Lydia Vega v. Chicago Park District ( 2021 )

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 20-3492
LYDIA E. VEGA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
CHICAGO PARK DISTRICT,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:13-cv-00451 — Jorge L. Alonso, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED MAY 27, 2021 — DECIDED SEPTEMBER 1, 2021
____________________
Before KANNE, SCUDDER, and KIRSCH, Circuit Judges.
KIRSCH, Circuit Judge. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964 is one of several federal statutes that allows a prevailing
party to shift its attorneys’ fees to its adversary. After years of
litigation, a federal jury sided with Lydia Vega on her national
origin discrimination claim against the Chicago Park District.
We affirmed that result on appeal. The parties then began dis-
cussing Vega’s attorneys’ fees request. But, just as in the mer-
its litigation, the parties could not resolve their differences.
2 No. 20-3492
Vega ultimately submitted two fee petitions to the district
court—covering two distinct time periods—that the court
granted. The district court also granted Vega’s request for a
tax-component award to offset her income tax liability on the
backpay award from her successful Title VII claim. The Park
District now appeals, taking aim at both the reasonableness of
the attorneys’ fee awards and the amount of the tax-compo-
nent award. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.
I
In 2013, Lydia Vega, a Hispanic woman, brought 12 claims
against the Chicago Park District all related to its investigation
and termination of her employment for allegedly falsifying
her timesheets. After extended pretrial motions practice, the
district court allowed Vega’s national origin discrimination
and retaliation claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Title VII to
proceed to trial.
The jury returned a verdict for Vega on the discrimination
claims, but not the retaliation claims, and awarded $750,000
in damages. The Park District moved for remittitur and for
judgment as a matter of law on the discrimination claims; the
district judge granted the former, reducing the award to Title
VII’s statutory maximum of $300,000, and partially granted
the latter, entering judgment for the Park District on Vega’s
§ 1983 discrimination claim. After the district court held an
equitable damages hearing, it ordered the Park District to re-
instate Vega in her position, pay her backpay, provide her
with the cash value of lost benefits, pay prejudgment interest,
and pay a tax-component award (that is, an award granted to
make a plaintiff whole by easing the tax burden from a lump-
sum award).
No. 20-3492 3
The Park District appealed every decision it lost at trial,
and Vega cross-appealed the district court’s ruling on her
§ 1983 discrimination claim. We affirmed all the district
court’s rulings except for the tax-component award, which we
held was not explained sufficiently for meaningful appellate
review. The facts are set forth fully in our previous opinion.
See Vega v. Chicago Park Dist., 954 F.3d 996, 1002–03 (7th Cir.
2020).
Not part of that first appeal was the issue of attorneys’ fees.
On March 28, 2019, Vega submitted her first fee petition total-
ing $1,073,901.25. With her motion Vega included a 200-page
document listing the date on which the work occurred, the
billing attorney, a brief description of the work performed, the
hours expended, and the total cost of the work. Vega redacted
portions of the entries that she maintained were privileged or
revealed litigation strategy. Vega’s counsel, Catherine Sim-
mons-Gill,1 submitted sample contingent-fee agreements
from 2018 and 2019, an hourly fee agreement, two agreements
from her work as an expert witness, and three declarations
from Chicago employment lawyers to support her current
hourly rate of $425 for general tasks and $450 for in-court
work. And she included declarations from three employment
law practitioners attesting that the time she spent on this case,
considering all circumstances, was reasonable.
The Park District objected to all but $41,784.88 of Vega’s
fee petition. It also insisted that the court should apply Sim-
mons-Gill’s hourly rate at the time the litigation began of $300
1 When we refer to Simmons-Gill, we are referring to all Vega’s many
counsel.
4 No. 20-3492
per hour. The district court, in an order dated July 20, 2020,2
granted Vega’s first fee petition in the amount of $1,006,592.
The court noted that the fees were “a massive amount for a
single-plaintiff employment discrimination case” but laid
some of the blame on the Park District for taking “a scorched-
earth litigation approach” that “played a role in inflating the
time [Vega’s] counsel spent on the case.” After noting that
Vega voluntarily eliminated billing entries that exclusively
concerned her unsuccessful claims, the district court held that
Vega’s claims “were all bound up together in the same essen-
tial course of events consisting of the investigation of [Vega’s]
timesheets and her ultimate termination.” Nonetheless, the
district court reviewed Vega’s fee petition line by line (alt-
hough under no obligation to do so). The court then disal-
lowed line entries it found to be “plainly deficient” and re-
duced the total fee amount by 5% across the board.
The district court also held that using Simmons-Gill’s cur-
rent billing rates was reasonable based on the three contin-
gency representation agreements, affidavits from employ-
ment lawyers, an unexecuted hourly fee agreement, and Sim-
mons-Gill’s expert witness agreements. The district court re-
jected the Park District’s request to apply Vega’s historical
billable rates, reasoning that the Park District did not satisfy
its burden under Pickett v. Sheridan Health Care Ctr., 664 F.3d
632 (7th Cir. 2011), “to provide a good reason why a lower
rate is essential” in this case, “particularly given that the delay
in resolving this case can hardly be blamed on [Vega] or her
counsel.” Noting that we have approved fee awards based on
both current and historical billing rates, the court reasoned
2We refer to this order as the “July 20 order” to distinguish it from the
district court’s order concerning Vega’s supplemental fee petition.
No. 20-3492 5
that the “current-rate method has the virtue of simplicity”
and was “more appropriate in a long-pending, multi-year
case such as this one.”
Vega filed a second fee petition totaling $254,635.69 for
Simmons-Gill’s work following the first petition. The Park
District objected to every entry except for $10,160. The district
court disallowed Simmons-Gill’s fees for litigating a motion
for clarification, for the cross-appeal of Vega’s § 1983 claim,
and for hours her legal team spent conferring amongst them-
selves, ultimately awarding $218,221.69 in supplemental fees.
In addition to attorneys’ fees, the district court also
granted Vega a tax-component award of $49,224.30. The court
based this award on redacted tax records Vega provided from
2013 to 2019, showing no actual tax liability for each year from
2013 to 2017 and $2,800 in tax liability for 2018; her testimony
that, had she remained employed with the Park District from
2012 to 2017, she would not have paid any federal income tax
(based on her zero tax liability while employed with the Park
District from 2010 to 2012); her testimony that she would have
paid $2,800 in federal income tax in 2018 if employed with the
Park District; and a calculation of the award, following the
methodology described in Washington v. Office of the State Ap-
pellate Defender, No. 12 C 8533, 2016 WL 3058377 (N.D. Ill. May
31, 2016). When employing the Washington methodology, the
district court calculated Vega’s total income for the current tax
year by adding together the backpay award and the compen-
satory damages award. It used this total to calculate Vega’s
effective tax rate. The court then applied that effective tax rate
to the backpay award (but not to the compensatory damages)
to arrive at the tax-component award. In doing so, the court
rejected the Park District’s argument that the compensatory
6 No. 20-3492
damages award should not be used to calculate Vega’s effec-
tive tax rate.
II
The Park District appeals the district court’s attorneys’
fees and tax-component awards. We address each in turn.
A
Section 2000e-5(k) of Title 42 permits a district court, in its
discretion, to award reasonable attorneys’ fees to the prevail-
ing party in a Title VII action. Pickett, 664 F.3d at 639. We re-
view a district court’s determination of attorneys’ fees under
a highly deferential abuse of discretion standard. Paz v. Port-
folio Recovery Assocs., LLC, 924 F.3d 949, 954 (7th Cir. 2019).
That level of deference follows from the nature of attorneys’
fees litigation. Specifically, we have observed that: “(1) [the
district court] possesses superior understanding of the litiga-
tion and there exists a desirability of avoiding frequent appel-
late review of what essentially are factual matters; (2) the need
for uniformity in attorneys’ fees awards is not great enough
to warrant appellate review of minutia; and (3) the desirabil-
ity of avoiding a second major litigation strictly over attor-
neys’ fees is high.” Farfaras v. Citizens Bank & Tr. of Chicago,
433 F.3d 558, 569 (7th Cir. 2006) (internal citations and altera-
tion omitted); see Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 838 (2011). In prac-
tice, then, we find an abuse of discretion only “where no rea-
sonable person could take the view espoused by the district
court.” Cooney v. Casady, 735 F.3d 514, 518 (7th Cir. 2013) (quo-
tation omitted). To the extent the appeal challenges the dis-
trict court’s application of the “correct legal framework”, we
review de novo. Nichols v. Ill. Dep’t of Transp., 4 F.4th 437, 441
(7th Cir. 2021).
No. 20-3492 7
1
The Park District’s opening salvo takes broad aim at the
district court’s approach to the burden of proving reasonable
fees under Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424 (1983). Neither
party disputes that, under Hensley, Vega “bears the burden of
establishing entitlement to an award and documenting the
appropriate hours expended and hourly rates.” Id. at 437. But
the Park District insists that the district court relieved Vega of
that burden by acquiescing in Vega’s failure to “sufficiently
document the tasks for which she [sought] fees[,]” instead re-
quiring the Park District to “ferret out missing information.”
In support, the Park District points to two aspects of the dis-
trict court’s orders: (1) the district court’s “misgivings about
the size of Vega’s legal bill” evidenced by several quotes from
the July 20 order; and (2) the district court’s statement from
the November 16 order, when addressing the Park District’s
objections on vagueness grounds, that the Park District
should have “ascertain[ed] during the meet-and-confer pro-
cess what work [certain] entries … pertained to, and, if appro-
priate, propose[d] a reduction on some reasonable basis other
than intuition.”
The Park District’s argument, however, misses the mark.
The amount of the award in this case is no doubt very high,
even for litigation that has been going on since 2013. But the
district court’s analysis is not at odds with Hensley. The dis-
trict court first evaluated Vega’s 200-plus-page spreadsheet
line by line, striking dozens of entries that it found were
plainly insufficient before reducing the total fee request by
5%. Moreover, the district court found, “[f]or the most part,”
Simmons-Gill’s “billing narratives contain a level of detail
that paying clients would be likely to find acceptable.” Cf.
8 No. 20-3492
Spegon v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 175 F.3d 544, 552 (7th Cir.
1999) (“[H]ours that an attorney would not properly bill to his
or her client in the private sector cannot properly be billed to
the adverse party under a fee-shifting statute.”). The misgiv-
ings the Park District identifies are neither in tension with the
district court’s analysis nor a basis upon which to hold that it
improperly shifted Vega’s burden. Furthermore, the district
court’s analysis is consistent with what our cases require. We
have held that “[o]nce a petitioning party provides evidence
of the proposed fees’ reasonableness, the burden shifts to the
other party to demonstrate the award’s unreasonableness.”
Wachovia Secs., LLC v. Banco Panamericano, Inc., 674 F.3d 743,
759 (7th Cir. 2012). So the district court’s statement in the No-
vember 16 order mentioned above accurately represents the
back-and-forth of the parties’ burdens in attorneys’ fee litiga-
tion.
2
The Park District next broadly contends that the district
court improperly awarded Vega fees for unsuccessful claims.
When a plaintiff prevails on some claims, but not others,
Hensley provides a two-step analysis for determining the rea-
sonableness of a fee award: (1) “we ask, ‘did the plaintiff pre-
vail on claims that were unrelated to the claims on which [her]
succeeded?’”; and (2) “we ask whether ‘the plaintiff
achieve[d] a level of success that makes the hours reasonably
expended a satisfactory basis for making a fee award?’” Ibra-
him v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 912 F.3d 1147, 1172 (7th Cir.
2019) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434) (alteration in original).
The Park District’s challenge focuses only on the first of the
two steps.
No. 20-3492 9
A district court should not award attorneys’ fees for work
on an unsuccessful claim “that is distinct in all respects from
[the plaintiff’s] successful claim.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 440. But
if the “lawsuit consists of related claims, a plaintiff who has
won substantial relief should not have his attorney’s fee re-
duced simply because the district court did not adopt each
contention raised.” Id. We have explained that unrelated
claims are those that “are entirely distinct and separate from
the prevailing claims.” Ibrahim, 912 F.3d at 1174 (quotation
omitted). Related claims, in contrast, “involve a common core
of facts or are based on related legal theories;” there is no re-
quirement that “both facts and law” be in common. Id. (quota-
tion omitted). Stated differently, the relatedness analysis cen-
ters on “whether the unsuccessful and successful claims arose
out of the same course of conduct. If they didn’t, they are un-
related under Hensley.” Id. (quotation omitted).
We are not convinced by the Park District’s arguments
that the district court misapplied Hensley’s relatedness stand-
ard. As a preliminary matter, the court found that Simmons-
Gill voluntarily eliminated time entries that concerned “only
[] claims on which [Vega] did not prevail.” It then considered
whether her unsuccessful claims “had a common core of facts
or a factual nexus with the claim on which she prevailed,” and
agreed that it did. That conclusion was reasonable. The court
explained that Vega’s “unsuccessful claims and her successful
[Title VII] national-origin discrimination claim were all
bound up together in the same essential course of events con-
sisting of the investigation of [Vega’s] timesheets and her ul-
timate termination[,]” that “all of the relevant events occurred
in a very short period of time[,]” and that “evidence on the
unsuccessful claims may have provided context for the jury
regarding [Vega’s] entire experience as one of the [Park
10 No. 20-3492
District’s] employees.” And at oral argument Vega main-
tained that she presented the same evidence for both her Title
VII and her § 1983 claims at trial. When presented an oppor-
tunity to contradict that representation, the Park District de-
murred.
To be sure, we have recognized that some cases might pre-
sent retaliation and discrimination claims that are “so discrete
that a plaintiff who succeeds on only one claim would merit
only a drastically reduced fee award.” Merriweather v. Family
Dollar Stores of Indiana, Inc., 103 F.3d 576, 584 (7th Cir. 1996).
But, as discussed, the district court reasonably concluded that
Vega’s claims were not so discrete. So “we defer, as we must,
to the judgment of the trier of fact.” Id.We also reject the Park District’s overly simple argument
concerning Vega’s unsuccessful cross-appeal of her § 1983 re-
taliation claim. In essence, the Park District suggests that be-
cause the district court held that Vega’s § 1983 cross-appeal
was unrelated to Vega’s successful claim, it follows that
Vega’s § 1983 claim, in general, was unrelated to her success-
ful claim. But here, too, the district court’s approach was rea-
sonable. As a preliminary matter, Vega represented at oral ar-
gument that she voluntarily eliminated entries from her fee
petition concerning her cross-appeal. And in the November
16 order, the district court agreed with the Park District that
20 hours of work on the cross-appeal it identified in Vega’s
supplemental fee petition should not be considered. But the
district court rejected the Park District’s argument that other
time entries were attributable to her cross-appeal, reasoning
that the Park District failed to identify the entries to which it
objected. That approach was reasonable. Wachovia Secs., LLC,
674 F.3d at 759. Moreover, the district court reasonably
No. 20-3492 11
concluded that Simmons-Gill’s work on the § 1983 cross-ap-
peal—that Vega lost—did not contribute to Vega’s overall
success; in contrast, gathering and presenting evidence for
Vega’s § 1983 claim at trial directly contributed to it.
3
The Park District then asserts that the district court unrea-
sonably awarded attorneys’ fees for excessive billable hours.
The Court in Hensley held that parties submitting fee requests
“should make a good faith effort to exclude … hours that are
excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary just as a law-
yer in private practice ethically is obligated to exclude such
hours from his fee submission.” 461 U.S. at 434. This principle
follows from counsel’s obligation to exercise “billing judg-
ment,” which in part requires that “[h]ours that are not
properly billed to one’s client also are not properly billed to
one’s adversary pursuant to statutory authority.” Id. (quota-
tion omitted). Accordingly, counsel must “winnow[] the
hours actually expended to the hours reasonably expended.”
Spegon, 175 F.3d at 552. The district court, in turn, must ex-
clude “hours that were not reasonably expended.” Hensley,
461 U.S. at 434 (quotation omitted).
That said, the “essential goal in shifting fees … is to do
rough justice, not achieve auditing perfection.” Fox, 563 U.S.
at 838. To that end, the Court has noted that district courts
may consider “their overall sense of the suit” and “may use
estimates in calculating and allocating an attorney’s time.” Id.And, along the same lines, we do not require a district court
to “undertake a line-by-line inquiry” of a voluminous fee pe-
tition and have “endorse[d] the [district] court’s lump-sum
approach as a practical means of trimming fat from a fee
12 No. 20-3492
application.” Nichols, 4 F.4th at 444 (quoting Tomazzoli v.
Sheedy, 804 F.2d 93, 98 (7th Cir. 1984) (alteration omitted)).
The district court reasonably accounted for what it
deemed excessive billing requests in both the July 20 and No-
vember 16 orders. In its July 20 order, the district court ana-
lyzed Simmons-Gill’s fee petition line by line and excluded
plainly deficient entries after Simmons-Gill had already vol-
untarily eliminated certain entries. It then reduced the total
amount of fees Simmons-Gill sought by 5%. The court rea-
soned that for the most part the billing entries would be ac-
ceptable to paying clients; that the Park District’s tactics ac-
counted in part for the higher billable hours Simmons-Gill
recorded; and that Simmons-Gill billed many of those hours
at the lower billing rates of associates or paralegals. In the No-
vember 16 order, the district court noted that Vega submitted
affidavits from employment law practitioners supporting the
reasonableness of Simmons-Gill’s billable hours. It went on to
note the multitude of issues and high stakes in the litigation
and that Vega’s level of success at trial warranted “a substan-
tial level of effort to protect the verdict.” And it found the Park
District offered no basis for its argument otherwise “apart
from its own ipse dixit.” See Wachovia Secs., LLC, 674 F.3d at
759.
In resisting the district court’s analysis, the Park District
argues that the district court arbitrarily eliminated certain re-
dacted entries while leaving others. We disagree. As a prelim-
inary matter, the district court did not turn a blind eye to the
redacted entries; rather, it first eliminated entries that it found
to be plainly deficient and then reduced the total fee request
by 5%, explaining the reasons for the reduction. That analysis,
as we discussed, was reasonable. So even if certain entries
No. 20-3492 13
were as deficient as those the district court specifically ex-
cluded, the district court accounted for that deficiency in a
way we have recognized is reasonable. Given the highly def-
erential standard of review, the district court’s analyses in its
July 16 and November 20 orders were reasonable.
4
The Park District also takes issue with the district court’s
decision to use Simmons-Gill’s current, rather than historical,
billing rates. “A reasonable hourly rate is based on the local
market rate for the attorney’s services.” Montanez v. Simon,
755 F.3d 547, 553 (7th Cir. 2014). The “best evidence” of that
rate “is the amount the attorney … bills for similar work.” Id.The district court may also “rely on evidence of rates charged
by similarly experienced attorneys in the community and ev-
idence of rates set for the attorney in similar cases.” Id. Vega
has the burden of proving the market rate; “however, once the
attorney provides evidence of the market rate, the burden
shifts to the opposing party to show why a lower rate should
be awarded.” Stark v. PPM Am. Inc., 354 F.3d 666, 675 (7th Cir.
2004). The district court’s “hourly rate determinations” are
“afforded great deference so long as” the evidence the district
court relies upon is “sufficiently recent to be probative of
counsel’s” market rates. Spegon, 175 F.3d at 557. We have af-
firmed district courts’ use of counsel’s historical market rates,
see Smith v. Village of Maywood, 17 F.3d 219, 221 (7th Cir. 1994),
and current market rates in multi-year litigation. See Lightfoot
v. Walker, 826 F.2d 516, 523 (7th Cir. 1987). As for the latter, a
current market rate calculation “compensate[s] for the delay
in payment” and “simplif[ies]” the district court’s calculation.
Id.14 No. 20-3492
Although we are skeptical of using current billing rates in
litigation that lasts as long as this case did, we cannot say that
the district court’s decision to use Simmons-Gill’s current bill-
ing rates under the circumstances was unreasonable given the
degree of deference we afford district courts. It was certainly
reasonable for the district court to rely upon Vega’s submis-
sions—declarations from employment attorneys, an unexe-
cuted hourly fee agreement, and Simmons-Gill’s agreements
to serve as an expert witness—to determine Simmons-Gill’s
current billing rates. See Spegon, 175 F.3d at 557. We also agree
with the district court that using counsel’s current billing rates
has the virtue of simplicity and that it is appropriate for courts
to account for a delay in payment. But, as we cautioned in
Lightfoot, district courts should avoid awarding current billing
rates when it results in a “windfall[,]” particularly in years-
long litigation. 826 F.2d at 523. This litigation was exception-
ally long, even for multi-year Title VII litigation. And apply-
ing the current billing rates without adjustment gives us
pause—the applied rate is over 40% higher than Simmons-
Gill’s billing rate when the litigation commenced. The district
court could have gone about this another way by using the
historical billing rates at the time the work was performed
plus compensating for the delay in payment, and could have
provided a more robust explanation for its decision to apply
current rates when the billings stretched over so many years.
But, in the end, we are not convinced that the district court’s
approach under the circumstances in this case—using current
billing rates as a means to compensate for the delay in
No. 20-3492 15
payment—was unreasonable under our highly deferential
abuse of discretion standard.3
* * *
We end our analysis of the district court’s attorneys’ fees
award where we started, with the standard of review in fee
litigation appeals. The attorneys’ fees in this case strike us as
rather high for the type of litigation and monetary and equi-
table relief that Vega achieved. But our review is highly def-
erential, and the district court’s analysis and reasoning
demonstrate an appropriate exercise of its discretion.
B
The Park District finally takes issue with the district
court’s calculation of the tax-component award. We review a
district court’s grant of a tax-component award for abuse of
discretion. Vega, 954 F.3d at 1009–10.
The district court used the same three-step formula that
the district court in Washington used to calculate the award:
(1) subtract[] the plaintiff’s actual tax burden
during the back-pay period from the tax burden
she would have born during the same period
had she remained employed by the defendant,
(2) subtract[] the plaintiff’s expected tax burden
in the year of the decision, absent any lump-sum
back-pay award, from that portion of her ex-
pected tax burden attributable to the back-pay
award in the event that a lump-sum payment
3 We note that the district court may have reduced the lodestar (that is,
reasonable fees multiplied by reasonable hours) by 5% across the board
to, at least in part, reduce Simmons-Gill’s billing rate, but it did not say so.
16 No. 20-3492
was made in the same year, and (3) subtract[]
the result of (1) from the result of (2).
See Washington, 2016 WL 5233563, at *4. Following these steps
in detail, the district court arrived at a $49,224.30 tax-compo-
nent award.
The Park District does not object to the Washington frame-
work.4 Rather, it maintains that the district court abused its
discretion for two reasons: (1) portions of Vega’s tax returns
from 2013 to 2017 were redacted—Vega’s adjusted gross in-
come, deductions, and taxable income—which made it im-
possible for the district court to accurately calculate Vega’s
hypothetical tax liability had she remained employed with
the Park District for those years; and (2) the district court
erred when it included the $300,000 compensatory damages
award to calculate Vega’s effective tax rate.
Both arguments fall flat. As for the first, Vega presented
evidence of her actual tax burden ($0) for each year from 2013
to 2017 and testified to what she would have owed in taxes if
employed by the Park District during that period. That testi-
mony was based on Vega’s actual tax burden while employed
with the Park District from 2010 to 2012. So the district court
reasonably credited this evidence. Indeed, the Park District
presented nothing to contradict it, even though the Park Dis-
trict—as her former employer—could have deduced a hypo-
thetical tax liability based on what it would have paid Vega.
Because the district court had ample, uncontradicted evi-
dence to employ the Washington methodology, it did not
abuse its discretion when doing so. Moreover, the Park
4 We do not go so far as to hold that Washington provides the exclusive
formula for calculating a tax-component award.
No. 20-3492 17
District does not identify, and our research does not reveal, a
case requiring certain information (here, unredacted tax re-
turns) to calculate hypothetical tax liability. We do not impose
such a requirement now.
The Park District’s second argument asks us to hold, as a
matter of law, that including compensatory damages to cal-
culate Vega’s effective tax rate was error, but we see no reason
to impose that requirement either. No other circuit has placed
such a limit on the district court’s wide discretion to make a
plaintiff whole through a tax-component award. Rightly so.
Title VII affords wide latitude to fashion an award that fits the
“circumstances peculiar to the case”—in other words, the
plaintiff’s circumstances. E.E.O.C. v. N. Star. Hosp., 777 F.3d
898, 904 (7th Cir. 2015) (quotation omitted); see also 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e–5(g)(1) (stating a court may award, among other
things, “any other equitable relief as the court deems appro-
priate”). And while some district courts have considered com-
pensatory damages when calculating a plaintiff’s hypothet-
ical tax liability in exercising their discretion, others have not.
In sum, the Park District does not articulate any sufficient ba-
sis—statutory or otherwise—upon which to limit a district
court’s wide discretion in computing tax-component awards.
AFFIRMED