United States v. Greer , 415 F. App'x 673 ( 2011 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 11a0133n.06
No. 07-3687 FILED
Feb 28, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Plaintiff-Appellee,
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
ANTHONY GREER, OHIO AT CLEVELAND
Defendant-Appellant.
/
Before: KENNEDY and MARTIN, Circuit Judges; MURPHY, District Judge.*
STEPHEN J. MURPHY, III, District Judge. Anthony Greer was convicted of one count of
aiding and abetting the distribution of cocaine base in 2007. The district judge ordered Greer to
serve a statutory-minimum ten-year sentence of incarceration. Greer now seeks review of his
sentence, on the grounds that the district judge should have considered a sentence below the statutory
minimum. We AFFIRM the sentence imposed by the district judge.
I. BACKGROUND
On the night of November 30, 2006, officers from the Cleveland Police Department arrested
Greer alongside co-defendant Willard McConnell, a drug dealer, and Ishmael Martin, Greer’s
roommate. The arrest was part of a “buy and bust” operation coordinated by the police. Trial Tr.
21–22, Feb. 20–21, 2007, R. 52–53. Martin had a prior arrest for drug dealing, and was working
*
The Honorable Stephen J. Murphy, III, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan,
sitting by designation.
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as a confidential police informant. Id. at 41–42. He suggested to the police that Greer was a
worthwhile target, and worked with them to set up the arrest. Id. at 27–28.
On November 30, Greer placed several phone calls with McConnell, and the two of them had
a meeting during the day where McConnell sold Greer fourteen grams of crack cocaine. Trial Tr.
158. Simultaneously, Martin was attempting to set up a “buy” of approximately sixty-three grams
of crack cocaine with McConnell, through Greer. Id. at 22. The police detectives testified at trial
that this was a fairly standard amount of cocaine to offer in a “buy and bust” operation. Id. at 61.
McConnell did not know Martin, but Greer convinced McConnell to do a deal for Martin. Id. at
159–60. Greer promised to be present as a middleman at the exchange, and vouched that Martin was
a bona fide customer. Id. Before joining up with Greer to meet McConnell and make the “buy,”
Martin met with police detectives in order to coordinate the “bust.” The detectives placed a wire on
Martin. Id. at 23. In addition, the police gave Martin hundreds of dollars in marked cash in order
to complete the transaction. Id.
That evening, Martin and Greer met each other at a gas station. Trial Tr. at 26. They drove
off together to meet with McConnell, trailed by police detectives in an unmarked vehicle. Id.
During the drive, Martin’s wire recorded Greer making phone calls to McConnell. Id. at 28–29.
When they arrived at the agreed-upon rendezvous, Greer and Martin stayed in their car, while
McConnell came out to his car and began talking with Greer. Id. at 29–30. Greer gave Martin’s
money to McConnell, and Greer received the crack cocaine from McConnell. Id. at 167–68. During
the meeting, Greer introduced Martin to McConnell, and laid the foundation for the two of them to
deal directly with one another in the future. Id. at 36.
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Once the transaction was complete, the officers that were tailing Greer and Martin emerged,
and they arrested all three men. Trial Tr. at 30–31. The officers found the freshly-purchased crack
cocaine on Martin’s lap. Id. at 101. While conducting pat-downs of Greer and Martin, the police
noticed Greer take a plastic bag from his pocket and drop it underneath the car. Id. at 101–04, 123.
The bag was found to contain more crack cocaine. Id. at 105, 123. The police also found marijuana
on Greer’s person, as well as a portion of the money the police detectives gave Martin. Id. at
125–26.
Greer was indicted on one count of aiding and abetting in the distribution of more than fifty
grams of cocaine base. Indictment, Jan. 4, 2007, R. 8; see 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (“distributing” a
controlled substance); 18 U.S.C. § 2 (aiding and abetting). Under the version of § 841 in force at
the time, Greer faced a mandatory minimum sentence of ten years in prison on this charge. See 18
U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) (2006). A jury convicted him on February 21, 2007. Judgment, May 21,
2007, R. 62. Under the federal Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”), Greer was subject to a term
of incarceration ranging from 135 to 168 months. Sentencing Hr’g Tr. 34, Aug. 19, 2009, R. No.
88.
At his sentencing, Greer raised two arguments for a sentence below the Guidelines range.
First, he argued that the judge had the right to impose a sentence lower than the statutory minimum
of ten years because the Government engaged in so-called “sentencing factor manipulation.”
Sentencing Mem. 5–9, May 14, 2007, R. 59. The district judge refused to consider a sentence below
the statutory minimum on this ground because (1) the Sixth Circuit has never recognized the defense,
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and (2) even if it were recognized, there was no basis for applying it in Greer’s case. Sentencing Hr’g
Tr. at 24, 32.
Second, Greer asked the district judge to consider a sentence lower than the recommended
range based on a disparity in how the Guidelines treated crack and powder cocaine offenses at the
time. Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 24–28. During the sentencing, the district judge voiced his disapproval
of the sentencing ratios for crack and powder cocaine that were in place at the time. Id. at 25. He
agreed that a downward departure, to the statutory minimum sentence of ten years, was appropriate
in this case, and he sentenced Greer accordingly. Id. at 34.
While Greer’s appeal was pending, Congress amended § 841's minimum sentence provisions.
Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 (“FSA”), Pub. L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372. The FSA raised the
amount of crack cocaine needed for a ten-year mandatory minimum sentence from fifty grams to 280
grams. FSA § 2(a)(1), 124 Stat. at 2372. In a supplemental brief, Greer argues that this change
should apply, retroactively, to his case.
II. DISCUSSION
We “review a district court’s sentencing determination for reasonableness under ‘a
deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.’” United States v. Petrus, 588 F.3d 347, 351 (6th Cir. 2009)
(quoting United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 578 (6th Cir. 2007)). Factual determinations are
reviewed for clear error, or a “‘definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’”
United States v. Lalonde, 509 F.3d 750, 763 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. McGee, 494
F.3d 551, 554 (6th Cir. 2007)). Legal questions are reviewed de novo. Id.
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A. Sentencing Manipulation
Greer claims the government engaged in sentencing manipulation by using more than 50
grams of crack cocaine in the “buy and bust” in order to increase his sentence. Sentencing
manipulation is defined as “improper conduct” by the government “that has the effect of increasing
the defendant’s sentence.” United States v. Turner, 569 F.3d 637, 641 (7th Cir. 2009) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). At least one circuit recognizes that sentencing manipulation
can serve as a means for “piercing” the statutory minimum sentence and imposing a lower-than-
required sentence. United States v. Fontes, 415 F.3d 174, 180 (1st Cir. 2005). But at no time prior
to Greer’s sentencing has this Court recognized the use of either sentencing manipulation or its
cousin, sentencing entrapment, as a mitigating factor in sentencing. See United States v. Gardner,
488 F.3d 700, 716–17 (6th Cir. 2007). More recently, we have “reaffirmed that the Sixth Circuit
does not recognize either” sentencing manipulation or entrapment. United States v. Guest, 564 F.3d
777, 781 (6th Cir. 2009). The consistent holdings of this Court foreclose Greer’s argument.
B. Crack / Powder Cocaine Sentencing Disparities
At the time of Greer’s sentencing, the Guidelines imposed more severe penalties for offenses
involving crack cocaine, as opposed to powder cocaine. Prior to November 2007, the Sentencing
Commission treated every gram of crack cocaine as the equivalent of 100 grams of powder cocaine
for sentencing purposes. Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 95 n.6 & 96 (2007). In
Kimbrough, the Supreme Court ruled that “it would not be an abuse of discretion for a district court
to conclude when sentencing a particular defendant that the crack/powder disparity” permits
imposition of a sentence below the low end of the sentencing range prescribed by the Guidelines.
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Id. at 110. This was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in 2009. Spears v. United States, 129 S. Ct.
840, 843–44 (2009) (“[D]istrict courts are entitled to reject and vary categorically from the crack-
cocaine Guidelines based on a policy disagreement with those Guidelines.”). Greer has asserted that
the 100:1 crack / powder cocaine ratio should be used to give him a sentence that is not merely
below the sentencing range, but below the statutory minimum. The district judge rejected Greer’s
contentions, and we affirm that decision.
Kimbrough itself only addressed the issue of downward departures from the Guidelines, and
distinguished statutory minimums. Kimbrough, 552 U.S. at 105 (clarifying that the federal drug laws
do not require sentencing courts to adhere to the 100:1 crack / powder ratio for crack cocaine
quantities “other than those that trigger the statutory minimum sentence[ ]”). We have affirmed that
Kimbrough has no application to statutory minimums. United States v. Wimbley, 553 F.3d 455, 462
(6th Cir. 2009) (“Kimbrough is inapposite here because [the defendant’s] sentence was set by a
statutory mandatory minimum, not the advisory Sentencing Guidelines.”) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted).
Greer received the lowest possible sentence he could receive under the law, and there is no
basis for giving him an even lower sentence. We reject Greer’s arguments for “piercing” the
statutory minimum.
C. Retroactive Effect of the Fair Sentencing Act
Retroactive application of a statute like the FSA, which reduces criminal penalties, is the
exception, rather than the rule. The federal “Savings Statute” provides that “[t]he repeal of any
statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred
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under such statute, unless the repealing Act shall so expressly provide . . . .” 1 U.S.C. § 109.
Numerous cases hold that § 109 “bar[s] application of ameliorative criminal sentencing laws
repealing harsher ones in force at the time of the commission of the offense.” Warden v. Marrero,
417 U.S. 653, 661 (1974) (denying retroactive application of a statute that would have made the
defendant parole-eligible). We recently concluded in United States v. Carradine, 621 F.3d 575 (6th
Cir. 2010), that a statutory minimum sentence imposed under § 841 prior to the enactment of the
FSA cannot be vacated. In that case, the defendant was sentenced to the statutory-minimum sixty
months in prison for distributing nineteen grams of crack cocaine in 2005. Carradine, 621 F.3d at
580. Under the FSA, the defendant would not have been subject to the statutory minimum. The
Carradine court, relying on § 109 and Marrero, rejected retroactive application of the statute and
upheld the sentence imposed on the defendant under the previous version of the statute. Id.
Carradine leaves little for us to decide. Greer was convicted for actions that took place
before the FSA came into effect. The Court has already held that prisoners in his position do not
reap the benefits of the FSA. Therefore, we will not remand for resentencing on this ground.
III. CONCLUSION
The district judge did not err in refusing to consider a sentence for Greer lower than the
statutory minimum due to either sentencing manipulation or the 100:1 crack / powder sentencing
ratio. In addition, the Fair Sentencing Act lacks retroactive effect to Greer’s case. We therefore
AFFIRM the sentencing decision of the district court.