Lidia Reyes Almendarez v. William P. Barr ( 2020 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 20a0315n.06
No. 19-3825
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED
Jun 02, 2020
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
LIDIA YORLENI REYES ALMENDAREZ )
et al., )
) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
Petitioners, ) OF A FINAL ORDER OF THE
) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
v. ) APPEALS
)
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General, )
) OPINION
Respondent. )
BEFORE: MOORE, SUTTON, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Lidia Yorleni Reyes Almendarez, her
husband, Yony Eliu Melgar Trochez, their children, Jordi Isai Melgar Reyes and Jhonsen Zaret
Melgar Reyes, Lidia’s brother, Limhi Lenin Reyes Almendarez, and his daughter, Issi Beatriz
Reyes Henriquez, petition for review of the Board of Immigration’s (“BIA”) denial of their
applications for asylum.1 They challenge the BIA’s and immigration judge’s (“IJ”) conclusions
(1) that the persecution of the family by Los Tercerenos, a Honduran gang, was not on account of
their membership in a patrilineal family headed by Lidia and Limhi’s father and (2) that the
Honduran government was not unable or unwilling to protect the petitioners from their persecutors.
We DENY the petition seeking review for the reasons that follow.
1
We will refer to petitioners by first name because some share the same last names.
No. 19-3825, Reyes Almendarez et al. v. Barr
I. BACKGROUND
Petitioners are citizens and natives of Honduras, specifically San Pedro Sula. See, e.g.,
A.R. 135–36. At various points in 2011, 2012, and 2015, the family was victimized by Los
Tercerenos and suffered tremendous personal loss. On January 1, 2011, Lidia and Limhi’s father,
Jesus Reyes Caballero, was murdered by Los Tercerenos because he refused to meet the gang’s
extortion demands with proceeds from his restaurant. A.R. 143–45, 223. The record does not
indicate whether the family filed a police report or whether the police investigated Jesus’s death.
After his death, the family did not receive further threats of extortion. A.R. 153. However, the
family received a phone call in 2012 stating that they were to provide free food to “all of them,”
and the family presumed it was Los Tercerenos. A.R. 223. The family notified the police, the
officers came to the restaurant, and they stayed with the family for two hours. Id.
On October 4, 2015, Lidia and Limhi’s brother, Jesus Alexander Reyes Almendarez
(“Alex”) had an argument with members of Los Tercerenos. A.R. 141–42. During a soccer game,
Alex threw a ball and it hit the hand of a member, causing the member to drop his phone. Id. Alex
attempted to apologize, but gang members threatened him, stating that he was “going to see blood
running.” Id. The next day, Alex was murdered by the gang. Id. Lidia, Limhi, and Jhonsen were
with Alex when the attack occurred. A.R. 140. During the attack, Limhi sustained serious gunshot
injuries. A.R. 146. Within minutes, the police arrived and took Limhi to the hospital. A.R. 145,
253.
Three days after Alex’s death, Lidia filed a police report. A.R. 147. The police investigated
Alex’s murder, and, though unrelated to Alex’s death, later made arrests that resulted in
convictions of Los Tercerenos members for another murder. A.R. 150, 229–30. Lidia and Yony
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testified that the police did little to solve Alex’s murder, despite Lidia’s participation in
proceedings to press charges. A.R. 150, 164–65, 230. Yet Lidia and Yony did not follow up with
the police because they feared that they would be further targeted by the gang. A.R. 230.
After Lidia filed the police report, she began to receive threats from Los Tercerenos. A.R.
141, 147. The first threat was a note that stated that the gang hoped to see her die for what she
“had done,” A.R. 147, 151, and that they would kill her family members “one after one,” A.R.
172. Lidia was also followed one day. A.R. 147. The day of Alex’s funeral, Lidia and her family
moved two to three hours away to escape the frequent threats. A.R. 148–49. Los Tercerenos
found her phone number, however, and continued to send threats to her via text and phone calls.
A.R. 147, 150–51, 169–70. The gang told Lidia over the phone that that she “was going to see the
devil alive.” A.R. 151. Limhi received similar threats on an “[a]lmost daily” basis, A.R. 191–93,
and another brother, Eybi Joshua Reyes Almendarez, was followed by Los Tercerenos once, A.R.
255.
On October 31, 2015, Yony’s brother was murdered at his tire shop. A.R. 153–54. Lidia
believed that members of Los Tercerenos killed Yony’s brother because they mistook him for
Yony. A.R. 167–68. She had that belief because of texts that she received from gang members
saying that “[t]he revenge had begun” and that the victim was her husband. Id. Yony’s father
filed a police report. A.R. 226. Lidia testified that the police “didn’t do anything” (except “file a
report”), A.R. 154–55, and Yony stated that the police did not reveal the results of any
investigation, A.R. 226–27. Lidia again reported the threats to the police, who advised her to stay
indoors. A.R. 168. The threats continued until December 30, 2015, when Yony was followed by
Los Tercerenos on his way home from work. A.R. 148, 225. Shortly after, Lidia, Yony, Jordi,
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Jhonsen, Limhi, and Issa left Honduras on January 18, 2016. A.R. 138. The family arrived in the
United States on August 4, 2016. A.R. 138–39.
Petitioners were charged as inadmissible for lacking valid entry documents pursuant to 8
U.S.C § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) and applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the
Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). A.R. 84. The IJ issued his opinion on January 23, 2018.
Id. The IJ concluded that petitioners were credible but denied all applications for relief, ordering
that the petitioners be removed to Honduras. A.R. 98, 104.2 Regarding the petitioners’
applications for asylum, the IJ concluded that petitioners had not demonstrated past persecution
because (1) the harm the family suffered did not rise to the level of persecution, (2) assuming there
was persecution, it was not because of their membership in a particular social group, “children of
Jesus Reyes, and their spouses and children,” (3) the Honduran government was not unwilling or
unable to control their alleged persecutors, and (4) relocation within Honduras was not
unreasonable. A.R. 98–102. The IJ also determined that petitioners did not establish a well-
founded fear of future persecution, which would also justify asylum relief, and that petitioners
were not entitled to withholding of removal or protection under the CAT. A.R. 102–04.
The BIA dismissed petitioners’ appeal on August 2, 2019. A.R. 3–4. After adopting and
affirming the IJ’s decision, the BIA specifically affirmed the IJ on two grounds, both of which
addressed the petitioners’ asylum applications based on past persecution. First, the BIA concluded
that there was insufficient evidence to establish that Los Tercerenos’s persecution of the family
2
The credibility determination is not disputed by the government.
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was “on account of” their membership in a family group. A.R. 4. Second, the petitioners did not
demonstrate that the Honduran government was unwilling or unable to protect the petitioners. Id.3
This petition for review followed. The petitioners seek review only of the BIA’s denial of
their asylum appeals. Pet’r Br. at 2.
II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
Generally, “we have jurisdiction to review final orders of removal of the BIA.” Umaña-
Ramos v. Holder, 724 F.3d 667, 670 (6th Cir. 2013). When the BIA adopts the IJ’s decision and
provides its own reasoning, we review the IJ and BIA opinions. Mandebvu v. Holder, 755 F.3d
417, 424 (6th Cir. 2014). Legal determinations receive de novo review. Umaña-Ramos, 724 F.3d
at 670. We review the agency’s factual determinations “under the substantial evidence standard,”
in which we ask whether the factual findings “are ‘supported by reasonable, substantial, and
probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Kamar v. Sessions, 875 F.3d 811, 817
(6th Cir. 2017) (quoting Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 702 (6th Cir. 2004)). We reverse agency
factual findings “only if the evidence ‘not only supports a contrary conclusion, but indeed compels
it.’” Mandebvu, 755 F.3d at 424 (quoting Yu, 364 F.3d at 702–03); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)
(“[A]dministrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be
compelled to conclude to the contrary.”). Though this standard is deferential, we “still give the
administrative decision under review a ‘hard look.’” Marouf v. Lynch, 811 F.3d 174, 181 (6th Cir.
2016) (quoting N’Diom v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 494, 500 n.1 (6th Cir. 2006)).
3
The BIA perfunctorily denied petitioners’ withholding of removal claim. A.R. 4. Finally, the BIA noted
that the petitioners here did not appeal the IJ’s denial of CAT protection and held that the issue was waived. A.R. 3
n.1.
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III. ANALYSIS OF ASYLUM CLAIMS
The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) gives the Attorney General “discretion to
grant asylum to applicants who meet the definition of a ‘refugee.’” Umaña-Ramos, 724 F.3d at
670 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)). An asylum applicant bears the burden of “demonstrat[ing] that
she is a refugee as defined by the INA.” Marku v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 982, 986 (6th Cir. 2004).
“A refugee is defined as a person who is unable or unwilling to return to [her] home country
‘because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.’” K.H. v. Barr, 920 F.3d
470, 475 (6th Cir. 2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 950 (6th
Cir. 2004)). When an asylum applicant’s claim rests on past persecution that was not carried out
by the government, the applicant “need only ‘show that the [county of origin’s] government was
unwilling or unable to control [her persecutors] and protect her.’” Id. (last alteration in original)
(quoting Velasquez-Rodriguez v. Whitaker, 762 F. App’x 241, 244 (6th Cir. 2019)); Khalili v.
Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 436 (6th Cir. 2009). Petitioners seek review of the BIA and IJ
determinations that (1) persecution at the hands of Los Tercerenos was not “because of” their
membership in their proposed particular social group, Jesus’s children, their spouses, and their
own children, and (2) the Honduran government was not unwilling or unable to protect the
petitioners from Los Tercerenos. Pet’r Br. at 2.
A. Persecution “because of” membership in a statutorily protected category
Asylum seekers must demonstrate that they were “persecuted on account of or because of”
their membership a protected category, such as a particular social group. Marku, 380 F.3d at 986;
see also Zaldana Menijar v. Lynch, 812 F.3d 491, 500 (6th Cir. 2015) (considering whether there
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was “a nexus” between persecution and the particular social group). A persecutor may have
multiple, or “mixed,” motives. Marku, 380 F.3d at 988 n.10; see also Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 585
F.3d 980, 997 (6th Cir. 2009). However, “[t]he REAL ID Act clarified that, with respect to asylum
claims, ‘the applicant must establish that race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion was or will be at least one central reason for persecuting the
applicant.’” Guzman-Vazquez v. Barr, ___ F.3d ___, No. 19-3417, 2020 WL 2520269, at *12 (6th
Cir. May 18, 2020) (emphasis added) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i)). Asylum applicants
cannot show persecution was “because of” their membership in a protected category by pointing
to only “[g]eneral conditions of rampant gang violence.” Umaña-Ramos, 724 F.3d at 670; see also
Zaldana Menijar, 812 F.3d at 501 (stating that “widespread crime and violence does not itself
constitute persecution on account of a protected ground”). Nor can applicants simply rely on the
fact that family members were persecuted. Akhtar v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 399, 406 (6th Cir. 2005).
Petitioners argue that the IJ and BIA misapplied the mixed-motive analysis by requiring
that petitioners demonstrate that “the threats were based exclusively” on their family membership
and “failed to consider the possibility of mixed motives.” Pet’r Br. at 23 (emphasis added). This
assertion is not borne out by the record. The IJ noted that the family suffered harm due to the
gang’s actions, but ultimately “failed to demonstrate that they suffered harm differing from what
all residents of Honduras generally suffer [as a result of] the gang violence prevalent in that
country.” A.R. 100. The BIA similarly concluded that the family had failed to provide sufficient
evidence that they were persecuted on account of their membership in their family group; it also
cited Matter of N-M-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 526 (BIA 2011), A.R. 4, which expressly considered mixed
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motives, Matter of N-M-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 531. There is no indication that the BIA or IJ
misapplied the “one central reason” standard or failed to consider the existence of mixed motives.
Petitioners fail to demonstrate that the evidence compels the conclusion that their relation
to Jesus or Alex was a central reason for Los Tercerenos’s alleged persecution. Petitioners point
to Jesus’s death in 2011 and an incident shortly thereafter regarding a phone call demanding free
meals, but for at least three years, the family heard nothing from Los Tercerenos. Thus, it is
difficult to infer that Los Tercerenos members were motivated to persecute the petitioners based
on Alex, Lidia, or Limhi’s relation to their father. As for the incidents in 2015, petitioners fail to
show that Alex’s death was based on anything other than a personal matter at a soccer field, and
applicants cannot rely “solely” on “personal matters” to show that they were persecuted because
of their membership in a protected category. Al-Ghorbani, 585 F.3d at 997 (quoting Zoarab v.
Mukasey, 524 F.3d 777, 781 (6th Cir. 2008)).4
Moreover, there is substantial evidence showing that it was not membership in the family
group, but Lidia’s act of filing a police report that spurred Los Tercerenos to threaten the
petitioners. The petitioners hypothesized that their relation to Jesus and Alex was the genesis of
Los Tercerenos’s campaign against them, see, e.g., A.R. 170–71, 257–58, but the petitioners point
to no evidence, testimonial or otherwise, that provides a factual basis for these statements. For
example, the content of the threats focused on what Lidia had done by filing the police report, not
on actions by her father or her relation to him. See Gonzalez Ruano v. Barr, 922 F.3d 346, 356
4
Petitioners argue that the BIA and IJ concluded that the personal disputes with Jesus and Alex led the BIA
and IJ to ignore the familial connections. Pet’r Br. at 21. Though “the simultaneous existence of a personal dispute
does not eliminate [a] nexus,” Bi Xia Qu v. Holder, 618 F.3d 602, 608 (6th Cir. 2010), the familial connection still
must be a central reason for the persecution. Here, the BIA and IJ concluded that the petitioners “[were] not persecuted
on the basis of any protected ground.” Marku, 380 F.3d at 988 n.10.
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(7th Cir. 2019) (noting that “the evidence here shows that the [Cartel de Jalisco Nueva Generación]
was persecuting Gonzalez Ruano for the stated purpose of destroying Catalina’s family”
(emphasis added)). And Limhi testified that his wife and children, who would clearly be members
of the proposed particular social group, remain in Honduras and have not received threats from
Los Tercerenos. A.R. 183, 185, 200–04. Petitioners fail to show that the familial connection was
at least one central reason for persecuting them, as opposed to, for instance, the gang’s actions
being a result of its general, criminal goal of enacting revenge on one who reports gang activities
to the police. Put differently, harming Lidia’s family was “a means to achieve some other goal,
not an end in itself.” Majano-De Hernandez v. Barr, 777 F. App’x 810, 812 (6th Cir. 2019)
(concluding that the gang was motivated by financial reasons); see also Cruz-Guzman v. Barr, 920
F.3d 1033, 1037–38 (6th Cir. 2019) (“Cruz’s evidence does not show that 18th Street’s actions
were motivated by a particular animus toward the Cruz-Guzman family itself, as opposed to an
ordinary criminal desire for financial gain.”). Petitioners rely on only the existence of gang
violence and the fact that their family was persecuted by Los Tercerenos, but this does not
demonstrate that they were persecuted by Los Tercerenos on account of or because of their family
membership. For these reasons, we cannot conclude that the record compels a decision contrary
to the one reached by the BIA.
B. Government is unwilling or unable to control non-governmental persecutors
To determine whether a government is unwilling or unable to control non-governmental
persecutors, we “must examine ‘the overall context of the applicant’s situation[,]’ and review ‘all
relevant evidence in the record[.]’” K.H., 920 F.3d at 475–76 (alterations in original) (citations
omitted). To do so, we consider “(1) the government’s response to an asylum applicant’s
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persecution and (2) general evidence of country conditions.” Id. at 476 (citing cases). Under the
first inquiry, we evaluate the extent and success of police investigations into the alleged
persecution, the extent of protection offered to the asylum seeker, and government concessions.
Id. at 476–77. Under the second inquiry, we consider “(1) how certain crimes are prosecuted and
punished, as well as (2) the efficacy of the government’s efforts.” Id. at 477–78 (citations omitted).
Petitioners bear the burden of showing that the BIA misapplied the law or failed to consider
any evidence. See Pilica, 388 F.3d at 949–50 (citing cases). Though the IJ could not have applied
K.H.’s framework because we decided K.H. after the IJ reached its holding in this case, there is no
indication that the IJ did not consider evidence of country conditions. First, it noted the
Department of State Human Rights Report for Honduras. A.R. 85. It also relied on Khalili, noting
that a similar report was relevant evidence regarding the ability and willingness of a government
to control non-governmental persecutors. A.R. 96, 100–01. The BIA expressly recognized K.H.
and its directive to consider general evidence of country conditions when evaluating whether a
government is unable or unwilling to protect asylum seekers. A.R. 4. Thus, petitioners have not
demonstrated that the BIA or IJ failed to consider evidence of country conditions.
Furthermore, the evidence does not compel a conclusion contrary to the agency’s
determination that the Honduran government was willing and able to protect the petitioners. Local
police were responsive to each of the petitioners’ crises. When gang members demanded free
meals, when Alex was murdered, and when Yony’s brother was murdered, the police responded
by investigating, offering protection, and/or working with Lidia to file charges. Though no arrests
were made, nor charges brought, an investigation need not result in arrests or convictions to
demonstrate that a government is willing or able to protect asylum seekers from the actions of non-
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governmental actors. See Borodachev v. Holder, 441 F. App’x 354, 361 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing
cases). But at least in this case, there is evidence that officials did investigate successfully and
prosecute Los Tercerenos members for similar crimes, here, murder of another. Additionally,
Lidia and Yony declined to follow up with police and to continue with efforts to press charges.
Petitioners’ reluctance to place themselves at further risk is understandable, but their decision to
withdraw their participation makes it difficult to count the police’s failure to arrest and prosecute
the perpetrators of Alex’s murder against the efficacy of the Honduran government’s response.
Petitioners do not point to evidence of country conditions that convinces us that the
agency’s determinations are otherwise unsupported by substantial evidence. Petitioners point to
evidence that shows violent, gang-related crime in Honduras is a significant problem and that
police lack resources at times to respond effectively to such crime. Pet’r Br. at 17–18. But here,
it does not appear that this was petitioners’ personal experience with the police. The police
responded, investigated, offered protection at least once, and were able to make arrests of Los
Tercerenos members around the time that the gang murdered Alex. See K.H., 920 F.3d at 478
(concluding that K.H.’s personal experience with the government’s efforts to stop persecutors was
not discounted by evidence of country conditions, nor was her personal experience dispositive).
“While we may have reached a different result—and found that the government’s response did not
outweigh the record evidence demonstrating the struggles of the [Honduran] government to protect
[the family]—that is not the standard.” Id. Whether the record compels a reasonable adjudicator
to reach a conclusion contrary to the agency’s conclusion is a high standard, which the petitioners
fail to clear here.
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IV. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we hold that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s and IJ’s
determinations that petitioners failed to demonstrate a nexus between their family group and
persecution by Los Tercerenos members and failed to show that the Honduran government was
unwilling or unable to protect the petitioners from their persecutors. Accordingly, we DENY the
petition for review.
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