Junhe Qiu v. Univ. of Cincinnati ( 2020 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 20a0096n.06
No. 19-3630
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
JUNHE QIU, )
)
FILED
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Feb 11, 2020
) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
v. )
)
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, DR. )
NEVILLE G. PINTO, in his official capacity )
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
as President of the University of Cincinnati, )
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
and DR. C. CATHERINE LOSADA, )
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
individually and in her official capacity as )
Associate Professor of Music at the )
University of Cincinnati, )
)
Defendants-Appellees. )
BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, KETHLEDGE, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.
MARTHA CRAIG DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judge. Junhe Qiu, a Chinese citizen, entered
the United States on an F-1 visa to study violin performance at the University of Cincinnati’s
prestigious College-Conservatory of Music (CCM). Defendant Catherine Losada, an associate
professor of music at CCM, three times accused Qiu of cheating on homework assignments,
leading the university to expel Qiu from the school in accordance with the provisions of the
university’s code of student conduct. Qiu then filed suit against the university, Losada, and
defendant Neville G. Pinto, then the president of the university, alleging violations of the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101–12213; the Rehabilitation Act, 42
U.S.C. § 794; Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e–2000e-
No. 19-3630, Qiu v. Univ. of Cincinnati, et al.
17; 42 U.S.C. § 1981; and various statutory and tort provisions of Ohio law. The defendants
moved to dismiss the complaint in its entirety, and the district court granted that motion in large
part but declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over an Ohio tort-law claim.
Qiu now appeals, arguing that he stated claims for relief that are plausible on their face and
thus are not subject to dismissal at this early stage of the litigation. We disagree and affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Because this appeal comes to us from a ruling on the defendants’ motion to dismiss filed
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, we limit our review “to the
sufficiency of the allegations in the complaint.” Miller v. Currie, 50 F.3d 373, 375 (6th Cir. 1995).
Moreover, we must accept those allegations as true “even if doubtful in fact” and even if those
allegations are contradicted by other evidence later introduced during the litigation. Bell Atl. Corp.
v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Nevertheless, even when reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6)
disposition, we may consider information contained in materials outside the pleadings as long as
“those matters simply filled in the contours and details of the plaintiff’s complaint, and added
nothing new.” Yeary v. Goodwill Indus.-Knoxville, Inc., 107 F.3d 443, 445 (6th Cir. 1997).1
According to the facts alleged in his complaint, Qiu enrolled at the University of Cincinnati
in August 2016 as a freshman seeking to major in violin performance. Three months later, while
rehearsing with other students in the CCM orchestra rehearsal room, Qiu collapsed and was taken
to the university hospital where he “was diagnosed with syncope and collapse from a heart defect.”
As a result, doctors surgically implanted in Qiu’s chest a device to monitor his heart rhythms.
1
The district court docket items designated by the parties for inclusion in the appellate record include
evidence offered both in support of and in opposition to a subsequent motion for a temporary restraining order filed
by Qiu. To the extent that such evidence does not “fill in” details of Qiu’s complaint, we do not consider it in
evaluating the sufficiency of the claims asserted in Qiu’s original filing.
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During the Spring 2017 semester, Qiu enrolled in Professor Losada’s music theory class, a
required course for music majors. In March of that semester, Losada accused Qiu of academic
dishonesty for submitting a homework assignment completed after referring to the instructor’s
manual. According to Losada, Qiu’s answer was uncannily similar to the material in the manual
that the students were not allowed to access. Even though Qiu claimed that he “never had the
instructor manual,” he confessed to the accusation, allegedly because he “was afraid of the power
and vindictiveness of Defendant Losada.”
A few weeks later, the scenario repeated itself with Losada again accusing Qiu of using the
instructor’s manual to complete another homework assignment and Qiu initially denying any
wrongdoing. This time, however, Qiu requested review of the allegation by a college hearing
panel. During that hearing, Qiu disclaimed any academic dishonesty, but Losada informed the
panel that she stood by her accusation because Qiu’s homework “answer was much too similar to
the one in her instructor manual.” The panel credited Losada’s version of events, resulting in Qiu
receiving a failing mark in the course.
Qiu returned to China during the fall of 2017 to receive medical treatment for chronic
problems he experienced with his left shoulder and arm. Upon re-enrolling at the University of
Cincinnati in the spring of 2018, he again signed up for Losada’s class on music theory. As had
happened previously, however, Losada again accused Qiu of accessing prohibited materials to
complete an assignment, and Qiu again requested a hearing in order to clear his record. Qiu was
informed that the hearing would convene on April 20, 2018, but Qiu failed to appear at the
appointed time and place. According to Qiu, his absence was due to chest pains and syncope that
prevented him from getting out of bed or even mustering “the strength to inform the Dean or
anyone else that he was very sick.”
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In Qiu’s absence, the hearing panel concluded that sufficient evidence had been presented
to find the student guilty of a third instance of academic dishonesty, a violation requiring expulsion
from the university. Qui appealed his dismissal, but not until weeks later did he request a new
hearing as an accommodation for an alleged medical disability. That request was denied, however,
because it was not made until after Qiu’s appeals had been exhausted and after he had been
dismissed from the university.
Because the continued validity of Qiu’s F-1 visa depended upon his enrollment in a
university degree program, he filed suit in federal district court in another effort to have the
expulsion decision reversed. In his complaint, Qiu advanced the following seven causes of action
against the University of Cincinnati, the university president, and Losada: (1) “violation of [Title
II of the] Americans with Disabilities Act”; (2) “violation of Rehabilitation Act”; (3) “national
origin, race, color discrimination”; (4) “hostile environment”; (5) “retaliation”; (6) “intentional
infliction of physical pain and emotional distress”; and (7) “denial of due process.” The complaint
requested injunctive relief that would allow Qiu to register and attend classes at CCM,
compensatory damages from all defendants “in excess of One Hundred Thousand Dollars
($100,000.00),” punitive damages, attorney’s fees, costs, and any other appropriate relief. The
defendants filed a motion to dismiss all of Qiu’s causes of action for failure to state claims upon
which relief could be granted. The district court granted the motion in large part, declined to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claim of intentional infliction of physical pain
and emotional distress, and closed the case on the court’s docket. Qiu now appeals from that
judgment.2
2
In his appellate brief, Qiu does not argue that the district court’s ruling on his causes of action for creation
of a hostile environment and for intentional infliction of physical pain or emotional distress were erroneous. “[F]ailure
to raise an argument in [an] appellate brief constitutes a waiver of the argument on appeal.” Radvansky v. City of
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II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review de novo a grant of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6). Swanigan v. FCA US LLC, 938 F.3d 779, 783 (6th Cir. 2019). In conducting
such a review, we recognize that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2)’s liberalized pleading
standard requires that a complaint contain only “a short and plain statement of the claim showing
that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Nevertheless, even though a complaint need not contain
“detailed factual allegations,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, it still must offer “more than an
unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,
678 (2009). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. (quoting Twombly,
550 U.S. at 570). In other words, we need not accept as true legal conclusions masquerading as
allegations of fact or give determinative weight to claims raising only a sheer possibility that the
defendants acted unlawfully. Id. Instead, we will find that “[a] claim has facial plausibility [only]
when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that
the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). With
these guidelines in mind, we address each of Qiu’s allegations against each of the three named
defendants.
B. Alleged Violations of the ADA and Rehabilitation Act
In the first and second causes of action listed in his complaint, Qiu alleges that the
defendants violated the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act by failing to accommodate his medical
condition. Specifically, he argues that the defendants should have scheduled a new hearing on the
Olmsted Falls, 395 F.3d 291, 311 (6th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). Consequently, we do not address those claims in
this opinion.
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allegations of academic misconduct as an accommodation for the heart condition that he insists
prevented him from attending the original April 20, 2018, hearing. We conclude that the district
court properly dismissed these claims against the defendants.
In relevant part, the ADA provides that “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by
reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services,
programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” 42
U.S.C. § 12132. Similarly, the Rehabilitation Act provides that “[n]o otherwise qualified
individual with a disability . . . shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the
participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or
activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a).
Given the similarities in the two statutory provisions, we long have merged our analyses
under the ADA and Rehabilitation Act. See, e.g., Jakubowski v. Christ Hosp., Inc., 627 F.3d 195,
201 (6th Cir. 2010). Thus, to establish his claim under either act, Qiu “must show that (1) [ ]he is
handicapped or disabled as defined in each statute, (2) [ ]he is ‘otherwise qualified’ to continue in
the program, and (3) [ ]he was dismissed from the program on the basis of [his] handicap or
disability.” Kaltenberger v. Ohio Coll. of Podiatric Med., 162 F.3d 432, 435 (6th Cir. 1998)
(citations and footnotes omitted). A plaintiff will be considered to be “otherwise qualified” to
participate in a university program if he “can meet the ‘necessary’ requirements of the program”
“with ‘reasonable accommodation.’” Sandison v. Mich. High Sch. Athletic Ass’n, Inc., 64 F.3d
1026, 1034 (6th Cir. 1995).
The district court appropriately dismissed Qiu’s ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims
against the university and against Pinto and Losada in their official capacities because the plaintiff
could not show that his removal from the university was based upon his purported “handicap or
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disability.” In fact, nothing in Qiu’s complaint gives any indication that the dismissal was for any
reason other than Qiu’s repeated incidents of alleged academic dishonesty.
Furthermore, even if we were to conclude somehow that the adverse action taken against
Qiu was based on his medical condition, we still would find that the plaintiff failed to state a claim
under the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act because Qiu’s proposed accommodation was not
reasonable under these circumstances. Qiu alleges that he failed to appear at the April 20, 2018,
disciplinary hearing because he was incapacitated due to his heart condition. At this stage of the
litigation, we must, of course, accept that fact as true. By Qiu’s own admission, however, he did
not request any accommodation for that medical disability until well after May 22, 2018—the date
on which the decision to dismiss him from the university was made. As explained by the district
court in its ruling on the defendants’ motion to dismiss, “The accommodation that plaintiff seeks,
i.e., reinstatement and the provision of a new disciplinary hearing, amounts to retroactive leniency,
not a reasonable accommodation, because plaintiff had already been dismissed from the university
when he advised UC officials that his heart condition caused him to miss the disciplinary hearing.”
Indeed, we previously have held that a “College was not obligated to provide accommodation until
plaintiff had . . . requested specific accommodation.” Kaltenberger, 162 F.3d at 437. Because the
accommodation that Qiu sought was not requested until after his dismissal from the university, the
district court did not err in dismissing the ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims against the
University of Cincinnati and Pinto and Losada in their official capacities.
In challenging the dismissal of his ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims, Qiu relies heavily
on the case of Hostettler v. College of Wooster, 895 F.3d 844 (6th Cir. 2018), a case standing for
the unsurprising proposition that reasonable accommodations must be extended to individuals
suffering from disabilities. Hostettler, however, was brought pursuant to the provisions of Title I
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of the ADA, which deals with disability discrimination in employment, rather than pursuant to
Title II’s protections accorded in the provision of public services. Moreover, Hostettler involved
a situation in which the plaintiff did request job accommodations in a timely manner, was granted
appropriate accommodations, and then had the accommodations rescinded. Hostettler, 895 F.3d
at 849–51. Unlike Hostettler, Qiu did not request accommodation for his alleged disability until
after the challenged adverse action had been completed. Hostettler thus does little to bolster Qiu’s
position on appeal.
Furthermore, the district court properly dismissed the ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims
against Losada in her individual capacity. As we have held in numerous cases, “the proper
defendant under a Title II claim is the public entity or an official acting in h[er] official
capacity. . . . Title II of the ADA does not, however, provide for suit against a public official
acting in h[er] individual capacity.” Everson v. Leis, 556 F.3d 484, 501 n.7 (6th Cir. 2009). See
also Sullivan v. River Valley Sch. Dist., 197 F.3d 804, 808 n.1 (6th Cir. 1999); Wathen v. Gen.
Elec. Co., 115 F.3d 400, 404 n.6 (6th Cir. 1997).
C. Alleged Violations of Due Process
Qiu also asserts that the defendants violated his Fourteenth Amendment right to due
process by denying him “a full and fair hearing to challenge Defendant Losada’s accusation of
academic cheating/dishonesty which includes his right as the individual involved to be present at
the college hearing panel (CHP).” As a remedy for that alleged violation, Qiu seeks both injunctive
and monetary relief.
Qiu’s claims for monetary damages against the University of Cincinnati and against Pinto
and Losada in their official capacities are barred by the Eleventh Amendment to the United States
Constitution. That amendment expressly provides that federal courts have no jurisdiction over
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“any suit in law or equity” filed “against one of the United States.” U.S. Const. amend. XI.
Because a public university like the University of Cincinnati is an arm of the state, it is entitled to
Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit for compensatory and punitive damages. See, e.g.,
Johnson v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 215 F.3d 561, 571 (6th Cir. 2000). Likewise, the due process
claims against Pinto and Losada in their official capacities seeking monetary damages must be
dismissed. As the United States Supreme Court made clear in Will v. Michigan Department of
State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989), “a suit against a state official in his or her official capacity is
not a suit against the official but rather is a suit against the official’s office. As such, it is no
different from a suit against the State itself.” (Citations omitted.)
Although federal-court claims for retroactive relief against a state, an arm of the state, or a
state official acting in her or his official capacity are barred by the Eleventh Amendment, “a federal
court may enjoin a ‘state official’ from violating federal law” prospectively. Lawson v. Shelby
Cty., 211 F.3d 331, 335 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908)). As we
explained in Lawson:
The idea behind this exception is that a suit against a state officer is not a suit against
the state when the remedy sought is an injunction against an illegal action, for an
officer is not acting on behalf of the state when he acts illegally. In effect, the
illegal act strips the state officer of his character as an agent of the state for the
purposes of the Eleventh Amendment.
Id.
Even so, Qiu has failed to state a claim against the state defendants upon which relief can
be granted. Without question, “[s]tate universities must afford students minimum due process
protections before issuing significant disciplinary decisions.” Doe v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 872 F.3d
393, 399 (6th Cir. 2017). “[U]niversities must ‘at least’ provide notice of the charges, an
explanation of the evidence against the student, and an opportunity to present his side of the story
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before an unbiased decision maker.” Id. at 399–400 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). See
also Endres v. Ne. Ohio Med. Univ., 938 F.3d 281, 301 (6th Cir. 2019). Qiu contends, citing both
University of Cincinnati and Doe v. Baum, 903 F.3d 575 (6th Cir. 2018), that his due process rights
have been violated in this matter because he was denied the chance to cross-examine his accuser.
That assertion, however, fails to take into account the facts of this case.
Even if we were to hold explicitly that the Due Process Clause mandates an opportunity to
cross-examine a professor alleging academic dishonesty, Qiu’s claims against the university and
against Pinto and Losada in their official capacities cannot survive the defendants’ motion to
dismiss. As we previously noted, the due process claim in Qiu’s complaint contains no allegation
that he was denied the opportunity to contest Losada’s charges against him. Instead, he alleged
simply that he had “a right to a full and fair hearing to challenge Defendant Losada’s accusation
of academic cheating/dishonesty which includes his right as the individual involved to be present
at the college hearing panel (CHP).” Qiu admitted in his complaint, however, that he was aware
of the charge against him, the substance of that charge, and that his request for a hearing had been
granted. Qiu thus admits that he received exactly the due process he requested. That Qiu did not
appear at the scheduled hearing, that he did not inform anyone of the reason for his absence until
weeks later, and that he did not request a new hearing until after his dismissal from the university
do not alter that fact. Because Qiu failed to appear at the scheduled hearing, he and we cannot
know whether a request for cross-examination of Losada would have been denied. Because a
motion to dismiss cannot be defeated by mere speculation on the part of a plaintiff, the district
court did not err in dismissing the due process claims against the state entities. See Iqbal, 556 U.S.
at 678 (Courts need not give determinative weight to claims raising only “a sheer possibility that
a defendant has acted unlawfully.”).
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Likewise, the district court properly dismissed the due process claim against Losada in her
individual capacity. Losada explained to Qiu the reason for accusing him of academic dishonesty.
Furthermore, Qiu makes no allegation, credible or otherwise, that Losada herself played any role
in developing the procedures for the school’s disciplinary hearings, in determining that the hearing
should be conducted in Qiu’s absence, in ruling upon the allegation of academic dishonesty, or in
denying his request for a new hearing. Qiu thus has failed to state a due process claim against
Losada in her individual capacity upon which relief could be granted.
D. Alleged Violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981
Qiu also contends that the actions of the defendants that resulted in his dismissal from the
university constituted discrimination based upon Qiu’s national origin, race, and color in violation
of the protections afforded by 42 U.S.C. § 1981. The relevant provisions of § 1981 “prohibit[ ]
racial discrimination in the making and enforcement of contracts.” McCormick v. Miami Univ.,
693 F.3d 654, 659 (6th Cir. 2012). And because “Ohio treats the relationship between a university
and its students as ‘contractual in nature,’” Al-Dabagh v. Case W. Reserve Univ., 777 F.3d 355,
359 (6th Cir. 2015) (citing Behrend v. State, 379 N.E.2d 617, 620 (Ohio Ct. App. 1977)), Qiu’s
claim that he suffered from discriminatory treatment at the hands of the defendants can, in theory,
be remedied through a § 1981 action.
However, any § 1981 claim for money damages against the defendants in their official
capacities is barred by the Eleventh Amendment for the reasons discussed in section II.C. above.
Moreover, Qiu also cannot pursue a § 1981 money-damages claim against Losada in her individual
capacity in this case. As we recognized in McCormick, 42 U.S.C. Ҥ 1983 is the exclusive
mechanism to vindicate violations of § 1981 by an individual state actor acting in h[er] individual
capacity.” McCormick, 693 F.3d at 661 (footnote omitted).
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Even though the Eleventh Amendment does not bar suits for prospective injunctive relief
against state officials and entities, id. at 662, Qiu’s complaint failed to allege the elements
necessary to establish his § 1981 claim. “[W]e review § 1981 claims under the same standard as
Title VII claims.” Barrett v. Whirlpool Corp., 556 F.3d 502, 512 (6th Cir. 2009). Thus, we have
held that a plaintiff can establish a prima facie case of discrimination “in the context of [a]
contractual relationship with” a university by alleging that:
(1) [the plaintiff] is a member of a protected class; (2) [the plaintiff] suffered an
adverse action at the hands of the defendants in [the plaintiff’s] pursuit of [the
plaintiff’s] education; (3) [the plaintiff] was qualified to continue in [the plaintiff's]
pursuit of [the plaintiff’s] education; and (4) [the plaintiff] was treated differently
from similarly situated students who are not members of the protected class.
Bell v. Ohio State Univ., 351 F.3d 240, 253 (6th Cir. 2003).
Qiu asserts that the defendants discriminated against him because he is Chinese. With no
dispute as to Qiu’s national origin or to the fact that expulsion from the university is an adverse
action, Qiu sufficiently has alleged the first two elements of a § 1981 action. But, even if we were
to conclude that he was qualified to continue in his educational pursuits, there can be no doubt that
Qiu’s complaint fails to allege that he was treated differently from non-Chinese students. His
complaint indicates that at least two other students of Asian origin were accused of academic
dishonesty by Losada. He does not, however, include any allegation that non-Asian students have
been treated differently by Losada or by the other defendants after committing similar
indiscretions, or after being found guilty by a college hearing panel of three instances of academic
dishonesty. Because Qiu failed to allege sufficient facts from which even a plausible claim of a
§ 1981 violation could be inferred, the district court did not err in dismissing that portion of Qiu’s
complaint.
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E. Alleged Violation of Title VII and Ohio Revised Code Section 4112.02
Qiu’s complaint, in its third cause of action, alleges that “Defendants’ conduct constitutes
prohibited or unlawful disparate treatment on the basis of national race, and color in violation of,
inter alia, 42 U.S.C. § 2000(e) [sic] et seq., and . . . under corresponding R.C. § 4112.02.” Title
VII, however, was enacted to prohibit discrimination in employment practices. Because Qiu was
not an employee of the university, nor were defendants Pinto or Losada university employers, the
district court properly dismissed the Title VII claim against all defendants.
Furthermore, the claims against the defendants under Ohio Revised Code § 4112.02
properly were dismissed because the federal courts have no jurisdiction over those causes of action.
To the extent that the State of Ohio—and, thus, its agencies and its employees acting in their
official capacities—has waived its sovereign immunity from liability for violations of state law, it
has consented to be sued only in Ohio’s court of claims. See Ohio Rev. Code § 2743.02(A)(1).
Similarly, the federal courts have no jurisdiction over the state-law claims against Losada
in her individual capacity. Ohio Revised Code section 2743.02(F) provides that claims against
state officers or employees for acts “manifestly outside the scope of the officer’s or employee’s
employment or official responsibilities” also must be filed first in the court of claims to determine
“whether the officer or employee is entitled to personal immunity under section 9.86 of the Revised
Code and whether the courts of common pleas have jurisdiction over the civil action. See also
McCormick, 693 F.3d at 664–65.
F. Alleged Retaliation for Exercise of Protected Activity
In a final issue raised by Qiu on appeal, he submits that his complaint sufficiently alleged
improper retaliation by the defendants for his exercise of protected activity. In the complaint, Qiu
stated that the defendants dismissed him from the university in retaliation for “challenging
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Defendant Losada[‘s] accusations of homework cheating using the instructor’s manual in March
2017 and requesting a college panel hearing.” The complaint’s allegation of retaliation fails,
however, to indicate whether the cause of action arises under the ADA or under § 1981. Only in
his appellate brief does Qiu make the oblique reference that “the § 1981 action that includes the
allegation of retaliation . . . cannot be dismissed.” Appellant’s Br. at 25. We thus limit our
examination of the sufficiency of the retaliation claim to case law relevant to § 1981 jurisprudence.
To survive dismissal of a retaliation claim brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981, a plaintiff
“must allege that (1) she engaged in protected activity; (2) her exercise of that activity was known
by the Defendant; (3) the Defendant thereafter took an action that was materially adverse to her;
and (4) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the materially adverse
action.” Boxill v. O’Grady, 935 F.3d 510, 520 (6th Cir. 2019). Here, Qiu appears to allege that
the protected activity in which he engaged was challenging Losada’s accusation of academic
dishonesty by requesting a hearing before the college hearing panel. He makes no allegation,
however, that the adverse action taken against him (dismissal from the university) was related to
his request for a hearing rather than the more obvious reason—being found guilty of cheating on
three occasions. Because Qiu failed to allege a plausible cause of action for retaliation under
§ 1981, the district court did not err in dismissing this claim as well.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set out above, we conclude that Qiu has failed to allege any cause of action
that is plausible on its face. Consequently, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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