United States v. Badayah Brazelton ( 2009 )

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
No. 07-2488
U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
B ADAYAH B RAZELTON,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Indiana, South Bend Division.
No. 06-CR-00144(01)—Robert L. Miller, Jr., Chief Judge.
A RGUED O CTOBER 15, 2008—D ECIDED M ARCH 3, 2009
A MENDED M ARCH 10, 2009
Before E ASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and C OFFEY and W OOD ,
Circuit Judges.
C OFFEY, Circuit Judge. Police arrested Badayah Brazelton
as he exited his home after a witness identified him as the
assailant in a shooting. Following his arrest, police ob-
tained a search warrant for Brazelton’s home and discov-
2 No. 07-2488
ered guns, crack, marijuana, and other drug paraphernalia.
Brazelton was never charged with the shooting, but based
on the items found in his house during the search,
Brazelton was tried and convicted before a jury on two
counts of gun crimes, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), (g), and three
counts of drug crimes, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The court
sentenced him to 425 months of imprisonment. Appellant
Brazelton argues that his conviction should be set aside,
arguing that one of the jurors seated was related to the
victim of the shooting that led to Brazelton’s arrest and the
search of his home. He makes this argument even though
the victim did not testify and his name was not mentioned
again after it was mentioned at voir dire. More impor-
tantly, though, Brazelton waived the issue raised for
argument at trial even though he was aware of the juror's
relationship at voir dire, and told the judge during the
juror selection process that he did not want the juror to be
struck for cause. Brazelton also claims, and the govern-
ment concedes, that he should be resentenced in light of
Kimbrough v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 558 (2007) because the
district court followed the then-governing case law reject-
ing Brazelton’s argument that the court had discretion to
impose a below-guidelines sentence based on a disagree-
ment with the crack-powder ratio. We agree and remand
for resentencing and affirm Brazelton’s conviction.
Background
The events leading to Brazelton’s conviction began when
Officer Tim Richardson of the Michigan City, Indiana,
police department was dispatched to the scene of a shoot-
ing where an eyewitness informed the officer that
No. 07-2488 3
Brazelton was the shooter. The police found Brazelton at
his home, arrested him and, after obtaining a search
warrant, conducted a search of his house and discovered
drug paraphernalia, and about 230 grams of marijuana,
some 190 grams of crack, and about 95 grams of cocaine,
ammunition, and a gun.
Brazelton was indicted on charges of possession of a
firearm by a felon, 18 U.S.C. § 924(g), possession of a
firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c), as well as three counts of possession of drugs with
intent to distribute, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), one each for
cocaine, crack, and marijuana. During voir dire, the court
advised the jury of a list of several people that might
conceivably be called as witnesses without stating their
connection to the case and asked if the jurors knew any of
them. The list included Brandon Byrd, the victim of the
shooting that led to the defendant’s arrest. Juror Number
Four said that Byrd was a second cousin and that he saw
Byrd infrequently, but that if Byrd did testify, he would
not give his testimony any more or less weight than any
other witness. The prosecutor expressed concern about
Juror Number Four’s impartiality because Byrd himself
might testify or a witness might discuss Byrd’s shooting.
The prosecutor suggested asking Juror Number Four, “If
you learned that Mr. Byrd were the victim of a crime
connected with this case, would that influence your
decision?” At the time, Brazelton’s counsel stated that he
did not object to the question, but told the judge he did not
see any reason to ask it, and the judge acquiesced and did
not refer to it again. The judge heard arguments on chal-
4 No. 07-2488
lenges for cause to two jurors, but Brazelton’s counsel
never challenged Juror Number Four for cause. Before
moving on from the cause challenges, the court gave
Brazelton a second chance to object to Juror Number Four,
which he expressly declined:
THE COURT: Does the Defense have a position to take
on either those cause challenges or—you’re not making
a cause challenge on [Juror Number Four] or are you?
You had talked about it. I just want to verify that you
are not.
MR. BARRET: No, Your Honor.
Both sides exercised peremptory strikes but left Juror
Number Four on the jury panel.
The jury convicted Brazelton on all five counts. At
sentencing, the trial judge grouped the drug offenses and
felon-in-possession of a weapon offense together. U.S.S.G.
§ 3D1.2(d). Because Brazelton’s criminal activity involved
the crack, powder cocaine and marijuana, the court used
the drug equivalency tables, U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. 10, when
determining that Brazelton was responsible for the equiva-
lent of 3839.71 kilograms of marijuana. This corresponded
to a base offense level of 34, and the court increased it by
two levels for obstruction of justice. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(a)(3).
Combined with a criminal history score of 5, this yielded a
guidelines range of 292 to 365 months for the drug and
felon-in-possession counts. For possession of a firearm in
furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, the court deter-
mined the guidelines sentence to be the mandatory mini-
mum of 60 months. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4(b); 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A)(I).
No. 07-2488 5
Brazelton objected to the 100-to-one ratio between crack
and powder cocaine that was a part of the drug equiva-
lency tables at the time of sentencing, but the court rejected
the objection based on the governing law at the time of
sentencing. After considering the statutory factors under
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the trial court imposed the greatest
period of confinement within the guidelines range for the
grouped offenses, 365 months, as well as the mandatory-
minimum sentence for the other firearm count, and
ordered them to run consecutively. (Even though the
court in its written sentencing memorandum made an
error (immaterial) when it referred to 365 months as the
midpoint of the advisory range—when it was the top of
the range—that error is harmless since “[a] sentence
pronounced in a defendant's presence prevails over a
written sentence when the two conflict.” United States v.
McHugh, 528 F.3d 538, 539 (7th Cir. 2008).)
Analysis
A. Juror Number Four
On appeal, defendant-appellant Brazelton argues that
because juror number four served on the jury, Brazelton
contends he was denied his constitutional right to an
impartial jury. Brazelton asserts that we should review
for an abuse of discretion on the part of the district judge
for failing to remove the juror for cause, but the
case Brazelton cites in support of this proposition is
distinguishable because in that case the party raised the
objection in the district court. Salvato v. Illinois Dept. of
6 No. 07-2488
Human Rights, 155 F.3d 922, 927 (7th Cir. 1998) (“the
plaintiffs’ lawyer moved to strike Abramson for cause”).
As the government argues, Brazelton waived his objection
to Juror Number Four when he expressly declined the
court’s specific invitation to challenge the juror for cause
at trial. A more obvious intentional relinquishment of a
known right, see United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733
(1993), is hard to imagine.
The defendant-appellant attempts to sidestep and cast
aside his waiver by contending that his is a claim of
“implied bias,” which, he insists, cannot be waived. The
concept of implied bias is well-established in the law.
Under the doctrine, a court must excuse a juror for cause if
the juror is related to one of the principals in the case, see,
e.g., United States v. Annigoni, 96 F.3d 1132, 1138 (9th
Cir. 1996). Such a juror may well be objective in fact,
but the relationship is so close that the law errs on the
side of caution.
In United States v. Haynes, 398 F.2d 980, 984 (2d Cir. 1968),
the Second Circuit traced the implied bias doctrine back to
Chief Justice John Marshall who wrote that:
Why is it that the most distant relative of a party
cannot serve upon his jury? Certainly the single
circumstance of relationship, taken in itself, uncon-
nected with its consequences, would furnish no objec-
tion. The real reason of the rule is, that the law suspects
the relative of partiality; suspects his mind to be under
a bias, which will prevent his fairly hearing and fairly
deciding on the testimony which may be offered to
him. The end to be obtained is an impartial jury; to
secure this end, a man is prohibited from serving on it
No. 07-2488 7
whose connection with a party is such as to induce a
suspicion of partiality.
United States v. Burr, 25 F. Cas. 49 (No. 1492g)(C.C.D. Va.
1807). This opinion, quoted with approval by this court in
United States v. Polichemi, 219 F.3d 698, 704 (7th Cir. 2000),
indicates that any degree of kinship with a principal in a
case would preclude service on a jury for that case.
Brazelton asks us to presume bias because Juror
Number Four’s second cousin was the victim of the
shooting that resulted in the investigation leading up to
the drug and gun charges against Brazelton. We can
assume that Byrd, the victim of the original (but un-
charged) crime, could not himself sit on Brazelton’s jury
because his vote on the charged crimes might possibly be
influenced by a desire to extract punishment for the
uncharged crime. Based on his history with Brazelton,
Byrd could not sit even if he swore to be impartial because
“the law errs on the side of caution.” Polichemi, 219 F.3d at
704. For the same reasons, extending the disqualification
to the victim’s second cousin might seem prudent. Cf.
Conaway v. Polk, 453 F.3d 567, 573-74 (4th Cir. 2006). On the
other hand, though, the record contains no evidence that
Juror Number Four even knew that Brazelton was once
suspected of the shooting of Byrd, his second cousin.
Furthermore, no offer of proof to the court was ever made.
Nor was anything said during the trial that would have
given Juror Number Four this information as Byrd’s name
was not even mentioned after voir dire, and the mention in
voir dire gave no indication of how Byrd was involved in
the case. But silence of the record on these points is
8 No. 07-2488
relevant only to a claim of actual bias, in which a defendant
must establish that the alleged bias actually affected the
juror’s vote. Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 216-17 (1982).
To show implied bias, the defendant need not demonstrate
or establish that the relationship actually affected the
juror’s judgment; the effect is presumed “regardless of
actual partiality.” United States v. Wood, 299 U.S. 123, 134
(1936). So the question comes down to whether the
relationship is close enough to assume bias.
We need not answer that question, since Brazelton’s
contention that implied bias cannot be waived, is wrong.
The Supreme Court has referred to the trial court’s “duty”
to select an impartial jury, Frazier v. United States, 335 U.S.
497, 511 (1948), and the Second Circuit has written that
“the presiding trial judge has the authority and responsibil-
ity, either upon counsel’s motion or sua sponte, to dismiss
prospective jurors for cause,” United States v. Torres, 128
F.3d 38, 43 (2d Cir. 1997) (emphasis added). In a recent
case the Sixth Circuit held that even if defense counsel’s
decision to keep a biased juror on the panel could be classi-
fied as a strategic decision, that strategy might also be
referred to as ill-advised and unreasonable, and the pres-
ence of a biased juror on the panel would require reversal.
Franklin v. Anderson, 434 F.3d 412, 428 (6th Cir. 2006); see
also Miller v. Webb, 385 F.3d 666, 676 (6th Cir. 2004). The
Second Circuit has not gone so far, suggesting only that
there can be no waiver where the juror’s bias or alleged
bias is revealed at voir dire and the district court errone-
ously rejects a challenge for cause. United States v. Nelson,
277 F.3d 164, 204-06 (2d Cir. 2002); see also Ross v. Oklahoma,
No. 07-2488 9
487 U.S. 81, 316 (1988) (“Had [the biased juror] sat on the
jury that ultimately sentenced petitioner to death, and had
the petitioner properly preserved his right to challenge the
trial court’s failure to remove [the juror] for cause, the
sentence would have to be overturned.”).
In this circuit, there is no ambiguity on the question
whether the right to an impartial jury can be waived. We
have held that “[t]he Sixth Amendment right to an impar-
tial jury, like any constitutional right, may be waived.”
United States v. Zarnes, 33 F.3d 1454, 1472 (7th Cir. 1994);
accord United States v. Joshi, 896 F.2d 1303, 1307 (11th Cir.
1990). Brazelton’s on-the-record decision to pass up not
one, but two opportunities to ask that Juror Number Four
be struck for cause was a waiver. If a defendant is allowed
to twice forego challenges for-cause to a biased juror and
then allowed to have the conviction reversed on appeal
because of that juror’s service, that would be equivalent to
allowing the defendant to “plant an error and grow a
risk-free trial.” United States v. Boyd, 86 F.3d 719, 722-23
(7th Cir. 1996).
B. Sentencing
Brazelton’s second argument, that his sentence should be
remanded in light of Kimbrough v. United States, 128 S. Ct.
558 (2007), fares much better. At the time of sentencing,
our case law precluded district courts from imposing a
sentence based on the court’s disagreement with the crack-
powder ratio, see United States v. Jointer, 457 F.3d 682,
686-88 (7th Cir. 2006), thus the trial judge properly rejected
10 No. 07-2488
Brazelton’s argument to do just that. After Kimbrough,
even in a “mine-run case,” district courts are allowed to
impose lesser sentences after a determination that the 100-
to-one ratio produces a sentence greater than necessary for
a particular defendant. Kimbrough, 128 S. Ct. at 575. And
this new discretion applies in cases like Brazelton’s that
involve the equivalency tables because the tables embodied
the 100-to-one ratio. See United States v. Williams, 276 Fed.
App’x 491, 493 (7th Cir. 2008). Brazelton raised this issue
in the district court and the district court gave no ex-
planation as to whether it would have imposed the
same sentence if it had the discretion to consider the
disparity. Brazelton is entitled to a remand for resen-
tencing. See United States v. Padilla, 520 F.3d 766, 774 (7th
Cir. 2008).
Conclusion
We A FFIRM Brazelton’s conviction and R EMAND for
resentencing in light of Kimbrough.
3-10-09