NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued May 28, 2010
Decided August 3, 2010
Before
DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge
ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge
DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge
No. 09‐3417 On Petition for Review of an Order
of the Board of Immigration Appeals
BABUBHAI K. PATEL,
Petitioner, A098‐495‐624
v.
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General
of the United States,
Respondent.
O R D E R
After Babubhai Patel was placed in removal proceedings by the Department of
Homeland Security, he applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under
the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Following a hearing, an immigration judge (“IJ”)
denied his asylum request because it was untimely and he had not shown he qualified for
an exception to the filing deadline. The IJ also concluded Patel’s testimony was not credible
and thus he was not entitled to withholding of removal or protection under the CAT. The
Board of Immigration Appeals dismissed his subsequent appeal for substantially the same
reasons the IJ denied his applications. Patel petitions for review of the Board’s order.
No. 09‐3417 Page 2
Because we lack jurisdiction to review the Board’s conclusion that he did not qualify for an
exception to the asylum application deadline, we dismiss that portion of his petition. With
respect to the part of his petition challenging the Board’s rejection of his request for
withholding of removal, we deny it because substantial evidence in the record supports the
Board’s decision.
I.
The Department of Homeland Security charged Babubhai Patel, a native and citizen
of India, with removability because he was an alien present in the United States without
having been admitted or paroled. In January 2007, he conceded removability but applied for
asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT. In a statement attached to
his application, Patel, a Hindu, indicated that he had been a member of the Bharatiya Janata
Party (“BJP”) since 1986. In December 1992, some of his Hindu BJP friends planned a march
to Ayodhya, the location of a Muslim mosque—Babri Masjid—that was erected after
Muslims destroyed a Hindu temple on the same site. Patel declined to participate and
advocated peace between Hindus and Muslims. Because of his refusal, BJP members
pushed his wife and 12‐month‐old child into a lake where they drowned. He was attacked
by BJP extremists the same day. BJP personnel later threatened to hurt and kill him.
At a hearing before an IJ, Patel testified that he had joined the BJP in December 1992
and was a member until 1997. But he could not produce documentation of his membership
because he lost it. He stated that in December 1992, ten thousand people, including BJP
members, marched to Ayodhya to protest the mosque. Patel wasn’t one of them. The last
time he saw his wife was November 30, 1992, the day before BJP members pushed her and
his daughter into a lake where they drowned. Patel opined that they were killed by BJP
members because he refused to participate in the march. He wanted to view their bodies,
but he decided against it after hearing that BJP members were lying in wait to kill him. He
also stated that he did go to see his wife’s body but fled from his village of Dingucha to the
city of Ahmedabad after BJP members attacked him. Before fleeing, he filed a police report
concerning the killings. Patel testified that he remained a member of the BJP while he was
in Ahmedabad. He stayed there until May 1998, when he entered the United States
illegally.
In support of his testimony, Patel produced death certificates for his wife and child
that were printed in English. He stated that a friend had obtained them from the police
station where he had filed a report in 1992; he could not explain why they were issued in
English. The death certificates were dated January 6, 1992. The IJ verified that Patel had
No. 09‐3417 Page 3
joined the BJP in December 1992 and pointed out that his wife had died several months
before he joined. Patel responded only that “[t]hey [indiscernible] different dates.” The IJ
then asked Patel whether his wife died before or after he joined the BJP. Patel responded,
“before.” The IJ queried how she died, given that she died before he joined the BJP. Patel
said that the BJP was responsible for her death and that he was a member of the BJP when
she died.
Patel also testified that earlier in 2007, a friend from India had told him that BJP
members were still searching for him and were bent on killing him because of his refusal to
march on the mosque in 1992. He believes that if he goes back to India and complains about
his wife’s death, the BJP will find out. None of his family in India has ever been threatened
by the BJP.
When the IJ asked why Patel did not apply for asylum until after he was placed in
removal proceedings, he responded that he had no one to help him and was confused. And
when asked to produce a birth certificate for his daughter or a marriage certificate, he
explained that a landlord in New Jersey had taken all his materials when he was ill. The IJ
inquired why he had not asked the friend in India who had obtained the death certificates
to also track down the marriage and birth certificates. Patel replied that those events had
happened a long time ago, suggesting they may be difficult to find.
At the end of the hearing, the IJ denied Patel’s asylum application because it was
filed more than a year after his arrival to the country and Patel had not proven he qualified
for an exception to the one‐year deadline. The IJ also denied his request for withholding of
removal, finding his testimony was not credible because it was inconsistent and
implausible, and his documentary evidence did not corroborate his statements. More
specifically, the IJ pointed out that Patel had difficulty recalling the events from India, and
the death certificates he submitted indicated they were produced by the public health
department rather than, as he had said, the police. The IJ opined that even if the documents
were authentic, the date of the deaths listed on them (January 6, 1992) did not jibe with
Patel’s testimony that his wife and child had died in December 1992. The IJ also thought it
implausible that the BJP would kill the wife and child of one of its members merely because
he did not participate in one demonstration. Even assuming that account was accurate, the
IJ found that Patel’s failure to flee India and his continued support of the BJP in Amhedabad
for several years after it had killed his wife and child was not credible and undercut his
argument that the BJP would harm him if he returned to India. For these reasons, the IJ
determined that Patel had not established past persecution or a clear probability of future
persecution that would justify withholding of removal. The IJ also denied Patel’s request
No. 09‐3417 Page 4
for protection under the CAT because he could not satisfy the higher standard of proof
required for relief under that provision.
Patel appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals, which dismissed his appeal.
The Board concluded that the IJ’s denial of his application for asylum was not based on
clearly erroneous facts. It also determined that the record supported the IJ’s finding that
Patel’s testimony was not credible and thus he did not qualify for withholding of removal
and protection under the CAT. The evidence the Board pointed to was Patel’s inability to
explain the discrepancy between his family members’ deaths in January 1992 and the attack
on the mosque in December 1992, the differing stories of his conduct after their deaths and
the ways in which they were buried, and his remaining in India for five years after their
deaths. Patel petitions for review of the Board’s decision concerning his asylum application
and request for withholding of removal.1
II.
We turn first to Patel’s challenge to the Board’s conclusion that he did not
demonstrate he qualified for an exception to the one‐year deadline for filing an asylum
application. To apply for asylum, an alien must prove by clear and convincing evidence
that his application was filed within one year of his arrival in the United States.
8 U.S.C. §
1158(a)(2)(B). Late applications may be considered, however, “if the alien demonstrates to
the satisfaction of the Attorney General either the existence of changed circumstances which
materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum or extraordinary circumstances
relating to the delay in filing an application” within the one‐year window.
Id. §
1158(a)(2)(D).
Under
8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3), we do not have jurisdiction to review a determination
that a late filing was not justified by changed or extraordinary circumstances. Ishitiaq v.
Holder,
578 F.3d 712, 715–16 (7th Cir. 2009). So to the extent Patel asks us to review the
Board’s factual or discretionary conclusions,
id. at 716, his petition must be dismissed for
want of jurisdiction.
1
In his petition for review, Patel does not challenge the Board’s decision on his
request for protection under the CAT. He has therefore waived judicial review of the issue.
Raghunathan v. Holder,
604 F.3d 371, 381 (7th Cir. 2010).
No. 09‐3417 Page 5
Although judicial review of factual and discretionary determinations is statutorily
removed, we do have jurisdiction under
8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) to review “constitutional
claims or questions of law.” Such questions of law must be “pure” ones—i.e., “situations in
which a case comes out one way if the Constitution or statute means one thing, and the
other way if it means something different.” Viracacha v. Mukasey,
518 F.3d 511, 515 (7th Cir.
2008). Apparently aware of the § 1158(a)(3) jurisdictional bar, Patel attempts to cast his
arguments in the § 1252(a)(2)(D) mold. He claims that the IJ committed errors of law by
failing to adequately articulate his reasons for concluding Patel did not qualify for an
exception to the one‐year deadline and by not questioning him regarding changed country
conditions and a medical condition that supposedly accounted for his late filing. But Patel
does not indicate which particular legal provisions he thinks these allegations traverse.
Even assuming his arguments raise constitutional claims or pure questions of law, we are
unable to address them because, as the Attorney General points out, Patel failed to exhaust
his remedies by presenting them to the Board.2
8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); see Korsunskiy v.
Gonzales,
461 F.3d 847, 849 (7th Cir. 2006).
We now turn to Patel’s challenge to the Board’s denial of his withholding of removal
claim, which we do have jurisdiction to review. Zaidi v. Ashcroft,
377 F.3d 678, 681 (7th Cir.
2004). To qualify for withholding of removal under
8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), an alien is
required to establish there exists a “clear probability”—i.e., it is more likely than not—he
will be subjected to persecution in the proposed country of removal. Benitez Ramos v.
Holder,
589 F.3d 426, 431 (7th Cir. 2009). Demonstration of past persecution in the country
of removal creates a rebuttable presumption that an alien will face persecution if he returns.
8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(1)(i); see also Zaidi,
377 F.3d at 681.
Where, as here, the Board adopted and supplemented the IJ’s decision, we review
the IJ’s decision as supplemented. Raghunathan,
604 F.3d at 379. We review a determination
that an alien is ineligible for withholding of removal under the substantial evidence
standard, which means that we must deny the petition for review if the decision is
supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence. Kedjouti v. Holder,
571 F.3d
718, 720 (7th Cir. 2009). We will not overturn the Board’s decision unless the record
compels a contrary result.
Id. at 720–21. Credibility findings are subject to the same highly
2
Patel did argue to the Board that the IJ had “wrongly concluded” that his medical
condition did not satisfy the extraordinary circumstance exception. But that was a different
argument than the one he makes now and, moreover, was based on a factual or
discretionary determination rather than a constitutional claim or question of law.
No. 09‐3417 Page 6
deferential substantial evidence standard. Mitondo v. Mukasey,
523 F.3d 784, 788–89 (7th Cir.
2008). The parameters for an IJ’s credibility determinations are set by
8 U.S.C. §
1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).
Substantial evidence in the record supports the Board’s determination that Patel did
not show he qualifies for withholding of removal because his testimony was not credible.
He testified that he joined the BJP in December 1992 and that his wife and child were killed
because he refused to participate in a march on a mosque that same month. Later in his
testimony, however, he stated that his wife died before he joined the BJP. A few sentences
later, he changed course again, acknowledging he was a member of the BJP when his wife
was killed. And the death certificates Patel provided indicated that his wife and child died
in January 1992, months before his refusal to join the march on the mosque—the very
refusal which supposedly led to the killings. The death certificates also indicate they were
issued by the public health department rather than a police department, as he had testified.
In addition, as the Board observed, Patel gave inconsistent testimony concerning
whether he went to see his wife’s body: he stated that he decided not to go when he learned
BJP members were waiting to kill him, yet he also declared that he did go to see the body, at
which point BJP members pushed him. The IJ also determined that if, as he testified, his
wife and child were killed by the BJP and he feared for his own life, it was not credible that
he would stay in India and maintain his BJP membership for several more years.
Because substantial evidence supports the decision that Patel’s testimony was not
credible and, therefore, that he had not shown past persecution in India or a clear
probability of future persecution there, we deny his petition for review of the Board’s denial
of his request for withholding of removal.
III.
Because we lack jurisdiction to review the Board’s conclusion that Patel did not
qualify for an exception to the asylum application deadline, we dismiss that part of the
petition for review. And because substantial evidence supports the Board’s denial of his
claim for withholding of removal, we deny the remainder of the petition. PETITION FOR
REVIEW DISMISSED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.
