Overlook Mutual Homes, Inc. v. Vickie Spencer , 415 F. App'x 617 ( 2011 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 11a0061n.06
No. 09-4036
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Jan 31, 2011
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
OVERLOOK MUTUAL HOMES, INC., )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. )
)
VICKIE L. SPENCER, individually and )
as parent and natural guardian of ) On Appeal from the United States
LYNSEY SPENCER, ) District Court for the Southern
) District of Ohio
Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiffs - )
Appellant, )
)
and )
)
JOEY SPENCER, )
)
Counterclaim Plaintiff - Appellant. )
Before: BOGGS and MCKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; and QUIST, District Judge*
BOGGS, Circuit Judge. Vickie Spencer appeals the district court’s holding that Overlook
Mutual Homes, Inc. (“Overlook”), a non-profit mutual housing corporation, did not constructively
deny her request for a reasonable accommodation for her daughter’s disability under the Fair Housing
Act (“FHA”) and Ohio’s fair housing law. As no reasonable jury could find that Overlook denied the
request, we affirm the district court’s grant of judgment as a matter of law for Overlook.
*
The Hon. Gordon J. Quist, United States District Judge for the Western District of Michigan,
sitting by designation.
No. 09-4036
Overlook Mutual Homes, Inc. v. Spencer
I
The facts of this case are drawn from evidence presented during a jury trial held on July 23-24,
2009. Reviewing a grant of judgment as a matter of law, we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Spencers, the non-moving parties. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a).
Vickie Spencer has been a resident of Overlook nearly her entire life. Her husband joined her
there in 1994, and their daughter, Lynsey, was born in 1996. According to the Spencers, Lynsey has
suffered from an anxiety disorder since 2004 and has been treated by a psychologist since 2005. The
family adopted a dog, a cockapoo named Scooby, in October 2005. They admit that the dog was not
originally prescribed by a medical professional but claim that Scooby had a calming effect on Lynsey,
allowing her to remain in a room alone and sleep in her own bed. In 2007, according to the Spencers,
Lynsey’s psychologist recommended that the family use Scooby as a companion or emotional support
animal to facilitate Lynsey’s treatment.
The Spencers knew when they adopted Scooby that Overlook had a long-standing “no pet”
rule. At first, aware of no exceptions to the rule for persons with disabilities, they denied having the
dog in their residence. After receiving a warning from Overlook’s management, they sent the dog
away, but found that Lynsey’s symptoms worsened. The Miami Valley Fair Housing Center
(MVFHC) advised them that Scooby could qualify as an accommodation of Lynsey’s disability under
the FHA. The Spencers brought the dog back into their home in August 2007, at which time the
MVFHC made a request on their behalf to Overlook for an accommodation. In a letter to Overlook
dated August 1, 2007, MVFHC President Jim McCarthy stated that Lynsey was receiving
psychological counseling and that her psychologist had recommended that she have a “companion
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animal/service dog to facilitate her treatment.” The letter advised Overlook that such an
accommodation was required by the FHA. Attached was a letter from Lynsey’s psychologist, stating
that she had evaluated Lynsey and recommended a “service dog.”
On August 10, 2007, Overlook’s legal counsel replied to McCarthy, stating: “Overlook has
established a policy allowing disabled residents needing a service animal to apply for a waiver.”
Overlook told the Spencers to submit a waiver request to Overlook’s Board of Trustees, along with
additional information, including a diagnosis of Lynsey’s medical condition, contact information for
her medical providers, a description of the treatment Lynsey was receiving, a description of the
services provided by the dog and the training it had received, and Lynsey’s school and medical
records. The letter stated that the requested information was to be sent by August 24, 2007, adding
that Overlook would “refrain from instituting eviction proceedings” pending the Spencers’ response.
McCarthy replied in a letter dated August 23, 2007, stating that the Vickie Spencer would
submit a waiver request, but that Overlook was not entitled to all the documents and information
requested. He enclosed a copy of the FHA guidelines issued by the Department of Justice and the
Department of Housing and Urban Development. See Joint Statement of HUD and DOJ, “Reasonable
Accommodations Under the Fair Housing Act” (May 14, 2004) (“Joint Statement”). McCarthy also
explained that Scooby was not a specially-trained “service animal,” but a “companion animal” that
provided “emotional support and companionship.” He stated that Lynsey was being treated for
“anxiety disorder and other neurological and emotional conditions that impact her ability to care for
herself and learn, both of which are of central importance to her daily life, and thus are clearly
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recognized as ‘major life activities.’” The dog, he explained, “ameliorates the effects of her disability
through its mere presence and her interactions with it.”
Vickie Spencer submitted a waiver request form on August 31, 2007, again stating that Lynsey
suffered from “anxiety disorder, neurological & emotional conditions” and that “[t]he dog ameliorates
the effects of Lynsey’s condition through its presence and interaction with her.” The form also
provided the name of Lynsey’s psychologist. Around the same time, Vickie Spencer filed housing
discrimination charges against Overlook with the Ohio Civil Rights Commission (OCRC).
The Board considered the request on September 4, 2007. It determined that it needed
additional information before reaching a decision and authorized a lawsuit should the information not
be forthcoming. In a letter dated September 11, 2007, Overlook’s counsel again requested a signed
release that would allow the Board to obtain Lynsey’s medical and counseling records. The letter
stated that the waiver application would “remain pending” until the records were provided and that
if the requested information was not provided, Overlook would “file suit to obtain these records.”
After receiving this letter, Vickie Spencer and the Miami Valley Fair Housing Center retained
counsel. In a letter to Overlook dated September 25, 2007, their attorney expressed concern “about
the invasiveness of the inquiry . . . into Lynsey’s medical records” and proposed a conference call
with Lynsey’s psychologist as an alternative. The proposed telephone conference did not take place.
Overlook did not begin eviction proceedings against the Spencers, nor did it make an official decision
on the accommodation request. Instead, on October 18, 2007, it filed suit against Vickie Spencer for
a declaratory judgment that it was not required to make the requested accommodation.
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Overlook asked the district court to declare that (1) “Overlook must be provided with medical
and counseling records maintained by [Lynsey’s] psychologist;” (2) “Overlook’s request to be
provided with copies of medical and counseling records” did not violate housing discrimination laws;
(3) “Overlook is not obligated to waive its no pet rule” should the Spencers fail to provide “sufficient
medical and counseling records;” and (4) “the dog . . . is not a service animal as defined by law, and
does not qualify as a reasonable accommodation.” Spencer, joined by her husband, counter-claimed.
The Spencers alleged that, under the FHA and the Ohio fair housing law, Ohio Revised Code §
4112.02(H), Overlook’s failure to make a reasonable accommodation denied Lynsey “an equal
opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling unit, and caused anxiety and concern on the part of her
parents . . . because they believed the family’s housing would be put at risk if they allowed Lynsey
to keep her emotional support animal.” They also alleged that Overlook negligently failed to train
its employees “regarding the requirements of federal and state fair housing laws.” The Spencers
claimed to have suffered “mental anguish and emotional distress, and the attendant physical injuries”
and sought injunctive relief, statutory and punitive damages, costs, and attorney’s fees.
Overlook moved for summary judgment on its own claims and the Spencers’ counterclaims,
on the grounds that (1) it was entitled to obtain information necessary to evaluate Vickie Spencer’s
request; (2) an animal must have training to serve as a “service animal,” as required by the regulations
of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA); and (3) it had not been negligent and had taken no
action causing the Spencers harm. The district court denied the motion, holding that, first, there was
a question of material fact as to whether the information sought by Overlook was necessary, given
that Overlook did not take advantage of the opportunity to speak with Lynsey’s psychologist. Second,
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the court held that it was not necessary for Scooby to be a trained “service animal” in order to qualify
as a reasonable accommodation under the FHA. Finally, the court found that there were genuine
issues of material fact as to whether Overlook violated a duty and whether the Spencers suffered
harm.
The case proceeded to a jury trial. At the conclusion of the presentation of evidence, the
district court granted Overlook’s motion for judgment as a matter of law on the Spencers’
counterclaims, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a). The court explained that the
Spencers had to establish five elements in order to prove that Overlook had violated the FHA, thus
entitling the Spencers to damages and attorney’s fees: (1) Lynsey was disabled within the meaning
of 42 U.S.C. § 3602(h); (2) Overlook knew or should reasonably be expected to have known of the
disability; (3) the requested accommodation was necessary to afford Lynsey an equal opportunity to
use and enjoy the dwelling; (4) the accommodation was reasonable; and (5) Overlook refused to make
the accommodation. The court found that, although a reasonable jury could find for the Spencers on
the first four elements, they had produced insufficient proof that Overlook had actually denied their
request for a reasonable accommodation. Rather than denying the request, the court reasoned,
Overlook had sought guidance from the court on an unsettled question of law: whether a companion
animal must be a specially trained “service animal” in order to qualify as an accommodation under
the FHA. The court therefore entered judgment as a matter of law for Overlook. The Spencers timely
appealed.
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II
The sole issue before this court is whether the district court erred in holding that, as a matter
of law, Overlook did not constructively deny the request for a reasonable accommodation by delaying
making a decision on the request, requesting school and medical records, and filing suit for a
declaratory judgment. We review the district court’s grant of judgment as a matter of law de novo.
Kusens v. Pascal Co., 448 F.3d 349, 360 (6th Cir. 2006). Judgment as a matter of law is appropriate
if “a reasonable jury would not have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis to find for [the non-moving]
party” on an issue essential to a claim. Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a).
III
As amended by the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, the FHA prohibits discrimination
“against any person in the terms, conditions, or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling, or in the
provision of services or facilities in connection with such dwelling, because of a handicap . . . .” 42
U.S.C. § 3604(f)(2). Such discrimination includes “a refusal to make reasonable accommodations
in rules, policies, practices, or services, when such accommodations may be necessary to afford such
person equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling.” Id. § 3604(f)(3)(B). To prove that a housing
provider failed to reasonably accommodate a disability, a plaintiff must prove that: (1) she suffers
from a disability within the meaning of FHA; (2) the defendant knew or reasonably should have
known of the disability; (3) the requested accommodation may be necessary to afford “an equal
opportunity to use and enjoy the dwelling;” (4) the accommodation is reasonable; and (5) the
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defendant refused to make the accommodation. Dubois v. Ass’n. of Apartment Owners of 2987
Kalakaua, 453 F.3d 1175, 1179 (9th Cir. 2005).2
The matter before us involves only the last of the elements listed above: whether a reasonable
jury could find that Overlook “refused” to make the accommodation requested. In analyzing the
issue, we consider (1) the extent to which Overlook delayed and obstructed the process of negotiation
over the requested accommodation by filing the lawsuit; (2) the state of the law at the time the suit
was filed regarding whether a companion animal needed special training to qualify as an
accommodation; and (3) the fact that the Spencers were not evicted, nor was Scooby removed from
their home.
We first consider Overlook’s failure to respond promptly to the Spencers’ request. The Joint
Statement3 issued by HUD and the DOJ, a copy of which McCarthy provided to Overlook, indicates
that a housing provider “has an obligation to provide prompt responses to reasonable accommodation
requests. An undue delay in responding to a reasonable accommodation request may be deemed to
be a failure to provide a reasonable accommodation.” Joint Statement at 11. Moreover, the Joint
2
The Ohio Fair Housing Act is substantively identical to the FHA. Accordingly, our analysis
of the latter applies to the Ohio law. See Groner v. Golden Gate Gardens Apartments, 250 F.3d
1039, 1041, 1047 (6th Cir. 2001) (calling Ohio’s law “analogous” and “equivalent” to the FHA);
Carter v. Russo Realtors, 2001 WL 537019, at *1 (Ohio App. 2001) (“Chapter 4112 properly is
interpreted in reference to federal law.”).
3
This document is a policy statement, not an authoritative interpretation of § 3604. See
Christensen v. Harris Cnty., 529 U.S. 576, 587 (2000) (“[I]nterpretations contained in policy
statements, agency manuals, and enforcement guidelines, all of which lack the force of law[,] do not
warrant Chevron-style deference.”). It may of course, have the “power to persuade.” See ibid.(citing Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944)).
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Statement states that a “failure to reach an agreement on an accommodation request is in effect a
decision by the provider not to grant the requested accommodation.” Id. at 9.
A housing provider, however, is entitled to seek information from an allegedly disabled person
in order to establish the existence of the disability and the necessity of the accommodation. According
to the Joint Statement,
[I]n response to a request for a reasonable accommodation, a housing provider may
request reliable disability-related information that (1) is necessary to verify that the
person meets the Act’s definition of disability . . . , (2) describes the needed
accommodation, and (3) shows the relationship between the person’s disability and
the need for the requested accommodation.
Id. at 13. This inquiry need not be highly intrusive. “In most cases, an individual’s medical records
or detailed information about the nature of a person’s disability is not necessary . . . .” Id. at 13–14.
In this case, Overlook was likely entitled to ask for more information than the Spencers
initially provided. The August 1, 2007, letter from McCarthy was the first time Overlook was
notified of Lynsey’s alleged disability. It specified no diagnosis and relied for support on a letter from
Lynsey’s psychologist that merely stated that Lynsey was receiving “psychological counseling
services” and required a “service dog.” This did not allow Overlook to verify that a qualifying
disability existed or that the proposed accommodation was related to the disability. Even after
receiving McCarthy’s letter of August 23, 2007, and the Spencers’ waiver request of August 31, 2007,
Overlook was entitled to additional information. At the same time, Overlook was probably not
entitled to the broad access to confidential medical and school records it demanded.
In some circumstances, a housing provider that refuses to make a decision unless a requestor
provides unreasonably excessive information could be found to have constructively denied the request
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by “stonewalling” and short-circuiting the process. The Spencers claim that Overlook injured them
by keeping them in limbo, dangling “the Sword of Damocles” over their heads. We acknowledge that
injury may result when a housing provider unreasonably delays responding to a request for an
accommodation and that such a delay may amount to a denial. In Groome Resources Ltd. v. Parish
of Jefferson, a parish that delayed making a decision on a group home’s application for a zoning
variance for ninety-five days was held to have denied a request for a reasonable accommodation. 234
F.3d 192, 197 (5th Cir. 2000). In Astralis Condominium Ass’n. v. Secretary, U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development, a condominium association’s year-long delay in granting a request
for handicapped parking spaces constituted a denial. 620 F.3d 62, 68-69 (1st Cir. 2010). Were it not
for additional factors that are present here, the Spencers would have presented a jury issue as to
whether Overlook “denied” their request.
The second circumstance we consider is the state of the law at the time Overlook filed its
complaint. In this case, the district court found that Overlook’s need to clarify the law regarding the
requested accommodation justified its delay in responding to the request. It reasoned that, at the time,
“the law was quite frankly favorable to Overlook,” and that Overlook “was well within [its] rights
. . . to get a court ruling on whether a dog that is the subject of a reasonable accommodation can be
any companion animal.” In concluding that the law “favored” Overlook, the district court cited
Prindable v. Ass’n. of Apartment Owners of 2987 Kalakaua, which held that “evidence of individual
training” is required to show that a “service animal” is a reasonable accommodation under the FHA.
304 F. Supp. 2d 1245, 1256–57 (D. Haw. 2003), aff’d on other grounds sub nom. Dubois, 453 F.3d
at 1179 n.2 (declining to reach issue of “whether the plaintiffs must prove that [a dog] ‘is an
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individually trained service animal’”). Prindable borrowed the definition of “service animal” from
the ADA and largely relied on the reasoning of a West Virginia Supreme Court case. See In re Kenna
Homes Coop. Corp., 557 S.E.2d 787, 797 (W. Va. 2001) (holding that “some type of training is
necessary to transform a pet into a service animal”).
The Spencers dispute that the law favored Overlook, pointing to several federal, state, and
administrative decisions holding that companion animals without specialized training may be
reasonable accommodations under the Rehabilitation Act, the FHA, and “state statutes that are
analogous to the FHA.”4 But we agree with the district court that there was at least some dispute in
the law as to whether a “service animal” required training and whether it had to do more than provide
comfort and companionship to qualify as an accommodation.
The fact that the law is not entirely clear concerning a requested accommodation will not
always justify a housing provider’s filing suit rather than responding to a request. Accommodations
are often highly specific, and in many cases there will be no case law that indicates a particular
accommodation is required. Simply claiming that the law is “unclear” should not entitle the provider
4
In their brief to this court, the Spencers cite Janush v. Charities Housing Development
Corp., in which the court found a triable issue of fact as to whether a tenant’s birds and cats could
constitute a reasonable accommodation for her mental disability. 169 F. Supp. 2d. 1133, 1136 (N.D.
Cal. 2000) (“Even if plaintiff’s animals do not qualify as service animals, defendants have not
established that there is no duty to reasonably accommodate non-service animals.”). They also cite
two administrative law decisions holding that landlords must accommodate companion animals. See
Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Hous. and Urban Dev. v. Dutra, HUD ALJ 09-93-1753-8, 1996 WL 657690(HUD ALJ Nov. 12, 1996) (cat providing emotional support that eased anxiety and fibromyalgia
symptoms a reasonable accommodation); Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Hous. and Urban Dev. v. Riverbay
Corp., HUD ALJ 02-93-0320-1, 1995 WL 108212 (HUD ALJ Mar. 1, 1995) (“companion dog” a
reasonable accommodation).
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to delay and obstruct the accommodation process. But in this case, the fact that Overlook could point
to case law indicating that it was not required to treat Scooby as an accommodation weighs against
the reasonableness of a jury finding that its actions in seeking additional information and turning to
the court for clarification constituted a denial of the Spencers’ request.
Finally, we consider the fact that Overlook never began eviction proceedings against the
Spencers, nor was Scooby removed from their home. This distinguishes the present case from
Groome and Astralis, in which a delay in responding to a request was found to be a denial. In those
cases, the delay had the effect of depriving disabled persons of the accommodation. In Groome,
because a parish delayed awarding a permit that would allow a company to operate a group home for
Alzheimer’s patients, the company was unable to close on the building it hoped to purchase and could
not open the facility. 234 F.3d at 200. Similarly, in Astralis, a condominium association’s delay in
granting a request for handicapped parking spaces meant that the accommodation was not available:
“when the complainants unilaterally parked in those spaces, they received violation notices.” 620
F.3d at 69.
In contrast, the Spencers’ case is more like Dubois, in which a condominium association
granted a temporary exemption from its “no animals” bylaw while it investigated an accommodation
request. 453 F.3d 1175, 1179 (9th Cir. 2005). The Ninth Circuit held that, because the provider
“never refused to make the requested accommodation, plaintiffs’ FHA claim necessarily failed.” Ibid.True, Overlook never granted the Spencers a temporary exemption from the “no pets” policy, but the
more important fact is that Scooby was allowed to stay with the family, and they were never required
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to leave their home or otherwise punished for Scooby’s presence. Thus, Overlook’s actions did not
deny the Spencers the benefit of Scooby’s company.
IV
As a general rule, housing providers should cooperate with residents to resolve disputes over
reasonable accommodations rather than turning to the courts. But given that the law regarding
companion animals was somewhat unclear at the time that Overlook sought a declaratory judgment,
and given that the Spencers had the benefit of their pet’s company while awaiting the outcome of the
litigation, Overlook’s failure to engage in a more constructive dialogue with the Spencers did not
constitute a denial of their request for an accommodation. Because the Spencers have not raised a
question of fact as to this essential element of their FHA and related claims, we AFFIRM the district
court’s grant of Overlook’s motion for judgment as a matter of law.
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