United States v. Antoine Jackson ( 2020 )

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted April 10, 2020
Decided April 10, 2020
Before
MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge
No. 19-2109
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff-Appellee, Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
Eastern Division.
v.
No. 1:18-CR-00137(1)
ANTOINE JACKSON,
Defendant-Appellant. Ronald A. Guzmán,
Judge.
ORDER
Antoine Jackson pleaded guilty to unlicensed dealing in firearms, 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(a)(1)(A), carrying a firearm during drug trafficking, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A), and
distributing heroin, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and was sentenced to 138 months’
imprisonment. Jackson appealed, but his appointed counsel now argues that the appeal
is frivolous and seeks to withdraw. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 746 (1967).
Counsel’s brief explains the nature of the case and addresses potential issues that we
might expect an appeal of this kind to involve, so we limit our review to the subjects she
No. 19-2109 Page 2
discusses and the arguments Jackson raises in his Circuit Rule 51(b) response.
See United States v. Bey, 748 F.3d 774, 776 (7th Cir. 2014).
Counsel first tells us that Jackson seeks to challenge his plea, so she considers
challenging whether the plea was knowing and voluntary, but she properly concludes
that such a challenge would be frivolous. She has discussed with Jackson the possible
disadvantages associated with this challenge. See United States v. Konczak, 683 F.3d 348,
349 (7th Cir. 2012). As counsel notes, the plea colloquy demonstrates that the district
court complied with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 to ensure that Jackson’s plea
was knowing and voluntary. The district court asked Jackson if anyone had threatened
him or had attempted, in any way, to force him to plead guilty. FED. R. CRIM. P. 11(b)(2).
It also explained the nature of the charge, the statutory minimum of five years’
imprisonment, and the statutory maximum of life imprisonment. FED. R. CRIM. P.
11(b)(1)(G)–(I). By pleading guilty, the court explained, Jackson was waiving his right to
a trial, FED. R. CRIM. P. 11(b)(1)(F), and limiting his right to appeal.
Counsel next considers whether Jackson could challenge the adequacy of the
factual basis for his plea. First, she asks whether Jackson might be entitled to receive
relief under the Supreme Court’s decision in Rehaif v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191, 2200
(2019), which requires the government in a prosecution under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and
§ 924(a)(2) to prove that the defendant knew that he was barred from possessing a
firearm. But counsel appropriately concludes that this argument would be frivolous
because Jackson, albeit charged with several counts of being a felon in possession of a
firearm, see id. § 922(g)(1), did not plead guilty to—and thus was not convicted of—any
of these counts. Counsel relatedly asks whether Jackson could challenge the factual
basis for his § 924(c)(1)(A) conviction, given his denial that he carried a gun during the
drug transactions and his insistence that evidence provided by a confidential informant
was inadmissible. But at the plea colloquy Jackson admitted to the facts as stated by the
government—including that he had a gun when he sold heroin to a confidential
informant—and we would presume that facts admitted to at a Rule 11 colloquy are true.
United States v. Bowlin, 534 F.3d 656, 659–60 (7th Cir. 2008).
Counsel next considers whether Jackson could challenge his sentence but
correctly concludes that it would be frivolous to do so. The court correctly calculated a
total offense level of 27 and a criminal history category of II, which yielded a guidelines
range of 78 to 97 months’ imprisonment for unlicensed firearms dealing, see id.§ 2K2.1(a)(3), (b)(1)(A), (b)(5), and distributing heroin, see id. § 2D1.1(a)(5), (c)(10). The
court also properly assessed and imposed the guidelines sentence of 60 months’
No. 19-2109 Page 3
imprisonment for carrying a firearm while drug trafficking. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4(b).
Further, Jackson’s within-guidelines sentence is presumptively reasonable.
See United States v. Curtis, 645 F.3d 937, 943 (7th Cir. 2011); United States v. Mykytiuk, 415
F.3d 606, 608 (7th Cir. 2005). The court imposed concurrent terms of 60 months’
imprisonment for unlicensed firearms-dealing and 78 months’ imprisonment for
distributing heroin, below and at the low-end of the guidelines range, respectively.
Moreover, the court adequately justified its 138-month sentence with reference to the
factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), stating that this sentence was needed to deter “the
distribution and illegal use of firearms” and to protect the public from “violence caused
mostly by firearms and shootings going on in our streets almost constantly.”
Counsel contemplates challenging the conditions of supervised release that
Jackson objected to at sentencing, but rightly concludes that doing so would be
frivolous. At sentencing, Jackson objected to the maximum number of drug tests to
which he could be subjected, but it was within the court’s discretion to set a high
maximum; probation officers may exercise discretion “under that ceiling” and
probationers may petition later to lower that number. United States v. Crisp, 820 F.3d
910, 916 (7th Cir. 2016). Similarly, it would be frivolous for Jackson to challenge the
condition that he perform at least 20 hours of community service per week if he
remained unemployed after 60 days of supervision: The court had discretion to impose
this condition as long as it addressed the benefits and burdens of community service,
see United States v. Ortiz, 817 F.3d 553, 555–56 (7th Cir. 2016), and here the court justified
such service as allowing Jackson to “reintegrate into society [and] build pro-social
networks.”
Jackson, for his part, chiefly argues that he was arrested without probable cause
because the affidavit attached to his warrant relied on information from a confidential
source. But he waived this non-jurisdictional argument by pleading guilty. Tollett v.
Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267 (1973); United States v. Adigun, 703 F.3d 1014, 1018–19
(7th Cir. 2012). He also wrongly disputes our jurisdiction based on the mistaken belief
that his criminal case was heard in bankruptcy court. His case was heard in a federal
district court, which had jurisdiction over his case under 18 U.S.C. § 3231.
We GRANT counsel’s motion to withdraw and DISMISS the appeal.