United States v. Hunter D. Roush ( 2021 )

`In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 19-3217
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
HUNTER D. ROUSH,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of Illinois.
No. 2:19-cr-20003-MMM-EIL-1 — Sue E. Myerscough, Judge.
____________________
SUBMITTED NOVEMBER 6, 2020 * — DECIDED JUNE 21, 2021
____________________
Before ROVNER, BRENNAN, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges.
ROVNER, Circuit Judge. The defendant, Hunter D. Roush,
pled guilty to transportation of child pornography, in viola-
tion of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(1) and (b)(1), and possession of
* We granted the parties’ joint motion to waive oral argument for this
case, agreeing that this appeal could be resolved on the briefs and record
and that oral argument would not significantly aid the decisional process.
Fed. R. App. P. 34(f).
2 No. 19-3217
child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B)
and (b)(2). The district court imposed a below-Guidelines sen-
tence of 188 months’ imprisonment on Count I and 120
months’ imprisonment on Count II, followed by 10 years of
supervised release on each count, all running concurrently.
Roush now appeals, arguing that the court erred in failing to
properly identify the Guidelines range and that the court
erred in failing to consider his primary arguments in mitiga-
tion before imposing the sentence. Neither argument has
merit.
First, Roush argues that the court failed to properly calcu-
late the Guidelines range. Specifically, he alleges that the
court imposed the 188-month term of incarceration and 10-
year supervised release without ruling on the issue of ac-
ceptance of responsibility and without making a determina-
tion of the appropriate Guidelines range at sentencing. “The
district court has the ultimate responsibility to ensure that the
Guidelines range it considers is correct, and the ‘[f]ailure to
calculate the correct Guidelines range constitutes procedural
error.’” Rosales-Mireles v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1897, 1904
(2018), quoting Peugh v. United States, 569 U.S. 530, 537 (2013);
United States v. Miller, 829 F.3d 519, 527 (7th Cir. 2016) (recog-
nizing that in considering such a procedural challenge, we
must ensure that the district court properly calculated the
Guidelines range, considered the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors,
and adequately explained the sentence.) Because Roush did
not raise the alleged procedural error in the district court, we
review the claim for plain error. Rosales-Mireles, 138 S. Ct. at
1904. Under that standard, we may remedy the error if it is
plain, it was not intentionally relinquished or abandoned, and
it affected the defendant’s substantial rights. Id. Once those
hurdles are met, we have the discretion to correct the forfeited
No. 19-3217 3
error if the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or
public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. at 1905.
Under that plain error standard, or any standard, the
claim cannot succeed because the record does not support the
claim of error. A review of the sentencing transcript reveals
that the court recognized the proper Guidelines range, which
is confirmed in the court’s post-sentencing statement of rea-
sons, and awarded the two-level deduction for acceptance of
responsibility, which was the only deduction available to
Roush on that basis. The court at the sentencing hearing first
adopted the factual findings of the presentence report as its
own, subject to ruling on any objections of Roush. The court
then identified the relevant increases and deductions from the
base amount. It held that Roush’s base offense level was 22,
and that the following increases were applicable: 2-level in-
crease because the offense involved images of minor children
as young as 5 years old; 5-level increase because Roush dis-
tributed child pornography in exchange for valuable consid-
eration but not for pecuniary gain; 4-level increase because
Roush possessed images that portrayed sadistic conduct or
other depictions of violence; and a 5-level increase because
Roush was responsible for possessing at least 21 video files
which represent 1,575 images of child pornography. The court
noted that the offense level was thereby increased to 38.
The court then held that “[a] two-level deduction for ac-
ceptance of responsibility brings it back down to 36,” and
asked the government whether it was going to move for an
additional one-level deduction for acceptance of responsibil-
ity. Sent. Tr. Doc. 18 at 7. Unlike the 2-level deduction, that
additional one-level deduction for acceptance of responsibil-
ity can be provided only upon motion by the government.
4 No. 19-3217
United States v. Nurek, 578 F.3d 618, 624 (7th Cir. 2009); United
States v. Deberry, 576 F.3d 708, 710 (7th Cir. 2009). The govern-
ment responded that it believed that at least one of the de-
fendant’s objections was frivolous, and depending upon the
court’s ruling as to the distribution enhancement in particu-
lar, it would not move for that additional reduction. In light
of that response, the court stated “[s]o it stands at 36 now, and
after I rule, I’ll determine whether he may get the 35, if the
Government so moves. Sent. Tr. Doc. 18 at 8.
After considering and denying Roush’s objections to spe-
cific enhancements, the court reiterated that it adopted the
fact findings in the PSR. The government then restated its ear-
lier position that it did not believe that Roush should be given
the acceptance of responsibility credit. In light of that posi-
tion, the court then asked a question of Tom Brown from Pro-
bation to clarify the range that would then apply: “I do have
a question. Mr. Brown, if the Government is not moving for
the one-level deduction, that means the defendant has an of-
fense level of 36. Does that change the Guidelines at all?” Id.
at 27. Brown responded that the Guideline range for the of-
fense level of 36 would then be 210 to 262 months, and a stat-
utory maximum of 120 months for Count II. Id. at 28. The gov-
ernment argued for 235 months, Roush spoke separately him-
self and requested 120 months, and the court departed down-
ward from the Guidelines and imposed 188 months.
Given that record, there is no factual support for the claim
that the court failed to calculate the Guidelines range, or that
the court failed to rule on the issue of acceptance of responsi-
bility. As to acceptance of responsibility, the court in fact
granted Roush a two-level deduction for acceptance of re-
sponsibility, and the additional one-level deduction was not
No. 19-3217 5
before the court because it can be awarded only if the govern-
ment requests it and the government chose not to do so. Be-
cause that deduction was unobtainable absent a motion by the
government, there was nothing for the court to rule on with
respect to that deduction and therefore the argument that the
court failed to rule on acceptance of responsibility is un-
founded. Furthermore, the court properly recognized the of-
fense level of 36 applied, and clarified on the record the
Guidelines range of 210 to 262 months applicable to Roush
given his offense level and criminal history. And that was
confirmed in its subsequently-filed statement of reasons, in
which the court reiterated that the Guidelines range for Roush
was 210 to 262 months’ imprisonment. Roush does not claim
that the offense level or Guidelines range so identified was
incorrect. Accordingly, Roush’s claim of procedural error is
unfounded.
The remaining challenge by Roush is that the court erred
in failing to consider Roush’s primary arguments presented
in mitigation when it failed to consider his “comprehensive
allocution” before determining his sentence. Because Roush
failed to object in the district court, we review for plain error,
which is satisfied only for errors that are plain and affected
the defendant’s substantial rights, and for which we may re-
verse, in our discretion, if the error seriously affects the fair-
ness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.
United States v. Luepke, 495 F.3d 443, 448 (7th Cir. 2007).
Roush argues that he “spoke three times at sentencing:”
first, in his testimony at sentencing, second, in his statement
to the court prior to sentencing, and third, in a statement to
the court after sentencing. He asserts that the court failed to
consider the arguments in mitigation in that final statement,
6 No. 19-3217
and the court did not reconsider the sentence in light of those
arguments.
Roush testified at length in the sentencing hearing and af-
firmed that the testimony represented his “position in terms
of how [he] want[s] the court to sentence [him].” Sent. Tr. Doc.
18 at 20. Prior to determining the sentence, the court invited
counsel for the government and the defendant to present any
arguments. Following their statements, the court turned to
Roush and declared: “Mr. Roush, now is your opportunity to
speak. Do you wish to be heard?” Id. at 31. Roush responded
in the affirmative, and the court stated “Please proceed.” Id.
Roush used that opportunity to argue for a sentence of a max-
imum of 120 months, noting it would give him enough time
to obtain schooling and counseling while not impeding his
ability to rehabilitate back into society upon release. Follow-
ing that statement and a sidebar, the court took a 5-minute
recess. Upon its return, the court proceeded to apply the
§ 3553 factors and concluded that a below-Guidelines sen-
tence of 188 months on Count I and 120 months on Count II,
served concurrently, was appropriate.
After setting forth the sentence and conditions, the court
asked defense counsel if it had addressed all matters in miti-
gation, and defense counsel responded that the court had
done so. The court then asked Roush if he had any questions.
Roush first responded that he still did not agree with “the
whole niece thing,” referring to his prior admissions that he
had exposed himself to his niece when she was one to two
years old and had sexually assaulted her. When Roush’s at-
torney noted that the court asked if he had questions and that
was not a question, Roush then stated “oh, I have this–this
court statement that I typed up that I was wondering when
No. 19-3217 7
I’d be able to read to the court.” Id. at 36. The court responded
that he had asked Roush earlier if he had anything he wished
to say, but allowed Roush to proceed to read the letter. After
Roush read the letter to the court, the court asked if there were
any objections to the sentence imposed, and defense counsel
and government counsel both responded that there were not.
Counsel for the government noted that the letter from Roush
had the same substantive information that Roush had already
testified to at the sentencing hearing prior to the court’s de-
termination of the sentence. She then asked the court “to find
that the Court has already considered the major points in his
allocution to the Court even prior to imposing sentence,” and
the court affirmed that it had considered the major points and
added that it appreciated Roush’s apology. Id. at 42.
On appeal, Roush essentially considers the reading of the
letter as an extension of his allocution, and contends that the
court erred in failing to reconsider the sentence in light of that
statement. Roush provides no support for the argument that
he was entitled to a second allocution, or that the court’s de-
cision to allow him to speak post-sentencing somehow trig-
gered a requirement to reconsider the sentencing determina-
tion. Compare United States v. Burgos-Andujar, 275 F.3d 23, 28–
31 (1st Cir. 2001) (recognizing that there is no right to a second
allocution but affirming the ability of the judge, prior to sen-
tence, to agree to allow a second opportunity for the defend-
ant to speak). In some cases in which an allocution followed
the sentence determination, courts have recognized the need
for the district court to reconsider the sentence anew, but here
there is no dispute that an opportunity to allocute was pro-
vided presentencing. Even where the opportunity to allocute
is not properly provided, in the absence of an objection in the
8 No. 19-3217
district court we have upheld the sentence in the rare circum-
stance in which the “facts of a particular case … compel a con-
clusion that any violation of the defendant’s right to allo-
cute[e] did not affect seriously the fairness of the judicial pro-
ceedings.” United States v. Noel, 581 F.3d 490, 503 (7th Cir.
2009) (upholding the sentence even though the defendant was
not personally invited to speak where fairness of the proceed-
ings was not impacted because the substance of the allocution
was delivered through the reading of the defendant’s letter
and a below-Guidelines sentence was imposed).
We need not determine whether the reading of the letter
constituted a continuation of the allocution in this case, be-
cause regardless of its characterization, the record demon-
strates that prior to its determination of the sentence, the court
had already heard from Roush directly as to all of the material
points raised in that letter. Roush argues that in failing to re-
consider the sentence, the court failed to consider evidence
Roush presented as to his character and post-offense rehabil-
itation, his losses, his newly-expressed remorse for his con-
duct and desire for victim forgiveness. All salient issues in
mitigation, however, were considered by the court before it
determined the sentence because Roush presented the same
substance to the court in his testimony at the sentencing hear-
ing and in his pre-sentence allocution.
In his testimony at the sentencing hearing, Roush detailed
his history of asthma and of mental health issues such as anx-
iety and depression, and his past arrest for aggravated child
pornography. He also asserted that he did not obtain the child
pornography material in this case for personal use, but rather
that he received the files as part of an effort to obtain the IP
No. 19-3217 9
addresses of those who traded in such material, with the in-
tention to supply that information to the police. In addition,
he stated that his earlier admission to a law enforcement of-
ficer that he fondled the genitals of his two-year-old niece was
made because the officer told him that they would sit there
for hours until he got the answer he wanted. In his allocution
prior to sentencing, Roush added that a 10-year sentence
should be imposed because that would give him enough time
to obtain an education and receive counseling, and that a sen-
tence of twenty years would impede his ability to reincorpo-
rate into society.
Roush’s post-sentencing statement reiterated the same
substantive points already presented to the court in that testi-
mony and allocution, and considered by it in determining the
sentence. As in his testimony, Roush devoted much of his
post-sentence statement to the contention that his conduct
was never about sexual gratification and did not evidence any
criminal intentions. Instead, he contended that in receiving
the child pornography he was trying to do something positive
and that it was an effort to catch the people who sought out
that type of pornography. Along those same lines, he argued
that the collection of IP addresses to identify wrongdoers was
a part of his propensity to collect things. As he had done be-
fore, he informed the court that he had multiple mental health
issues including depression and anxiety.
The only new arguments in mitigation made by Roush
were: his assertions that he had lost a lot in jail, including
missing family, friends, and significant events such as funer-
als and birthdays; and his regret that he had failed in his in-
tention to reveal the wrongdoers and therefore failed the vic-
tims, and that he had hurt people in the past. As to the first of
10 No. 19-3217
these, the impact of jail on missing family events is a general,
universal consequence of incarceration, of which a court is
aware and which is not a mitigation factor that the court here
was required to specifically address. See generally United
States v. Barr, 960 F.3d 906, 914–15 (7th Cir. 2020); United States
v. Villegas-Miranda, 579 F.3d 798, 801–02 (7th Cir. 2009).
That leaves only the regret expressed by Roush, which
Roush argues is relevant to show remorse and acceptance of
responsibility. At the outset, we note that the “remorse” and
“acceptance of responsibility” expressed in that statement
was questionable at best. Roush spent much of the statement
repeating a contention that the court had already heard in his
testimony at sentencing, that his actions in procuring child
pornography were not with criminal intent, but rather were
for the purpose of capturing the IP addresses of others seek-
ing child pornography with the intent to bring that infor-
mation to the police. That argument is inconsistent with his
guilty plea, and rendered even less credible in light of his
prior child pornography state court conviction and his admis-
sion to fondling his two-year-old niece. Nothing in that ex-
pression of regret would have been likely to alter the sentence
in his favor, and its core notion that his actions were an effort
to aid law enforcement and not criminal in intent had already
been stated by him to the court prior to sentencing. See United
States v. Covington, 681 F.3d 908, 911 (7th Cir. 2012) (finding
no prejudice although the court interrupted the defendant’s
allocution because the defendant had been given an oppor-
tunity to address the court at length before the interruption
and had discussed the same topics of mental health that he
now argues he would have raised, and the court based its de-
cision on an unrelated ground).
No. 19-3217 11
In addition, the government sought a clarification follow-
ing that post-sentencing statement by Roush, to ensure for the
record that the issues raised in the post-sentencing statement
had already been considered by the court prior to determin-
ing the sentence. In response, the judge stated that she appre-
ciated the apology from the defendant, and affirmed that the
sentence previously issued already reflected consideration of
the main points made by the defendant in the post-sentencing
statement. Accordingly, the record indicates that the court
considered the salient arguments made by Roush in mitiga-
tion, and therefore—even if we were to somehow construe the
post-sentencing statement as an extension of his allocution—
the facts do not demonstrate that the procedures followed by
the district court resulted in any prejudice to Roush nor do
they indicate that the fairness of the proceedings was affected.
The decision of the district court is AFFIRMED.