Mohammed Bayo v. Janet Napolitano ( 2010 )


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  •                              In the
    United States Court of Appeals
    For the Seventh Circuit
    No. 07-1069
    M OHAMMED B AYO ,
    Petitioner-Appellant,
    v.
    JANET A. N APOLITANO,
    Secretary of Homeland Security,
    Respondent-Appellee.
    On Petition for Review of a Final Order of the
    Department of Homeland Security.
    No. A89-340-905
    A RGUED M AY 13, 2009—D ECIDED JANUARY 20, 2010
    Before E ASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and B AUER, P OSNER,
    C OFFEY, F LAUM, K ANNE, R OVNER, W OOD, E VANS, W ILLIAMS,
    S YKES, and T INDER, Circuit Judges.Œ
    W OOD , Circuit Judge. Mohammed Bayo is not the most
    sympathetic of litigants. He is a citizen of Guinea, but
    Œ
    Circuit Judge Hamilton took no part in the consideration or
    decision of this case.
    2                                               No. 07-1069
    he stole a Belgian passport and used it to enter the
    United States fraudulently. Why, one might ask, would
    he go to the trouble of doing this? Guineans are entitled
    to visit the United States, provided they observe the
    required formalities. But Guinea is not one of the 35
    countries that comes within the State Department’s Visa
    Waiver Program (“VWP”); Belgium is. See Visa Waiver
    Program (VWP) http://www.travel.state.gov/visa/temp/
    without/without_1990.html#countries (last visited Jan. 15,
    2010). Bayo’s ploy enabled him to enter with a minimum
    of bureaucratic fuss and then to evade detection for
    more than four years.
    His luck ran out only when he pushed it by petitioning
    for adjustment of status based on his marriage to an
    American citizen. The government knew that someone
    had entered with the illegal Belgian passport, and Bayo’s
    petition enabled it to connect that passport to him. At that
    point, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”)
    promptly processed his removal without a hearing, as it
    normally would with any legitimate VWP participant
    who overstays his visit. Summary procedures are the
    quid pro quo for the United States government’s waiver
    of the normal visa requirements. Bayo’s waiver was
    memorialized in the Form I-94W (“VWP waiver”) that
    he signed upon his arrival in the United States. The
    wrinkle is that the form was in English, and Bayo
    asserts that he speaks only French.
    Before us is Bayo’s petition for review of DHS’s adminis-
    trative order of removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). Bayo
    offers three reasons why we should grant the petition
    No. 07-1069                                            3
    and remand the case for plenary removal proceedings
    before an immigration judge (“IJ”). (The advantage of
    such proceedings is that he would be able, in principle,
    to seek relief from removal in them; such relief is not
    available in the summary VWP process.) First, Bayo
    contends that the VWP waiver he signed is void ab initio,
    because he is a Guinean citizen and the program
    cannot be applied in any way to citizens of non-VWP
    countries. Second, he argues that his lack of English
    proficiency renders invalid the particular waiver he
    signed, as he did not know what he was signing, and
    (in his view) his waiver must be assessed according to
    the familiar knowing-and-voluntary standard that
    applies to constitutional rights. Third, he asserts that
    even if the waiver is valid, he should nevertheless be
    permitted to pursue his adjustment-of-status applica-
    tion. Although there is merit in some of his points, in
    the end we conclude that he cannot demonstrate
    prejudice from the errors that occurred here. We
    therefore deny his petition for review.
    I
    A
    “The Visa Waiver Pilot Program was established by
    Congress to determine if a visa waiver provision could
    facilitate international travel and promote the more
    effective use of the resources of affected government
    agencies. . . .” Visa Waiver Pilot Program, 53 Fed. Reg.
    24,898, 24,898 (June 30, 1988). Only citizens of VWP
    countries may participate in the Program, and just 35
    4                                               No. 07-1069
    countries currently qualify. See 8 C.F.R. § 217.2(a). The
    VWP operates through a reciprocal waiver arrange-
    ment: the United States waives its visa requirement, and
    in exchange, the visitor waives her right to contest admissi-
    bility determinations or removal (except for asylum). See
    8 U.S.C. § 1187(a), (b). VWP entrants are also treated
    differently, and perhaps more favorably, when they
    apply for asylum, because they are entitled to bypass
    the credible-fear process and proceed directly to an IJ.
    See 8 C.F.R. § 217.4(b). Bayo has not argued that he
    would be entitled to asylum, and so we have no need
    to discuss that possibility further.
    At the time of Bayo’s entry, the terms of the VWP were
    memorialized in Form I-94W, which had to be filled out
    and signed by all VWP entrants upon their arrival in
    the United States. It describes the visitor’s waiver of
    rights as follows:
    WAIVER OF RIGHTS: I hereby waive any rights to
    review or appeal of an immigration officer’s determi-
    nation as to my admissibility, or to contest, other
    than on the basis of an application for asylum, any
    action in deportation.
    The Form further elaborates on the conditions that apply
    to the visitor’s sojourn in the United States:
    WARNING: You may not accept unauthorized em-
    ployment; or attend school; or represent the foreign
    information media during your visit under this pro-
    gram. You are authorized to stay in the U.S. for
    90 days or less. You may not apply for: 1) a change
    of nonimmigrant status; 2) adjustment of status to
    No. 07-1069                                              5
    temporary or permanent resident, unless eligible under
    section 201(b) of the INA; or 3) an extension of
    stay. Violation of these terms will subject you to
    deportation.
    In response to the Implementing Recommendations of
    the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. No. 110-53,
    121 Stat. 266, the DHS recently implemented the new
    Electronic System for Travel Authorization (“ESTA”),
    which requires visitors to fill out the I-94W form online
    in advance of travel to the United States. See The
    Electronic System for Travel Authorization: Mandatory
    Compliance Required for Travel Under the Visa Waiver
    Program, 73 Fed. Reg. 67,354 (Nov. 13, 2008). The I-94W
    form is now offered in 21 different languages on the
    ESTA website. See Welcome to ESTA, https://esta.cbp.
    dhs.gov (last visited Jan. 15, 2010).
    B
    As we noted at the outset, Bayo is a native and citizen
    of Guinea, and Guinea is not a VWP country. Belgium is,
    however, and Bayo acquired a stolen passport from
    that country that enabled him to enter the United States
    without a proper visa on July 12, 2002. Upon arrival
    at Newark Airport, Bayo signed an English-language
    Form I-94W, even though he asserts that he neither
    speaks nor reads English. Bayo overstayed the 90 days
    to which an ordinary VWP traveler is entitled and eventu-
    ally settled in Indianapolis, Indiana, where he met
    Tatiana Sia, a United States citizen. On April 21, 2006, he
    6                                               No. 07-1069
    married her. He then sought an adjustment of status
    to legal permanent resident status based on that marriage.
    On September 26, 2006, Immigration and Customs
    Enforcement (“ICE”) received information from the
    National Security Investigation Division, Compliance
    Enforcement Unit that Bayo had entered the United
    States illegally under a Belgian passport. Cross-referencing
    this information with its immigration files enabled ICE
    to locate Bayo’s pending I-130 and I-485 applications for
    lawful permanent residence status based on marriage.
    ICE officers visited Bayo’s home on November 20, 2006,
    and questioned him about his immigration status. He
    freely admitted to using the stolen passport and turned
    it over. The DHS then promptly ordered Bayo’s
    removal, selecting as the basis for its action Bayo’s
    overstay under the VWP. (Fraud was another
    potential removal ground.) In accordance with the terms
    of the I-94W form that he signed, Bayo received no
    removal hearing.
    II
    As a preliminary matter, we must briefly discuss our
    authority to act in this case, as the VWP waiver Bayo
    signed might be read to preclude judicial review. The
    first two issues that Bayo raises challenge the funda-
    mental validity of the VWP waiver itself; his third point
    concerns a potential exception to the waiver. The scope
    of our review is narrow, but 8 U.S.C. § 1252 confers author-
    ity on the courts of appeals to review VWP decisions,
    among others. (Other mechanisms, including notably
    habeas corpus, are no longer open to persons resisting
    No. 07-1069                                                7
    VWP removal orders. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(5).) At
    a minimum, we may consider whether the statutory
    criteria on which the VWP rests have been met. Compare
    Morales-Morales v. Ashcroft, 
    384 F.3d 418
    , 421 (7th Cir.
    2004) (court has jurisdiction to determine whether a
    particular alien’s claim falls within the scope of a
    jurisdiction-stripping statute); see generally United States
    v. Ruiz, 
    536 U.S. 622
    , 627 (2002) (“[I]t is familiar law that
    a federal court always has jurisdiction to determine its
    own jurisdiction.”). The predicate questions we may
    look at here include whether Bayo’s VWP waiver is valid
    and whether he may invoke a valid exception to his
    waiver. We may not consider more generally whether
    Bayo might be entitled to stay in the country on some
    other ground, such as, for example, by adjusting his
    status based on his marriage.
    These limitations define our inquiry in this appeal. Three
    questions are properly before us: first, may an alien who
    is not eligible for the VWP, but who enters using fraudu-
    lent documents that trigger use of the VWP, be held to
    the terms of the VWP waiver; second, what is the
    standard for the waiver of the procedural rights that are
    covered by the VWP; and third, assuming a valid VWP
    waiver, does an alien who entered under the VWP and
    then overstayed have an independent right to adjust his
    status on the basis of marriage to a United States citizen?
    A
    In their original briefs, the parties did not address the
    question whether Bayo’s VWP waiver is void because he
    8                                               No. 07-1069
    is not a citizen of a VWP country. Because we thought
    that this question was potentially dispositive of the case,
    we requested supplemental briefing on it.
    In his supplemental brief, Bayo notes that the statutory
    language establishing the VWP does not say anything
    about nationals of non-VWP countries possibly being
    eligible for the program. He infers from that silence that
    the VWP is entirely inapplicable to citizens of non-VWP
    countries. He then reasons that he cannot be held to the
    terms of a VWP waiver that never should have been
    before him in the first place. The final step in his argu-
    ment is the assertion that he must therefore be subject
    to ordinary removal procedures (including a hearing
    before an IJ) just as if he had never entered under the
    VWP. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(a)(1) (“An immigration
    judge shall conduct proceedings for deciding the inadmis-
    sibility or deportability of an alien.”); see also 8 U.S.C.
    § 1229a(a)(3) (“[A] proceeding under this section shall be
    the sole and exclusive procedure for determining
    whether an alien may be admitted to the United States or,
    if the alien has been so admitted, removed from the
    United States.”).
    The government concedes that the statutory language
    establishing the VWP does not specifically mention the
    admission of aliens from non-VWP countries, but it does
    not attach such an elaborate set of consequences to this
    silence. It takes the position that the VWP regula-
    tions, which (it says) are entitled to deference under
    Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 
    467 U.S. 837
    , 842-43 (1984), address the possibility of aliens
    No. 07-1069                                                9
    fraudulently entering under the program. Those regula-
    tions also, in its view, mean that someone in Bayo’s
    position may be held to the terms of the VWP waiver. The
    government further appeals to the background principle
    of immigration law under which aliens should generally
    be held to the terms of their entry. To hold otherwise,
    the government argues, would allow savvy aliens to
    manipulate the VWP and would hinder the govern-
    ment’s attempts to remove promptly aliens who have
    abused the system.
    To begin, we must reject Bayo’s contention that
    statutory silence tells us very much. See Negusie v. Holder,
    
    129 S. Ct. 1159
    , 1164 (2009) (noting that statutory “silence
    is not conclusive”). Silence might signify something
    about the scope of a statute, but it equally might
    highlight an issue that Congress did not anticipate or
    that it chose to leave open. It is under these circum-
    stances that Congress has implicitly delegated authority
    to the relevant agency to resolve the issue. See Nat’l
    Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 
    545 U.S. 967
    , 980 (2005) (“[A]mbiguities in statutes within an
    agency’s jurisdiction to administer are delegations of
    authority to the agency to fill the statutory gap in rea-
    sonable fashion.”).
    In our view, the Attorney General appropriately has
    acted here to clarify the scope of the VWP as it pertains
    to certain abuses of the program, insofar as the VWP
    regulations address the situation of ineligible aliens
    entering fraudulently under the VWP. See 8 C.F.R.
    § 217.4(a) (mentioning VWP applicants who might be
    10                                              No. 07-1069
    ineligible or who present fraudulent documents); 8 C.F.R.
    § 217.4(b) (noting that aliens who have been admitted
    under the VWP are deportable under the program if
    they are deportable under one of the grounds listed in
    8 U.S.C. § 1227). The Board of Immigration Appeals also
    has interpreted the regulations to apply to VWP-ineligible
    aliens. See In re Kanagasundram, 22 I. & N. Dec. 963, 964
    (B.I.A. 1999) (“[T]he provisions of 8 C.F.R. § 217.4 are
    not limited to aliens who are actually nationals of
    VWPP designated countries, but specifically encompass
    individuals who present fraudulent and counterfeit
    travel documents from such countries.”); see also Zine v.
    Mukasey, 
    517 F.3d 535
    , 542-43 (8th Cir. 2008) (holding
    that aliens entering under the VWP should be held to
    the VWP waiver’s terms).
    In assessing those regulations, our first question is
    whether we find the statute ambiguous. As we
    indicated earlier, we do: the fact that it says nothing
    about nationals of non-VWP countries creates the am-
    biguity that drives both Bayo’s and the government’s
    arguments. The VWP regulations answer that ambiguity
    by applying the terms of the program to those who
    enter under the VWP, even if they are ineligible for it. Our
    only task under Chevron is to determine whether the
    Attorney General’s interpretation, as expressed in the
    VWP regulations, is reasonable. We find that it is. There
    is little reason to think that Congress would have
    wanted to confer the benefits of the VWP on ineligible
    aliens while sparing them the costs of entering under the
    Program. We say this in full recognition of the fact
    that applying the terms of the VWP to ineligible aliens
    No. 07-1069                                             11
    may also confer on them the possible benefit in
    asylum cases of being able to skip the credible-fear inter-
    view and proceed directly to an IJ. See Kanagasundram,
    22 I. & N. Dec. at 964. But the fact that there may be
    some benefits to the ineligible aliens as well as burdens
    simply means that the Attorney General had to balance
    several factors in the course of interpreting the statute.
    He was entitled, in doing so, to adopt an approach
    that preserves the government’s ability to remove
    aliens who fraudulently enter under the VWP just as
    promptly as it can remove legitimate VWP entrants.
    Our conclusion on this issue is in line with our earlier
    decisions. We have dismissed attempts by aliens to take
    control of their removal proceedings for overstay by
    pleading fraud. See Milande v. INS, 
    484 F.2d 774
    , 776 (7th
    Cir. 1973) (“To prove overstay, the respondent need
    only show a nonimmigrant’s admission for a temporary
    period, that the period has elapsed, and that the
    nonimmigrant has not departed. Any fraud or misrepre-
    sentation at time of entry is irrelevant to the charge of
    overstay . . . .”). We have also safeguarded the govern-
    ment’s ability to select the ground on which to remove
    aliens who are here illegally. See Ntovas v. Ahrens, 
    276 F.2d 483
    , 484 (7th Cir. 1960) (“In the administrative pro-
    ceedings the ground selected and relied upon by the
    government was not fraud or misrepresentation and
    plaintiff has not the power to substitute for his own
    convenience a ground not involved in the deportation
    proceedings.”). The government in this case was there-
    fore entitled to select overstay under the terms of the
    VWP as the ground for removing Bayo.
    12                                               No. 07-1069
    B
    Immigration law draws a bright line between “an
    alien who has effected an entry into the United States
    and one who has never entered.” Zadvydas v. Davis, 
    533 U.S. 678
    , 693 (2001). We acknowledge that those who
    stand at the threshold of admission are subject to
    special rules. See Shaughnessy v. United States, 
    345 U.S. 206
    , 212 (1953) (“[A]n alien on the threshold of initial
    entry stands on a different footing: Whatever the proce-
    dure authorized by Congress is, it is due process as far
    as an alien denied entry is concerned.”) (internal quota-
    tion marks omitted). The parties, however, do not
    dispute that Bayo has entered the United States, and so
    the “entry fiction” doctrine does not apply to him. Once
    he crossed the border, Bayo became entitled to certain
    constitutional rights, including the right to due pro-
    cess. See Plyler v. Doe, 
    457 U.S. 202
    , 210 (1982) (“Aliens,
    even aliens whose presence in this country is unlawful,
    have long been recognized as ‘persons’ guaranteed
    due process of law by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amend-
    ments.”); Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 
    118 U.S. 356
    , 368 (1886)
    (“The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution is not
    confined to the protection of citizens. . . . [Its] provisions
    are universal in their application, to all persons within
    the territorial jurisdiction.”).
    The government argues that Bayo waived these rights
    by signing the VWP form, but Bayo counters that the
    waiver he signed is invalid because he did not under-
    stand it. If the VWP waiver were a garden-variety
    contract, Bayo’s argument would almost certainly fail.
    No. 07-1069                                                13
    See Paper Express, Ltd. v. Pfankuch Maschinen GmbH, 
    972 F.2d 753
    , 757 (7th Cir. 1992) (“[A] party who agrees to
    terms in writing without understanding or investigating
    those terms does so at his own peril.”); 27 W ILLISTON
    ON C ONTRACTS § 70:113 (4th ed. 2009) (“One who signs
    or accepts a written contract, in the absence of fraud or
    other wrongful act on the part of another contracting
    party, is conclusively presumed to know its contents and
    to assent to them.”). The VWP waiver, however, is no
    normal contract. It includes a waiver of the right to a
    full immigration hearing; that waiver implicates both
    statutory rights and, in the final analysis, the constitu-
    tional right to due process.
    In criminal cases, courts both “indulge every reason-
    able presumption against waiver of fundamental con-
    stitutional rights and . . . do not presume acquiescence
    in the loss of fundamental rights.” Johnson v. Zerbst, 
    304 U.S. 458
    , 464 (1938) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    The Supreme Court also has established constitutional
    standards for waivers of constitutional rights in civil
    cases. See Fuentes v. Shevin, 
    407 U.S. 67
    , 94 n.31 (1972) (“In
    the civil area, the Court has said that we do not
    presume acquiescence in the loss of fundamental rights.
    Indeed, in the civil no less than the criminal area, courts
    indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver.”)
    (citation and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
    Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 
    301 U.S. 292
    , 307
    (1937) and Aetna Ins. Co. v. Kennedy, 
    301 U.S. 389
    , 393
    (1937)). While the Supreme Court has consistently classi-
    fied deportation proceedings as civil rather than
    criminal, e.g. Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, 
    342 U.S. 580
    , 594
    14                                            No. 07-1069
    (1952), at the same time the “Court has not closed its
    eyes to the drastic deprivations that may follow when
    a resident of this country is compelled by our Govern-
    ment to forsake all the bonds formed here and go
    to a foreign land where he often has no contemporary
    identification.” Woodby v. INS, 
    385 U.S. 276
    , 285 (1966)
    (applying criminal law’s burden of proof requirement
    to deportation proceedings). See Bridges v. Wixon, 
    326 U.S. 135
    , 154 (1945) (“Though deportation is not
    technically a criminal proceeding, it visits a great hard-
    ship on the individual and deprives him of the right
    to stay and live and work in this land of freedom. That
    deportation is a penalty—at times a most serious one—
    cannot be doubted. Meticulous care must be exercised
    lest the procedure by which he is deprived of that
    liberty not meet the essential standards of fairness.”)
    We conclude from this that the waiver standard in immi-
    gration cases, while perhaps not quite as strict as the
    one applicable to criminal cases, see Johnson v. Zerbst,
    must reflect the Supreme Court’s recognition of the
    unique character of this area.
    Bayo argues that only a waiver of rights that is
    knowing and voluntary can be effective here, and in
    support of this position he assumes that the traditional
    definition of waiver as the “intentional relinquishment
    or abandonment of a known right” applies. United States
    v. Olano, 
    507 U.S. 725
    , 733 (1993). The government, in
    contrast, argues for what it calls a “presumption”
    of knowledge, invoking the common-law maxim that
    knowledge of the law is presumed. See Cheek v. United
    States, 
    498 U.S. 192
    , 199 (1991) (“Based on the notion
    No. 07-1069                                              15
    that the law is definite and knowable, the common law
    presumed that every person knew the law.”); Dimenski
    v. INS, 
    275 F.3d 574
    , 578 (7th Cir. 2001) (“In immigration
    law, as in tax law—and criminal law, too, where knowl-
    edge of the law is presumed—the Constitution permits
    the government to leave people to their own research.”)
    (citation omitted). That presumption, the govern-
    ment argues, satisfies the knowledge requirement of
    the knowing and voluntary standard, and Bayo does not
    dispute that he signed the VWP waiver volun-
    tarily—he contests only that he did so knowingly.
    We have in the past assumed that a VWP waiver is valid
    only if it was done knowingly and voluntarily. See
    Wigglesworth v. INS, 
    319 F.3d 951
    , 959 (7th Cir. 2003).
    The government would have us depart from that under-
    standing, substituting a presumption of knowledge for
    the requirement of actual knowledge. But this would
    have the practical effect of eliminating the knowledge
    requirement altogether—a path we decline to follow for
    a host of reasons. First, we do not feel free to abandon
    the presumption against waiver of constitutional rights,
    see 
    Fuentes, 407 U.S. at 94
    n.31; compare 
    Johnson, 304 U.S. at 464
    , nor do we think that such a step would be
    advisable. Second, both the concepts of waiver and the
    presumption of knowledge of the law are ubiquitous in
    our legal system; defining their interaction so as to elimi-
    nate the knowledge requirement for a valid waiver of
    constitutional rights would change the law in various
    contexts not at issue here. Third, adopting a standard
    that rests solely on voluntariness would lead to absurd
    results, as it would render all waivers of constitutional
    16                                                No. 07-1069
    rights signed without coercion valid, regardless of
    whether the signatory understood a single word on the
    page. As amici point out, this would have a particularly
    detrimental effect on victims of human trafficking, who
    often come from VWP countries. See U NITED S TATES
    D EPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, A SSESSMENT OF U.S. G OVERN -
    MENT E FFORTS TO C OMBAT T RAFFICKING IN H UMAN
    P ERSONS IN F ISCAL Y EAR 2005 3-4 (2006), available at http://
    www.usdoj.gov/ag/annualreports/tr2006/assessment_of_
    efforts_to_combat_tip.pdf (noting that aliens who had
    received Certification and Eligibility Letters to obtain
    services and benefits for victims of human trafficking
    came from several VWP countries, including Czech
    Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, and South Korea).
    These aliens frequently enter the country voluntarily
    (hoping for employment but often finding hard labor
    or prostitution) and sign whatever forms that their traf-
    fickers put in front of them, without understanding the
    language on the form. Enforcing the terms of the VWP
    waiver against the victims of human trafficking (when
    they signed without knowledge) would prevent them from
    accessing T and U visas. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(T), (U).
    To render these provisions inoperative in this way
    would contravene congressional intent to provide relief
    to those who have been trafficked.
    In sum, we decline to pursue such a radical departure
    from established law. The only other circuit to have
    considered this question has come to the same conclu-
    sion. See Nose v. Attorney Gen. of United States, 
    993 F.2d 75
    , 78-79 (5th Cir. 1993). The government raises the
    specter of endless litigation were we to adopt the
    No. 07-1069                                             17
    knowing and voluntary standard, but it has failed to
    produce any evidence that this standard has proven
    unworkable in the Fifth Circuit. This is not for want of
    time to test the standard, which has been around for
    more than 15 years. Nor is it because the Fifth Circuit
    lacks experience with immigration, as Houston is a
    large port of entry and Texas is a popular destination
    for nonresident nonimmigrants (a category into which
    VWP entrants fall). See R ANDALL M ONGER & M ACREADIE
    B ARR , U NITED S TATES D EPARTMENT OF H OMELAND
    S ECURITY, A NNUAL F LOW R EPORT: N ONIMMIGRANT A DMIS-
    SIONS TO THE U NITED S TATES: 2008 6-8 (2009), available at
    http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publication
    s/ois_ni_fr_2008.pdf. Perhaps most telling is the fact that
    the Fifth Circuit itself has not found it necessary to
    change its standard in response to overwhelming litiga-
    tion or other concerns.
    We therefore hold that an alien’s waiver through the
    VWP of the due process rights to which he or she would
    otherwise be entitled must be done both knowingly and
    voluntarily. That said, there are a few additional points
    that must be clarified. Just as we are not inclined to
    endorse a sea change in the law of waiver, we also do not
    wish to disturb the understanding that the government
    is entitled to assume that people know the law. That
    means, importantly, that immigration officials are under
    no obligation to provide any form of legal advice to
    incoming immigrants. See City of W. Covina v. Perkins,
    
    525 U.S. 234
    , 241 (1999) (finding that government need not
    take steps to inform citizens of remedies if information
    about them is generally available). We also express no
    18                                              No. 07-1069
    opinion on the procedures the government should adopt
    in order to ensure that waivers of constitutional rights
    occur knowingly and voluntarily with respect to language
    proficiency. Going forward, it seems likely to us that
    this problem has largely been solved, as the ESTA
    website allows the traveler to select for the VWP waiver
    one of 21 languages, presumably those that are spoken
    in the 35 VWP countries. For a person already here who
    did not have the ESTA available to her, there are a
    variety of methods that could be used to adjudicate a
    claim contesting the knowing and voluntary nature of
    her waiver, and it is not our role to prescribe any
    particular system. We trust the executive branch to
    devise a system that fulfills the goals of fairness,
    efficiency, and security.
    Turning to the current case, we encounter the govern-
    ment’s argument that whether Bayo speaks English or
    French is immaterial, as aliens cannot plead a lack of
    language proficiency in proceedings like this one.
    Support for this proposition may be found in language
    from The Japanese Immigrant Case, 
    189 U.S. 86
    , 101-02 (1903)
    (“It is true that she pleads a want of knowledge of our
    language; that she did not understand the nature and
    import of the questions propounded to her; that the
    investigation made was a ‘pretended’ one; and that she
    did not, at the time, know that the investigation had
    reference to her being deported from the country. These
    considerations cannot justify the intervention of the
    courts.”). The government does not cite this case in any
    of its briefs. Moreover, this language is dicta, as the
    No. 07-1069                                               19
    Court in Japanese Immigrant was concerned that the
    alien had not followed the proper procedures
    for bringing her complaint before the executive branch
    authorities, as was required then:
    [Appellant’s arguments] could have been presented
    to the officer having primary control of such a case,
    as well as upon an appeal to the Secretary of the
    Treasury, who had power to order another investiga-
    tion if that course was demanded by law or by the
    ends of justice. It is not to be assumed that either
    would have refused a second or fuller investigation,
    if a proper application and showing for one had
    been made by or for the appellant. Whether further
    investigation should have been ordered was for the
    officers, charged with the execution of the statutes,
    to determine. Their action in that regard is not
    subject to judicial review. Suffice it to say, it does not
    appear that appellant was denied an opportunity to be
    heard. And as no appeal was taken to the Secretary
    from the decision of the Immigration Inspector, that
    decision was final and conclusive.
    
    Id. at 102
    (emphasis added).
    Even though none of the parties has explored the
    limits of Japanese Immigrant, we think it important to
    explain why we do not find it to be dispositive here.
    First, for the reasons we have already explained, this
    court has authority to resolve Bayo’s petition, unlike the
    situation in Japanese Immigrant. Second, the alien
    in Japanese Immigrant was asserting that her lack of knowl-
    20                                            No. 07-1069
    edge of English (and her other disabilities) entitled her
    to a broader scope of judicial review than the statute
    afforded. Focusing on the allocation of responsibility
    between the immigration officers and the courts, the
    Supreme Court rejected her argument. Bayo is not
    claiming that his asserted lack of command of the
    English language alters the scope of judicial review.
    Instead, the question is whether he may raise certain
    arguments in a proceeding authorized by the governing
    statute. Properly in court, he is entitled to raise as one
    of his arguments whether, for any reason (including but
    not limited to language problems) his VWP waiver was
    unknowing and therefore invalid. The government does
    not dispute our jurisdiction to consider final orders of
    removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(5); see also Carlson v.
    Landon, 
    342 U.S. 524
    , 537 (1952) (noting that the power
    to expel aliens lies with the political branches, but
    subject to “such opportunity for judicial review of their
    action as Congress may see fit to authorize or permit” as
    well as “judicial intervention under the paramount law
    of the Constitution.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    Finally, the government also does not allege that Bayo
    has failed to exhaust other available remedies provided
    by the executive branch.
    Bayo, however, still has one more hurdle to clear
    before he may prevail. To warrant a new immigration
    hearing on a due process claim, an alien “must
    establish that she was prejudiced, that is, that the error
    likely affected the result of the proceedings.” Alimi v.
    Gonzales, 
    489 F.3d 829
    , 834 (7th Cir. 2007). Inability to
    No. 07-1069                                             21
    show prejudice is where Bayo’s case founders. Had he
    known what the waiver said, Bayo would have had two
    options, either of which would have led to summary
    removal. If he had signed the waiver anyway, knowing
    full well what it said, he would be in the same situation
    as he is now. If he had refused to sign, he would have
    been removed summarily at the border because he did not
    have a proper visa. Perhaps there is a slight chance
    that after removal, Bayo could have obtained a visa to
    come to the United States, and then he might have
    settled in Indiana, met Tatiana Sia, and married her,
    allowing him to adjust his status based on marriage at
    that time. As Bayo admits in his brief though, “[i]t is
    difficult to compare what might have been with what
    is.” This is true, and it is the reason why we find the
    explanation of how Bayo might have been harmed too
    speculative to support a showing of prejudice. This
    dooms Bayo’s language proficiency argument as a basis
    for his petition.
    C
    Finally, Bayo argues that even if his waiver is valid, he
    should be entitled to adjust his status based on his mar-
    riage to Sia under 8 U.S.C. § 1255(c)(4). That part of the
    adjustment-of-status statute prohibits VWP entrants
    from adjusting status unless adjustment is based on an
    immediate relative, defined by 8 U.S.C. § 1151(b) to
    include spouses. The government responds that Bayo
    has waived his right to contest his removal because he
    chose to enter under the VWP, and that process
    22                                               No. 07-1069
    included a waiver of the right to adjust status. See 8
    U.S.C. § 1187(b)(2).
    At first glance, it appears that there is a conflict between
    the adjustment-of-status statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1255(c)(4),
    and the VWP statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1187(b)(2). Upon closer
    examination, however, we believe that they can be recon-
    ciled. During the time when a nonimmigrant visitor is
    within the VWP’s 90-day window, she may submit an
    adjustment-of-status application based on an immediate
    relative. An application submitted at that time would not
    represent a challenge to removal. After the visitor over-
    stays her 90-day visit, however, the effect of the VWP
    waiver kicks in, preventing any objection to removal
    (except for asylum), including one based on adjustment
    of status. All of the circuits to have addressed this
    issue have held that the VWP waiver prevents an alien
    from applying for adjustment of status after 90 days
    have elapsed. See McCarthy v. Mukasey, 
    555 F.3d 459
    ,
    462 (5th Cir. 2009); Momeni v. Chertoff, 
    521 F.3d 1094
    , 1097
    (9th Cir. 2008) (narrowing Freeman v. Gonzales, 
    444 F.3d 1031
    (9th Cir. 2006), to its facts, as the court in Freeman
    allowed an adjustment-of-status application filed prior
    to the expiration of the 90 days under the VWP); 
    Zine, 517 F.3d at 543
    ; Lacey v. Gonzales, 
    499 F.3d 514
    , 519 (6th
    Cir. 2007); Schmitt v. Maurer, 
    451 F.3d 1092
    , 1097 (10th
    Cir. 2006). Bayo filed his application for adjustment of
    status long after his 90 days were up. As a result, his
    adjustment-of-status application is barred by his valid
    VWP waiver or by the fact that in the absence of a
    No. 07-1069                                       23
    waiver he never would have entered the United States
    in the first place.
    ***
    We D ENY the petition for review.
    1-20-10
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 07-1069

Judges: Wood

Filed Date: 1/20/2010

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 9/24/2015

Authorities (33)

Michael Schmitt v. Douglas Maurer, Interim Field Director, ... , 451 F.3d 1092 ( 2006 )

Ako Nose v. Attorney General of the United States , 993 F.2d 75 ( 1993 )

artemios-ntovas-v-edward-p-ahrens-district-director-immigration-and , 276 F.2d 483 ( 1960 )

Lacey v. Gonzales , 499 F.3d 514 ( 2007 )

Paper Express, Limited, an Illinois Corporation v. Pfankuch ... , 972 F.2d 753 ( 1992 )

McCarthy v. Mukasey , 555 F.3d 459 ( 2009 )

Zine v. Mukasey , 517 F.3d 535 ( 2008 )

Celia Morales-Morales v. John Ashcroft, Attorney General of ... , 384 F.3d 418 ( 2004 )

Carla Freeman v. Alberto R. Gonzales, Attorney General , 444 F.3d 1031 ( 2006 )

Yvonne C. Wigglesworth v. Immigration and Naturalization ... , 319 F.3d 951 ( 2003 )

Sultana Alimi v. Alberto R. Gonzales , 489 F.3d 829 ( 2007 )

Dragan Dimenski v. Immigration and Naturalization Service , 275 F.3d 574 ( 2001 )

MOMENT v. Chertoff , 521 F.3d 1094 ( 2008 )

Francisco Milande v. Immigration and Naturalization Service , 484 F.2d 774 ( 1973 )

Yick Wo v. Hopkins , 6 S. Ct. 1064 ( 1886 )

The Japanese Immigrant Case , 23 S. Ct. 611 ( 1903 )

Bridges v. Wixon , 65 S. Ct. 1443 ( 1945 )

Ohio Bell Telephone Co. v. Public Utilities Commission , 57 S. Ct. 724 ( 1937 )

United States v. Ruiz , 122 S. Ct. 2450 ( 2002 )

Aetna Insurance v. Kennedy Ex Rel. Bogash , 57 S. Ct. 809 ( 1937 )

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