113(a),
2113(d), and 2).1 Although the district court initially adjudged defendant incompetent to
stand trial, he later passed multiple competency evaluations.
Defendant filed and subsequently withdrew notice of his intent to present evidence
that he was not guilty by reason of insanity. Defendant also sought to represent himself.
The district court engaged defendant in an extended self-representation colloquy and
1
The prosecution indicted defendant alongside codefendants Larnell Tripp, Jr., and Ashley White. Other
participants in the robberies at issue – Shawn Caldwell and Greg Williams, Jr. – pleaded guilty to their involvement
and separately appealed their sentences. Defendant Gooch is the sole party to this appeal.
No. 15-4360 United States v. Gooch Page 3
allowed him to self-represent with appointed counsel as standby. Defendant cross-
examined some witnesses but did not present an affirmative defense. He instead moved
for a judgment of acquittal based on insufficient evidence, which the district court denied.
The jury found defendant guilty, and the district court sentenced him to 664 months’
incarceration.
On appeal, defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence that he aided and
abetted the discount store robbery and second bank robbery, alleges the district court
erred in allowing him to self-represent and in sentencing him to consecutive sentences on
his § 924(c) convictions, and argues that Hobbs Act robbery is not a crime of violence.
II.
a. Sufficiency of the Evidence
We review the sufficiency of the evidence for a conviction “in the light most
favorable to the prosecution” to determine whether “any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). Circumstantial evidence alone may sustain a
conviction. United States v. Tarwater, 308 F.3d 494, 504 (6th Cir. 2002).
Aiding and abetting in the carrying of a firearm during commission of a crime of
violence requires that the defendant “associate himself with the venture, that he
participates in it as something he wishes to bring about, and that he seek by his action to
make it succeed.” United States v. Lowery, 60 F.3d 1199, 1202 (6th Cir. 1995) (quoting
United States v. Lawson, 872 F.2d 179, 181 (6th Cir. 1983)). The prosecution must show
that defendant had advance knowledge that a firearm would be used in the course of the
crime. Rosemond v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 1240, 1249 (2014). The intent requirement
of aiding and abetting “preserves the distinction between assisting the predicate . . . crime
and assisting the broader § 924(c) offense.” Id. at 1248.
No. 15-4360 United States v. Gooch Page 4
i. Discount Store Robbery
Defendant argues that he was merely present during Tripp’s armed robbery of the
discount store and therefore not guilty as an aider and abettor. See United States v.
Winston, 687 F.2d 832, 835 (6th Cir. 1982). The record undermines his claim.
Defendant admitted, and his codefendants corroborated, that he helped plan the robbery
and witnessed Caldwell give Tripp a firearm. Active participation in the planning phase
of an armed robbery constitutes intent to bring about the offense. See Phifer v. United
States, 221 F.3d 1335, 2000 WL 924451, at *2 (6th Cir. 2000) (unpublished table
decision) (affirming conviction for aiding and abetting armed robbery where defendant
knew of principal’s intent to rob victim at gunpoint). The prosecution thus put forth
sufficient evidence that defendant aided and abetted the armed robbery of the discount
store.
ii. Second Bank Robbery
No testimony or other record evidence established – or rebutted – that defendant
knew Williams possessed a firearm during the second bank robbery. The prosecution
relies on defendant’s participation in the previous two armed robberies and knowledge
that firearms figured in both crimes to argue that defendant had advance knowledge
Williams would use a firearm in the last bank robbery.
We have reversed § 924(c) convictions where jury instructions were insufficiently
clear as to the defendant’s intent to aid an armed offense. United States v. Henry, 797
F.3d 371, 374-77 (6th Cir. 2005) (applying plain error review to unpreserved jury
instruction issue). Henry established that the intent instruction must go to the entire
crime – the predicate offense and the violence component under § 924(c) – such that the
jury convicts the defendant of armed bank robbery. Id. at 374.
Here, the jury instructions amply apprised the jurors that they must find defendant
“knew in advance that his confederate would brandish, carry, or use a firearm during the
No. 15-4360 United States v. Gooch Page 5
robbery.” We presume that jurors follow the district court’s instructions. United States
v. Lester, 238 F. App’x 80, 83 (6th Cir. 2007) (collecting cases). Defendant’s
participation in the two prior armed robberies with most of the same codefendants is
strong circumstantial evidence that he was aware of the group’s modus operandi of using
firearms in the commission of robberies. Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable
to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could find that defendant had advance
knowledge Williams would use a firearm during the final bank robbery. Sufficient
evidence therefore supported defendant’s aiding-and-abetting convictions.
b. Right to Counsel
Where a defendant asserts a violation of the right to counsel, we review the district
court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. United States v.
Cromer, 389 F.3d 662, 679 (6th Cir. 2004). We have recognized that a district court’s
decision that a mentally compromised defendant may self-represent “merits deference.”
United States v. Stafford, 782 F.3d 786, 791 (6th Cir. 2015).
Defendant claims the district court deprived him of his right to counsel by
allowing him to self-represent when he was incapable of giving a knowing and intelligent
waiver. See Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975). In this circuit, district
courts must conduct a colloquy akin to that in section 1.02 of the Bench Book for United
States District Judges. See United States v. McBride, 362 F.3d 360, 366 (6th Cir. 2004);
see also United States v. McDowell, 814 F.2d 245, 249-50 (6th Cir. 1987).
The district court’s discussion with defendant coincided nearly verbatim with the
colloquy provided in the Bench Book. The district court also thoroughly admonished
defendant that a trained lawyer could better represent him and that it was unwise to self-
represent. Defendant nevertheless chose to represent himself with counsel as standby.
Whether he chose wisely is not the issue on appeal. See Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389,
400 (1993); see also United States v. Dubrule, 822 F.3d 866, 880 (6th Cir. 2016)
No. 15-4360 United States v. Gooch Page 6
(“[G]iven the frequency with which pro se defendants . . . espouse strange [legal]
theories, we decline to hold that the district court abused its discretion by failing to order
a competency hearing on the basis of strange statements contained in a few . . . pre-trial
motions.”).
Defendant asserts he was mentally incompetent to waive his right to
representation. Because he has not appealed the district court’s competency ruling, it is
not before us. Nevertheless, the record shows that the district court gave, and defendant
seized, abundant opportunities to raise the issue of his competency. Although an initial
evaluation found defendant incompetent to stand trial, each of the multiple subsequent
evaluations and hearings found that he was competent despite certain “malingering”
behaviors. With the assistance of standby counsel, defendant moved for a competency
evaluation soon after asserting his right to self-represent. The district court again found
him competent.
The competency standard for standing trial is identical to the standard for self-
representation. Godinez, 509 U.S. at 396-97. It is immaterial that the district court did
not review defendant’s competency with a specific eye toward self-representation: it
adjudged him mentally competent, and found that his waiver of the right to counsel was
knowing and intelligent. The district court did not deny defendant the right to counsel by
allowing him to self-represent.
c. Consecutive Sentencing
Defendant challenges the district court’s imposition of consecutive 25-year
sentences for his multiple § 924(c) convictions. He raises this argument solely to
preserve it for appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States. Defendant contends that
the Supreme Court wrongly decided Deal v. United States, 508 U.S. 129 (1987). There,
the Court held that when a defendant is convicted of multiple § 924(c) offenses in the
same case, each conviction is a second or subsequent conviction for purposes of § 924(c),
No. 15-4360 United States v. Gooch Page 7
allowing multiple consecutive sentences. Deal is still good law, and we are bound by the
decision unless and until the Supreme Court overrules it. See Hohn v. United States,
524 U.S. 236, 252-53 (1998).
d. Crime of Violence
Defendant contends that a Hobbs Act conviction does not qualify as a crime of
violence under § 924(c)(3). Because defendant did not argue this issue below, we review
it for plain error. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-35 (1993).
Liability for a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3) attaches where the predicate
offense is a felony and
(A) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force
against the person or property of another, or (B) that by its nature, involves a
substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may
be used in the course of committing the offense.
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3). To determine whether a conviction offense is a “crime of
violence,” we apply a categorical approach “focus[ing] on the statutory definition of the
offense, rather than the manner in which the offender may have violated the statute in a
particular circumstance.” United States v. Rafidi, 829 F.3d 437, 444 (6th Cir. 2016)
(quoting United States v. Denson, 728 F.3d 603, 607 (6th Cir. 2013)). Where, as here, a
defendant is convicted of violating a divisible statute, we review a narrow category of
documents to determine which portion the defendant violated. See id.The Hobbs Act provides that
Whoever in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or affects commerce or the
movement of any article or commodity in commerce, by robbery or extortion or
attempts or conspires so to do, or commits or threatens physical violence to any
person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to do anything in violation
of this section shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty
years, or both.
No. 15-4360 United States v. Gooch Page 8
18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). It goes on to define robbery as
the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal property from the person or in the
presence of another, against his will, by means of actual or threatened force, or
violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future, to his person or property, or
property in his custody or possession, or the person or property of a relative or
member of his family or of anyone in his company at the time of the taking or
obtaining.
18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(1). It defines extortion as “the obtaining of property from another,
with his consent, induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear,
or under color of official right.” 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(2).
Defendant contends that one can satisfy the offense elements of the Hobbs Act
without using, attempting, or threatening physical force against the person or property of
another as required by § 924(c)(3)(A). For example, defendant posits that one could
nonviolently extort property from someone under color of official right. This is only so if
the Hobbs Act is indivisible, i.e., if Hobbs Act extortion and Hobbs Act robbery are one
and the same offense. See Rafidi, 829 F.3d at 444.
Defendant relies on Mathis v. United States to argue that the Hobbs Act is
indivisible because robbery and extortion are alternative means of violating the statute
rather than distinct offenses. 136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016). In Mathis, the Supreme Court
considered a state burglary statute containing “alternative ways of satisfying a single
locational element,” id. at 2250, and held that crimes of conviction encompassing a wider
range of conduct than the generic offense cannot qualify as predicate offenses for
sentencing enhancement under the Armed Career Criminal Act, id. at 2251. A single
crime of conviction under the Hobbs Act could not satisfy the elements of both robbery
and extortion: the former requires a taking from another “against his will,” while the
latter is a taking “with his consent.” See 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(1)-(2). This difference
goes not to the mere means of violating the Hobbs Act, but to “the ‘constituent parts’ of
[the] crime’s legal definition – the things the ‘prosecution must prove to sustain a
No. 15-4360 United States v. Gooch Page 9
conviction.’” Id. at 2248 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 634 (10th ed. 2014)).
Accordingly, Mathis is inapplicable.
That different portions of § 1951(b) provide the distinct elements of robbery and
extortion suggests the statute is divisible. In Rafidi, we interpreted 18 U.S.C. § 111,
which “sets forth three separate crimes” – a misdemeanor, a felony, and an aggravated
felony. Id. at 445 (quotation omitted). Because the defendant in Rafidi was charged
with, and convicted of, violating § 111(b), the aggravated felony, we looked to the
elements of § 111(b) only. Id. (“We thus consider whether § 111(b) – and not § 111(a),
by itself – has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force
against the person or property of another.” (quotation omitted)). Applying Rafidi’s
approach, we conclude that § 1951 is a divisible statute setting out separate crimes of
Hobbs Act robbery and Hobbs Act extortion.
Where a divisible statute “could be violated in a way that would constitute a crime
of violence and in a way that would not, we look beyond the statutory language and
examine a limited set of documents to determine whether the conviction necessarily
depended on the commission of a crime of violence.” Rafidi, 829 F.3d at 444 (quotations
omitted); see also Shepard v. United States, 554 U.S. 13, 19-23 (2005) (discussing
relevant documents). The indictment charged defendant with “Conspiracy to Commit
Hobbs Act Robbery” and “Hobbs Act Robbery.” The jury instructions referred to
“robbery as that term is defined in [18 U.S.C.] § 1951(b)(1).” We thus consider only the
portion of the Hobbs Act defining robbery for the elements of the conviction offense.
A conviction under § 1951(b)(1) requires a finding of “actual or threatened force,
or violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future.” Section 1951(b)(1) clearly “has as an
element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or
property of another” as necessary to constitute a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)(A).
The jury therefore convicted defendant of a crime of violence.
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Other circuits have unanimously acknowledged Hobbs Act divisibility and found
that Hobbs Act robbery constitutes a crime of violence. In United States v. Hill, the
Second Circuit held that the defendant committed “Hobbs Act robbery,” and looked to
the definition of robbery in § 1951(b)(1) for the elements of the offense. 832 F.3d 135,
138-39 (2d Cir. 2016). The Second Circuit rejected the defendant’s argument that one
could commit Hobbs Act robbery by “putting the victim in fear of injury” without
violence or the threat of violence. Id. at 142-43. It further noted that a hypothetical
nonviolent violation of the statute, without evidence of actual application of the statute to
such conduct, is insufficient to show a “realistic probability” that Hobbs Act robbery
could encompass nonviolent conduct. Id. at 139-40, 142-43 (citing Gonzales v. Duenas-
Alvarez, 549 U.S. 183, 193 (2007)). Five other circuit courts have reached similar
conclusions. See United States v. Anglin, 846 F.3d 954, 964-65 (7th Cir. 2017); United
States v. Howard, 650 F. App’x 466, 467-68 (9th Cir. 2016); In re Saint Fleur, 824 F.3d
1337, 1340 (11th Cir. 2016); United States v. House, 825 F.3d 381, 387 (8th Cir. 2016);
cf. United States v. Robinson, 844 F.3d 137, 141-44 (3d Cir. 2016) (defendant’s Hobbs
Act robbery conviction is a § 924(c) crime of violence because he was simultaneously
convicted of brandishing a firearm during the robbery), id. at 150-51 (Fuentes, J.,
concurring) (Hobbs Act robbery is categorically a crime of violence under § 924(c)).
We join our sister circuits in ruling that Hobbs Act robbery constitutes a crime of
violence. The district court did not plainly err in sentencing defendant under § 924(c).
AFFIRMED.