Romain Dukes v. United States ( 2001 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 00-1981
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Romaine Dukes, *
*
Appellant, *
*
v. * Appeal from the United States
* District Court for the Southern
* District of Iowa.
United States of America, *
*
Appellee. *
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Submitted: April 12, 2001
Filed: July 11, 2001
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Before BYE and BEAM, Circuit Judges, and NANGLE,1 District Judge.
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BEAM, Circuit Judge.
On June 30, 1997, a jury convicted Romaine Dukes of one count of conspiring
to distribute cocaine base and two counts of distributing cocaine base. Because of the
drug quantity involved and Dukes' two prior felony drug convictions, he was sentenced
to a mandatory life term of imprisonment on the conspiracy count and on one
distribution count, and to ten years' imprisonment on the other distribution count. This
1
The Honorable John F. Nangle, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
court affirmed the direct appeal of his conviction. United States v. Dukes, 147 F.3d
1033 (8th Cir. 1998). After the Supreme Court rendered its opinion in Jones v. United
States, 526 U.S. 227 (1999), but prior to its opinion in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120
S. Ct. 2348 (2000), Dukes petitioned for habeas corpus relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
2255, which the district court2 denied, and upon which we ultimately issued a
certificate of appealability.3 Because Dukes is precluded from raising Apprendi errors
on collateral review, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
Dukes' challenge under Jones encompasses the issue the Court definitively
addressed in Apprendi. See United States v. Moss, No. 99-3169, 2001 WL 637312,
at *2 (8th Cir. June 11, 2001). In Apprendi, the Court held that, with the exception of
prior convictions, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the maximum
statutory penalty must be submitted to a jury and proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
120 S. Ct. at 2362-63; see also United States v. Nordby, 225 F.3d 1053, 1057 (9th Cir.
2000) ("Apprendi v. New Jersey is the latest in a series of cases in which the Supreme
Court has expressed a heightened concern that the determination of 'sentencing factors'
by a judge using a preponderance-of-the-evidence standard implicates the accused's
right to due process under the Fifth Amendment and right to a jury trial under the
Sixth."). We have held that, when drug quantity has not been alleged in the indictment
and found beyond a reasonable doubt by a jury, Apprendi precludes imposition of a
sentence in excess of the maximum prescribed by 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C). United
States v. Bradford, 246 F.3d 1107, 1113 (8th Cir. 2001); United States v. Aguayo-
Delgado, 220 F.3d 926, 933 (8th Cir. 2000).
2
The Honorable Charles R. Wolle, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.
3
Dukes' petition raised a variety of issues but we granted a certificate of
appealability only for the issue we now address.
-2-
Although we retroactively apply Apprendi in cases on direct appeal, United
States v. Anderson, 236 F.3d 427, 429 (8th Cir. 2001), this court has recently
concluded that Apprendi presents a new rule of constitutional law that is not of
"watershed" magnitude and, consequently, petitioners may not raise Apprendi claims
on collateral review. Moss, 2001 WL 637312, at *2 (relying upon Teague v. Lane, 489
U.S. 288 (1989) (plurality)). Furthermore, even if petitioners could collaterally attack
their sentences based on Apprendi, in Moss this court also determined that failure to
make that challenge in a direct appeal procedurally bars its assertion on collateral
review. Id. at *5, *7.
While the Supreme Court has not spoken on the issues decided in Moss,4 we are
bound by that decision. United States v. Reynolds, 116 F.3d 328, 329 (8th Cir. 1997)
("One panel may not overrule another."). Although in this case there may be sufficient
bases for overcoming the procedural bar, we find no way around Moss' prohibition on
retroactive application. Therefore, we are unable to reach the merits of Dukes' claim.
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
4
We recognize some of the concerns Judge Arnold expressed in Moss. 2001 WL
637312, at *7-*10 (Arnold, R., J., dissenting). Although we have refused to apply
Apprendi retroactively on successive habeas petitions, we made that decision because
"the plain language of the [habeas corpus] statutes governs our authority." Rodgers v.
United States, 229 F.3d 704, 706 (8th Cir. 2000). In contrast, we have said that "[o]ur
review of initial § 2255 petitions is not so limited," and "have previously accepted
review of Apprendi claims raised in initial § 2255 motions." Id. at 705, 706; see also
United States v. Murphy, 109 F.Supp.2d 1059 (D. Minn. 2000). But see United States
v. Sanders, 247 F.3d 139, 146 (4th Cir. 2001) (reaching contrary result).
-3-
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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