Sitar, Caroline M. v. IN Dept Trans ( 2003 )

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________
No. 02-2684
CAROLINE M. SITAR,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division.
No. 99 C 1679—John Daniel Tinder, Judge.
____________
ARGUED FEBRUARY 14, 2003—DECIDED SEPTEMBER 29, 2003
____________
Before FLAUM, Chief Judge, and DIANE P. WOOD and
EVANS, Circuit Judges.
DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge. Caroline Sitar’s employ-
ment with the Indiana Department of Transportation
(INDOT) was short-lived. Sitar was one of the few women
to work for INDOT in its historically male Westfield Unit,
but she was transferred and terminated before the end of
six months. INDOT claims that the reason for the brevity
of Sitar’s tenure was unsatisfactory performance; Sitar be-
lieves that it was the result of sex discrimination, sexual
harassment, and retaliation. The district court granted
summary judgment in favor of INDOT on all counts. We
affirm in part and reverse in part.
2 No. 02-2684
I
On October 14, 1997, INDOT hired Sitar as a “Highway
Maintenance Worker III.” According to the job description,
Sitar’s duties were to include the following tasks:
Individual will perform road maintenance work requir-
ing use of small tools. Also will mow grass, trim hedges,
fill washes, plant shrubs and trees, drive a truck, and
operate stump cutter. Will also plow snow during in-
clement weather and haul road maintenance materials.
Perform other duties as may be required or requested.
The first six months of Sitar’s employment were probation-
ary. She was assigned to INDOT’s Westfield Unit in the
Tipton Sub-District, and her direct supervisor was James
(Sonny) Pedigo.
Pedigo knew that the Westfield Unit historically had been
an all-male work environment, where off-color jokes and
lewd stories about women were not uncommon. Pedigo fore-
warned Sitar that some men “might not be comfortable with
a female working” at the Unit. He also instructed the crew
to tone it down and watch what they were saying around
Sitar.
As anticipated, problems soon arose. Sitar was new and
unfamiliar with workplace procedures. Whenever she made
a mistake, her co-workers reported it to Pedigo, who be-
gan recording the incidents in a journal. For example, on
November 14, Joe Wilson reported to Pedigo that Sitar mis-
used the hand throttle on a snow plow, even after a warn-
ing. Sitar, however, claims that no one told her that she
was creating a safety hazard. Pedigo reprimanded Sitar,
who became argumentative (according to Pedigo). Pedigo
told Sitar she would receive a written warning. The next
day, Sitar explained to Pedigo that she suffered from medi-
cal conditions that might be affecting her behavior, includ-
ing depression. She promised Pedigo she would no longer
No. 02-2684 3
misuse the hand throttle. Pedigo accepted this as an ex-
planation and decided not to give Sitar a written warning.
On November 21, Sitar accused her co-worker, David
Whitworth, of repeatedly paging her with the number 666.
Whitworth denied the accusations, Sitar called him a ly-
ing S.O.B., and Whitworth shoved Sitar backwards. Crew
leaders stepped in, and the incident was reported to Pedigo,
who asked the two to apologize. After Whitworth left the
room, Sitar began to cry and said to Pedigo that she was
“always on pins and needles” and felt that the others “didn’t
really want to give [her] a chance to do [her] job,” that she
was “always in f------ trouble” and “they didn’t want [her]
working there.” Both Sitar and Whitworth received formal
reprimands: Sitar for verbal abuse and Whitworth for
assault.
On December 11, the crew came across a dead dog with a
collar on the road. The crew leader, David Carson, directed
the crew to bury the dog. Sitar tried to contact Pedigo, and
when she was unable to reach him, she insisted that the
crew take the carcass back to the Westfield Unit so that she
could attempt to contact the owners. Carson complained
to Pedigo that Sitar’s conduct was in violation of INDOT
policy and interfered with the crew’s work. Pedigo repri-
manded Sitar with a verbal warning. According to Sitar,
however, no one told her what the procedures entailed. Fur-
thermore, Pedigo admitted in his deposition that in the
past, crew members had brought back animal carcasses to
the Westfield Unit, and so Sitar may have had reason to be
confused about the policy.
On the evening of December 11, several crew members
spoke with Pedigo and Ron Buell, Operations Foreman for
the Tipton Sub-District, about the problems they were hav-
ing with Sitar. Buell brought the situation to the attention
4 No. 02-2684
of Raymond Baker, manager of the Tipton Sub-District.
Baker, like Sitar, was also new to the job and was on proba-
tionary status.
The next morning, Baker met with Pedigo and Buell.
At that meeting, Pedigo gave Baker his journal. Accord-
ing to Baker, Pedigo and Buell wanted Sitar terminated im-
mediately. According to Pedigo, however, he recommended
that Sitar be transferred to the road crew at the Tipton
Unit, to see whether the problem was Sitar or the men
at the Westfield Unit. In his deposition, Pedigo admit-
ted that Sitar was a good employee, and that he was not
sure whether she was the cause of the crew’s problems.
Whitworth (who was the co-worker reprimanded for shoving
Sitar during the paging incident) was also deposed and
admitted that Sitar was a good worker who performed her
duties satisfactorily.
Baker spoke with his supervisor, Brad Davis, who advised
Baker to do whatever he thought was best. On the after-
noon of December 12, Baker met with Sitar to discuss her
performance issues (according to Sitar, without giving her
a chance to address the allegations). Baker asked Sitar if
she wanted to keep her job and told her to show up the next
Monday morning at the Tipton office. Baker decided that
Sitar would be transferred to the Tipton office in lieu of
termination “to see if she was salvageable as an employee.”
Sitar was to work in the same office as Baker, so that he
could keep an eye on her. Although her job title was not
formally changed, her responsibilities were drastically
reduced to involve primarily clerical and janitorial work,
such as cleaning the telephones, refrigerator, and office
area; answering the telephones; sorting the mail; and
washing the vehicles of her supervisors. Pedigo admitted
that she was no longer doing the job of a highway mainte-
nance worker.
No. 02-2684 5
On December 17, Sitar filed a complaint of sex discri-
mination and hostile work environment against Baker
and Whitworth with INDOT’s Affirmative Action office.
Baker received notice of the complaint on January 5, 1998.
Lynette Price was assigned to investigate the complaint;
she interviewed Baker, Whitworth, and several other co-
workers. Originally, Price concluded that Baker’s conduct
violated Title VII, and suggested disciplinary action:
[Baker] created a hostile working environment for
Caroline. He did not discipline in any way, shape or
form any of his employees when the problem had been
brought to his attention about the situations that were
going on with Caroline.
Price also found that the work environment at the Westfield
Unit ranged from “hatefulness” to one in which Sitar was
forced to do “ludicrous things on her own” without any
instruction or assistance. Price described INDOT as a “boys’
club” that did not “care for women out there on the road
crew. They don’t feel that [women] can work as hard as they
do. I mean this is not the first investigation of a female
highway maintenance worker.”
In spite of Price’s conclusion, her boss, Janey Trout,
instructed Price to avoid any suggestion that Baker
had violated Title VII. Trout hoped to avoid liability and
“make sure nobody can sue us for violation of Title VII.”
The disciplinary actions Price recommended, nevertheless,
remained the same and were documented in a memoran-
dum dated March 2, 1998, and addressed to Curtis Wiley,
INDOT’s Affirmative Action Commissioner.
Sitar subsequently received a letter from Price, dated
March 10, 1998, stating:
A careful analysis of the facts indicate that this situa-
tion could have created a hostile work environment. Al-
though it was not determined that sex discrimination
6 No. 02-2684
occurred, there were enough facts to prompt precau-
tionary measures to be taken.
Baker and Whitworth received a rather different letter from
Price, also dated March 10, 1998, stating:
The results of the investigation did not indicate that
any provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act have
been violated. Therefore, we are closing this file. Al-
though the facts did not substantiate the allegations,
please be advised that the Indiana Department of
Transportation will not tolerate or condone harassment
or discrimination in the workplace.
When Price found out from Sitar that Baker was boasting
to her that he had not done anything wrong, Price became
upset. Price got on the phone with one of Baker’s supervi-
sors, Steve Risch, to tell him “to get a hold of this guy. You
need to let him know that this is not professional behavior.
You need to let him know that this could be considered re-
taliatory.”
On March 20, 1998, Baker met with his supervisors, Brad
Davis and Steve Risch, at which time they discussed a
number of issues, some relating to Sitar and some not. Be-
fore the meeting concluded, Davis and Risch brought the
March 2 memorandum to Baker’s attention. That memoran-
dum stated in relevant part:
Based on the investigation, there seems to be a misun-
derstanding by Ms. Sitar of why she was transferred.
Due to the circumstances, it is likely that Ms. Sitar did
perceive that Mr. Baker was trying to intimidate her.
This situation could have created a hostile work envi-
ronment for her. It is recommended that Mr. Baker re-
ceive an informal counseling regarding this situation
and that he attend the Progressive Discipline and Eth-
ics for Supervisors training. It is also recommended
that management explain the issues and concerns of
Ms. Sitar’s work performance with her.
No. 02-2684 7
Upon reading the March 2 memorandum, Baker became
visibly upset. He thought that this memorandum was
inconsistent with the March 10 letter he had received,
which implied that he had done nothing wrong. According
to Davis, Baker (still a probationary employee at this time)
also “didn’t want it to look like he was performing unsat-
isfactor[il]y.” It was at this meeting that Baker recom-
mended terminating Sitar before the end of her six-month
probationary period, because her performance had allegedly
not improved after the transfer. Davis and Risch concurred
with Baker’s judgment. According to Baker, Sitar’s termina-
tion had nothing to do with the March 2 memorandum.
On March 27, Sitar was terminated. Sitar asked if her
termination had anything to do with the affirmative action
complaint, which Baker denied. Although Sitar had been
generally performing satisfactorily at the Tipton office,
Baker cited two additional instances of misconduct—going
through a co-worker’s desk and personnel files—neither of
which he had previously discussed with Sitar and both of
which Sitar denies. Price (who was terminated from INDOT
on September 21, 1999) stated in her deposition that she
believed Baker retaliated against Sitar.
On April 15, Sitar filed a charge of discrimination with
the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”).
For cause of discrimination, Sitar checked only the retalia-
tion box, stating:
On March 27, 1998, I was terminated from my position
of Maintenance Worker III. Ray Baker told me that I
was being terminated because I was a probationary
employee and because I couldn’t get along with the
Westfield crew. The State Affirmative Action Office
had completed an investigation of possible sex discrimi-
nation against me by him on March 10, 1998, of which
he received a summary. I believe that I have been retal-
iated against for participating in the EEO process, in
violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as
amended.
8 No. 02-2684
The EEOC investigator subsequently contacted Baker to
respond to Sitar’s charges and contacted Price to forward
“any and all notes, documents, statements and/or affidavits
that were produced during the internal investigation of sex
discrimination charges filed by Ms. Sitar.”
On September 24, 1998, the EEOC issued its determina-
tion, finding that “there is reasonable cause to believe that
Respondent discriminated against Charging Party in retal-
iation for participating in the EEO process when it dis-
charged her.” Sitar then brought this action in district
court, alleging claims of retaliation, as well as sex discrimi-
nation and sexual harassment. The district court granted
summary judgment for INDOT with respect to Sitar’s sex
discrimination and sexual harassment claims, finding that
Sitar had failed to allege these claims adequately in her
EEOC charge. As for the remaining claim of retaliation, the
district court also granted summary judgment for INDOT,
finding that Sitar had not satisfied her prima facie burden.
This appeal followed.
II
A. Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment
We first consider whether Sitar is entitled to pursue her
sex discrimination and sexual harassment claims at all.
Generally, a plaintiff may not bring claims under Title
VII that were not originally included in the charges made
to the EEOC. See Vela v. Village of Sauk Village, 218 F.3d
661, 664 (7th Cir. 2000); Babrocky v. Jewel Food Co., 773
F.2d 857, 863 (7th Cir. 1985). This rule serves two pur-
poses: affording the EEOC the opportunity to settle the dis-
pute between the employee and employer, and putting the
employer on notice of the charges against it. Id. The only
qualification to this principle applies to claims that are “like
or reasonably related” to the EEOC charge, and can be
reasonably expected to grow out of an EEOC investigation
No. 02-2684 9
of the charges. Jenkins v. Blue Cross Mut. Hosp. Ins., Inc.,
538 F.2d 164, 167 (7th Cir. 1976) (en banc). Those claims
may also be brought.
In this case, however, Sitar’s EEOC charge was limited
to her retaliation claim. She checked only the retaliation
box on the agency’s form and alleged there that her termi-
nation was in retaliation for an earlier complaint she
had filed about sex discrimination. Normally, retaliation,
sex discrimination, and sexual harassment charges are not
“like or reasonably related” to one another to permit an
EEOC charge of one type of wrong to support a subsequent
civil suit for another. See Cheek v. Western and Southern
Life Ins. Co., 31 F.3d 497, 501 (7th Cir. 1994) (“Because
an employer may discriminate on the basis of sex in numer-
ous ways, a claim of sex discrimination in an EEOC charge
and a claim of sex discrimination in a complaint are not
alike or reasonably related just because they both assert
forms of sex discrimination.”); see also National Railroad
Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 110-15 (2002)
(emphasizing the separate nature of claims based on spe-
cific discriminatory or retaliatory acts for purposes of
the limitations period). Those different claims may be so
linked, however, where they are “so related and intertwined
in time, people, and substance that to ignore that relation-
ship for a strict and technical application of the rule would
subvert the liberal remedial purposes of the Act.” Kristufek
v. Hussmann Foodservice Co., 985 F.2d 364, 368 (7th Cir.
1993).
Unfortunately for Sitar, this is not the unusual case in
which a single retaliation charge will support a broader
range of claims. Sitar’s sex discrimination and sexual har-
assment claims involve a separate set of incidents, conduct,
and people, spanning over a period of time prior to the filing
of her complaint and more than three months prior to her
termination. See Ekanem v. Health and Hosp. Corp. of
Marion County, 724 F.2d 563, 573 (7th Cir. 1983); O’Rourke
v. Continental Casualty Co., 983 F.2d 94, 97 (7th Cir. 1993);
10 No. 02-2684
Steffen v. Meridian Life Ins. Co., 859 F.2d 534, 545 (7th Cir.
1988). While these earlier facts may provide context and
support for Sitar’s later EEOC charge alleging that her
termination was retaliatory, the discrimination and harass-
ment charges are not so closely related that we can justify
departing from the general rule of distinguishing among
different forms of discrimination. See Cheek, 31 F.3d at 500.
The fact that both INDOT and the EEOC may have been
aware of her earlier, internal complaint about sex discrim-
ination does not change the fact that she chose not to
include this issue in her later EEOC charge. We therefore
agree with the district court that Sitar’s sex discrimination
and sexual harassment claims are procedurally barred and
move on to consider her retaliation claim.
B. Retaliation
Employers are prohibited from punishing employees for
complaining about discrimination or other practices that
violate Title VII. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a); Miller v. Am.
Family Mutual Ins. Co., 203 F.3d 997, 1007 (7th Cir. 2000).
Sitar claims that INDOT retaliated against her in two
ways: first, by transferring her for complaining about her
co-workers’ treatment; and second, by terminating her for
filing an internal complaint of sex discrimination and
sexual harassment with INDOT’s Affirmative Action office.
1. Transfer
Sitar claims that her transfer to the Tipton Unit office,
where she was relegated to clerical and custodial work, was
done in retaliation for her complaint on November 21, 1997,
(the day of the ?666” paging incident) about the way her co-
workers treated her. At that time, Sitar said to Pedigo and
her crew leaders that she was always on “pins and needles,”
No. 02-2684 11
and felt that the others were not giving her a chance to do
her job and did not want her working there.
The district court found that this claim could not succeed,
and we agree. This is not, however, because a change in job
responsibilities can never constitute the type of adverse
action by an employer that would support a retaliation
claim. It all depends on how much of a change, and how
disadvantageous a change, took place. Job transfers like
Sitar’s that lead to significantly diminished responsibilities
and substantially changed working conditions can be retal-
iatory actions. See, e.g., Herrnreiter v. Chi. Hous. Auth., 315
F.3d 742, 744-45 (7th Cir. 2002) (listing cases). Nonetheless,
summary judgment was proper here for a different reason:
Sitar’s complaint did not invoke any action protected by
Title VII. Sitar complained only that she felt picked on, not
that she was discriminated against “because of” sex or
gender, which is what Title VII requires. Hamm v.
Weyauwega Milk Prods., Inc., 332 F.3d 1058, 1066 (7th Cir.
2003). Although an employee need not use the magic words
“sex” or “gender discrimination” to bring her speech within
Title VII’s retaliation protections, “she has to at least say
something to indicate her [gender] is an issue. An employee
can honestly believe she is the object of discrimination, but
if she never mentions it, a claim of retaliation is not
implicated, for an employer cannot retaliate when it is
unaware of any complaints.” Miller, 203 F.3d at 1008. Cf.
Dey v. Colt Const. & Dev. Co., 28 F.3d 1446, 1458 (7th Cir.
1994). Sitar conceded that she never told Pedigo that sex
discrimination was her real problem. That is enough to
doom her claim of a retaliatory transfer.
2. Termination
We come to the opposite conclusion with respect to Sitar’s
claim that her termination was retaliatory. As we noted
earlier, on December 17, 1997, Sitar filed a formal com-
12 No. 02-2684
plaint of sex discrimination and hostile work environment
against Baker and Whitworth with INDOT’s Affirmative
Action office. A few months later, on March 20, 1998, Baker
was meeting with his supervisors (Davis and Risch) to
discuss Price’s recommendation for Baker himself and
Sitar’s continued status with INDOT. Baker became upset
during the course of that meeting, because he heard for the
first time about Price’s critical recommendations for him
and he thought they made him look bad. At that same
meeting, Baker recommended that Sitar be terminated.
In assessing this part of Sitar’s case, we follow the
standards for retaliation claims announced in Stone v. City
of Indianapolis Pub. Util. Div., 281 F.3d 640 (7th Cir. 2002).
The plaintiff may establish a prima facie case of retaliation
and overcome defendant’s motion for summary judgment
using either the direct method or the indirect method.
Under the direct method, the plaintiff must present direct
evidence of (1) a statutorily protected activity; (2) an
adverse action taken by the employer; and (3) a causal
connection between the two. Id. at 644.
Under the indirect method, the plaintiff must show that
(1) she engaged in a statutorily protected activity; (2) she
performed her job according to her employer’s legitimate
expectations; (3) despite her satisfactory job performance,
she suffered an adverse action from the employer; and (4)
she was treated less favorably than similarly situated em-
ployees who did not engage in statutorily protected activity.
Id.; Hilt-Dyson v. City of Chicago, 282 F.3d 456, 465 (7th
Cir. 2002); Haywood v. Lucent Techs., 323 F.3d 524, 531
(7th Cir. 2003). If the plaintiff establishes these elements,
the burden shifts to the defendant to come forward with a
legitimate, non-invidious reason for its adverse action. Id.Although the burden of production shifts to the defendant
under this method, “the burden of persuasion rests at all
times on the plaintiff.” Haywood, 323 F.3d at 531 (citing
Klein v. Trustees of Indiana Univ., 766 F.2d 275, 280 (7th
No. 02-2684 13
Cir. 1985)). Once the defendant presents a legitimate, non-
invidious reason for the adverse action, the burden shifts
back to the plaintiff to show that the defendant’s reason is
pretextual. Id.The parties do not dispute that Sitar engaged in protected
speech, or that her termination was the type of adverse
action contemplated by the retaliation statute. The district
court rejected Sitar’s retaliation claim for failing to prove
causation, because more than three months had elapsed
between the filing of her complaint and her termination.
Under the circumstances of this case, however, it was error
to focus on such a small part of the picture—the time period
between the filing of the complaint and the date of termina-
tion. We have never said that this factor is dispositive in
proving or disproving a causal link. See Lalvani v. Cook
County, 269 F.3d 785, 791 (7th Cir. 2001) (“[T]emporal
proximity is only evidence of causation, not a separate
element of the prima facie case . . . .”). Here, a trier of fact
could find that the causal relationship existed from much
more. Baker was visibly upset upon receiving Price’s
findings and recommendations against him. He decided
almost immediately, at the same meeting, that he would
terminate Sitar. Price’s deposition testimony contains fur-
ther support for an inference of retaliatory motive. The
district court, however, did not think that Price’s findings
were relevant or that the “coincidental” timing at the
meeting was probative. We cannot agree. Sitar’s complaint,
legitimized by Price’s findings, cast a shadow over Baker’s
performance, and he was embarrassed when he learned
about Price’s report in the presence of his supervisors. A
reasonable jury could find that Baker punished Sitar for
complaining about his misconduct, and not because her
performance was allegedly unsatisfactory. Therefore, we
find that Sitar has established a prima facie case of retalia-
tion under the direct method. Stone, 281 F.3d at 644.
14 No. 02-2684
Finally, even if we thought that there was insufficient
evidence of causation, under the indirect method announced
in Stone, lack of causation should not have been the district
court’s sole basis for granting summary judgment. In Stone,
we held that for a plaintiff proceeding under the indirect
method, causation would no longer be a part of her prima
facie burden. Stone, 281 F.3d at 644 ( “[P]laintiff so proceed-
ing need not show even an attenuated causal link.”). See
also Haywood, 323 F.3d at 531. Sitar should therefore have
been permitted to proceed on the termination part of her
retaliation claim.
III
For these reasons, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED and REMANDED in part for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Each party
shall bear its own costs on appeal.
A true Copy:
Teste:
________________________________
Clerk of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
USCA-02-C-0072—9-29-03