United States v. Edwards , 215 F. App'x 417 ( 2007 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0072n.06
Filed: January 29, 2007
No. 05-2634
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
ALLEN EDWARDS, also known as Allen ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
Donnell Edwards, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: SUHRHEINRICH, GIBBONS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
COOK, Circuit Judge. Detroit Police witnessed defendant Allen Edwards firing a SKS Saiga
assault rifle into the air on December 31, 2004. Three police officers testified at his trial, each
providing an eyewitness account of the events. As a paroled felon, Edwards’s possession of the
weapon violated 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). A jury found Edwards guilty, and the district court sentenced
him to 70 months. Edwards now appeals his conviction. For the reasons discussed below, we
affirm.
I. Rebuttal Comments
Edwards claims his trial was tainted by prosecutorial misconduct from a comment by the
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United States v. Edwards
government during its closing argument. These excerpts illustrate the context for this challenge.
Edwards’s counsel made the following statement during his closing argument:
You know, when you see that supposedly you’re saying that Mr. Edwards had the
gun and later you find out you put in your report Mr. Moore had the gun, why don’t
you fingerprint the gun? Why don’t you send it out for fingerprints? Incontrovertible
proof, fingerprints. No two people have the same fingerprints. Fingerprint the
firearm. Mr. Edwards’ fingerprints on the firearm? Mr. Moore’s fingerprints on the
firearm?
During its closing argument, the government responded to this assertion as follows:
Defendant mentions these fingerprints, why don’t we have fingerprints? Well, the
evidence had been touched by so many people, who were we going to get fingerprints
back from? We couldn’t get fingerprints, and besides that, the officers saw the
Defendant with this firearm. You have direct testimony. Someone sees something.
You see me standing here right now; it’s unrefuted. You see this pen in my hand
right now; it’s unrefuted. Do you need a fingerprint for this pen to know that I’m
touching this pen right now? I don’t think so.
Because Edwards did not object at trial, we review his prosecutorial misconduct claim for
plain error using a two-step analysis. United States v. Jackson, ___ F.3d ___, No. 05-6014, 2007
WL 77964, at *9 (6th Cir. Jan. 12, 2007). We first determine whether the prosecutor’s comments
were improper. Id. If the comments were improper, we consider the following four factors in
determining if the comments were flagrant: “whether the conduct or remarks tended to mislead the
jury or to prejudice the accused; whether they were isolated or extensive; whether they were
deliberately or accidentally placed before the jury; and the strength of the evidence against the
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accused.” Id. (quoting United States v. Collins, 78 F.3d 1021, 1039 (6th Cir. 1996)).
A. Impropriety
In determining the impropriety of the prosecutor’s comment, we “view the conduct at issue
within the context of the trial as a whole.” United States v. Beverly, 369 F.3d 516, 543 (6th Cir.
2004). “It is also appropriate to consider whether, and to what extent, a prosecutor’s improper
argument is invited by defense counsel’s statements.” United States v. Jacobs, 244 F.3d 503, 508
(6th Cir. 2001). Edwards characterizes the prosecutor’s comments as improperly discussing
additional evidence not introduced at trial. See Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 84 (1935). He
contends that the government never introduced evidence that other people touched the firearm, as
the prosecutor seems to imply; moreover, Edwards construes the statement “[w]e couldn’t get
fingerprints” as an implicit admission that the government conducted a fingerprint test. This
overstates the inferences which can be drawn from the prosecutor’s comment. Although the
comment does imply that a number of people touched the gun, the inference that the government
actually conducted a test that contained too many fingerprints to be useful is fairly attenuated.
Nevertheless, to the extent the prosecutor’s comment introduced additional evidence about
fingerprints on the weapon, they were arguably improper.
B. Flagrancy
Edwards cannot establish reversible error, however, because the prosecutor’s brief comment
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cannot plausibly constitute flagrant prosecutorial misconduct under the relevant four-factor test. See
Collins, 78 F.3d at 1039. First, the advantage the government could have gained by misrepresenting
that it performed an inconclusive test is minimal, if not illusory. Edwards claims that this remark
“bolstered” what he contends was an error-prone and incomplete police investigation and that it
“implied all possible steps were taken to develop the evidence, when, in fact, they had not been.”
Evidence elicited by the prosecutor during the trial belies this argument, as the government freely
admitted it did not test the weapon for fingerprints.1 Viewing the statement in context, it is difficult
to see how the remarks tended to mislead the jury or prejudice the accused. United States v. Barnett,
398 F.3d 511, 522 (6th Cir. 2005). Examining the second factor, the comment was isolated and
limited to one sentence in the government’s summation. Id. Third, nothing about the remark
suggests a deliberate attempt to mislead the jury; rather, the context of the statement suggests the
prosecutor was searching for an additional response to Edwards’s fingerprints argument beyond her
already well-grounded assertion that eyewitness testimony suffices to prove the crime charged. Id.
The government’s brief denies any deliberateness, characterizing the statement as “nothing more
than [an] overzealous, emotional response[] to strained exculpatory arguments advanced by the
defense,” United States v. Smith, 561 F.2d 8, 13 (6th Cir. 1977), and the context of the statement
supports this characterization. And finally, the strength of the evidence against Edwards minimizes
any harm the statement could cause. Barnett, 398 F.3d at 522. Although Edwards emphasizes a
1
This information was conveyed as a question directed to an investigating officer: “Officer
Hull, if you see a person in possession of a firearm, is it necessary that you submit it for
fingerprints?” The officer responded, “No ma’am.”
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mistake the police made in one section of their report,2 the government produced eyewitness
testimony from three police officers who witnessed Edwards possess and fire the gun. We hold the
prosecutor’s arguably improper comment was not flagrant, and thus the district court did not plainly
err.
II. Oral Jury Instruction Error
While charging the jury, the court made the following statement, which, in part, erroneously
put the burden on the defendant to prove his innocence beyond a reasonable doubt:
Your verdict, ladies and gentlemen, whether it is guilty or not guilty must be unanimous and
to find the defendant guilty, each and every one of you must agree that the Government has
overcome his presumption of innocence and with evidence that proves his guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. To find the Defendant not guilty, every one of you must agree that the
Defendant has failed to convince you beyond a reasonable doubt. Either way, guilty or not
guilty, your verdict must be unanimous.
Because Edwards did not object to this instruction, we review his claim under the plain-error
standard. United States v. Jones, 108 F.3d 668, 670 (6th Cir. 1997). Edwards must show a plain
error that affected his substantial rights. Id. We have discretion under Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b) in
2
In preparing the police department report, Sergeant Decker mistakenly stated in the
“Property Section” of the report that the firearm was recovered by Allen Moore (no person named
Allen Moore was involved in the situation). Because the “Property Section” of the report is
reproduced in the other officers’ reports, the mistake appeared in those “Property Sections” as well.
In the narrative section, however, Decker correctly identified Edwards as having possessed the
firearm. Additionally, Decker apparently misspoke during his testimony, referring to Edwards as
“Mr. Allen.” His testimony makes clear that there was no ambiguity at trial about whom Decker was
speaking. Edwards attempts to discredit the government’s case based on these errors, but these
inconsistencies appear clearly outweighed by the officers’ testimony.
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choosing whether to correct a plain error, and we generally decline to exercise that discretion unless
“the plain error affecting substantial rights seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (citation omitted).
Here, although Edwards has no difficulty demonstrating an error by the district court that was
plain—the government must convince the jury beyond a reasonable doubt—he cannot make any
meaningful showing that the court’s misstatement affected his substantial rights. First, the district
court correctly stated the government’s burden of proof in the written instructions provided to the
jury. Second, as the government’s brief illustrates in detail, the court repeatedly stated the
government’s burden correctly during its preliminary instructions to the jury and its final charge to
the jury. Viewing the court’s misstatement in context, Edwards clearly cannot meet his burden to
show that the error affected his right to a fair trial in any meaningful way—there is no reason to
believe the jury required Edwards to prove his innocence beyond a reasonable doubt. We decline
to grant Edwards a new trial.
III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Edwards advances three ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims based on his trial counsel’s
alleged failures: (1) trial counsel failed to object to the prosecutor’s comment about fingerprints on
the gun (discussed in Section I); (2) trial counsel failed to object to the district court’s error in
reading the jury instructions (discussed in Section II); (3) trial counsel failed to seek a test-firing of
the weapon Edwards is charged with possessing. Edwards faces a bar to bringing these claims on
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direct appeal, however, because, “[g]enerally . . . ‘this court will not review [such claims] on direct
appeal because the record has not been sufficiently developed for assessing the merits of the
allegation.’” United States v. Aguwa, 123 F.3d 418, 423 (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting United States v.
Goodlett, 3 F.3d 976, 980 (6th Cir.1993)). But, Edwards urges—and the government agrees—that
the record is sufficiently developed for our review.
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Edwards must show both that counsel’s
performance was deficient, Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), and “a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional error, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” Id. at 694. We need not engage in a formalistic assessment of counsel’s performance,
however, in cases where defendants clearly cannot show prejudice. Id. at 697 (“If it is easier to
dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, which we expect
will often be so, that course should be followed.”).
First, Edwards’s trial counsel’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s brief discussion about
fingerprints on the weapon does not rise to the level of constitutionally deficient assistance of
counsel. Just as Edwards could not show that the prosecutor’s improper remark was flagrant, he
cannot demonstrate how a well-timed objection by his attorney would have changed the outcome of
his trial.
Second, Edwards’s trial counsel’s failure to object to the court’s brief misstatement of the
standard of proof did not prejudice him in any significant sense. Because the court instructed the
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jury properly numerous times and provided them with correct written instructions, Edwards fails to
show how an objection by his trial counsel would have led to his acquittal.
Finally, Edwards claims his trial counsel was deficient in failing to obtain a test-firing of the
weapon he was charged with possessing. Although Edwards likely cannot show his trial counsel’s
performance was deficient, he fails to explain how “the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” Id. at 694. The facts surrounding his challenge illustrate this difficulty. Four months after
his trial, at Edwards’s direction, the Federal Defender Office filed a motion requesting a test-fire of
the weapon because, they explained, “Defendant believes that the firearm will not operate with the
magazine which was introduced into evidence, and, therefore it is impossible for Officer Channells
to have seen him firing the weapon with the magazine which was introduced at trial.” The
government tested the weapon for fire-ability prior to trial, and it was operable (18 U.S.C. § 922(g)
requires only that the firearm be made readily operable).
Edwards essentially sought to have the weapon tested with that particular magazine to make
a belated attack on the testifying officers’ credibility. This challenge is unavailing, however, because
Edwards provides no evidence other than his own assertion to support his position that the magazine
attached to the firearm at the trial would render the weapon inoperable. Moreover, the police
recovered the weapon on the ground near Edwards and then tested that weapon and proved that it
was capable of firing. Three officers then testified they saw Edwards with this same weapon in his
possession. Even assuming the government accidentally attached the wrong magazine to the weapon
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when it was displayed at trial—an assumption for which we have no basis other than Edwards’s own
post-conviction assertion—there is no reason to believe the government could not have corrected its
mistake and displayed the gun with the correct magazine.
As a final point, we note that were Edwards advancing this argument as a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence against him (which it essentially is, though he casts it as an ineffective-
assistance claim), we would decline to entertain it: an appellate court does “not consider the
credibility of witnesses or weigh the evidence.” United States v. Jamieson, 427 F.3d 394, 402 (6th
Cir. 2005).
Thus, because Edwards cannot prove he was prejudiced by any of his counsel’s decisions at
trial, we deny his ineffective-assistance claims.
IV. Conclusion
Edwards cannot show that any of the errors require us to grant him a new trial; thus, we
affirm his conviction.
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