Sarah Fink v. Dakotacare ( 2003 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 02-1679
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Sarah Fink, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellant, *
*
v. * Appeal from the United States
* District Court for the
Dakotacare; Dakotacare Administrative * District of South Dakota.
Services, Inc.; Platte Community *
Memorial Hospital, Inc., *
*
Defendants - Appellees. *
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Submitted: November 7, 2002
Filed: March 31, 2003
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Before WOLLMAN, LAY, and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
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LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
Sarah Fink admitted herself for psychiatric hospital treatment in late 1997,
expecting that her medical expenses would fall within the continuation group health
coverage that her mother, Margaret Fink, had obtained from a former employer, Platte
Community Memorial Hospital, Inc. (“Platte”). Five days later, Platte terminated
contracts with its group health benefits provider, Dakotacare, a South Dakota health
maintenance organization, and with Dakotacare Administrative Services, Inc.
(“DAS”), a Dakotacare subsidiary hired to assist Platte in providing continuation
benefits. Margaret Fink declined to elect Platte’s new group health benefits plan for
1998, but she paid the January 1998 continuation coverage premium to Dakotacare
after discovering Sarah was ill. Dakotacare refunded the premium in late January and
refused to pay for medical services rendered to Sarah after the effective date of
Platte’s termination of Dakotacare.
Sarah then commenced this action, asserting numerous state law claims against
Platte, Dakotacare, and DAS. Defendants removed the case to federal court. The
district court concluded that all of Sarah’s state law claims are preempted by the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001 et seq., as
amended by the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986
(“COBRA”). After recharacterizing those claims as ERISA claims, the district court
granted summary judgment in favor of Platte, Dakotacare, and DAS. Sarah appeals,
challenging the district court’s preemption and summary judgment rulings, which are
issues we review de novo. See Painter v. Golden Rule Ins. Co., 121 F.3d 436, 438
(8th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1074 (1998); Stearns v. NCR Corp., 297 F.3d
706, 708 (8th Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 123 S. Ct. 977 (2003). We reverse.
I. Background
Margaret Fink resigned her employment with Platte in early 1997, moving to
the State of Washington. Platte was a covered employer then maintaining a group
health benefits plan, so COBRA required Platte to offer Margaret “continuation
coverage” for at least eighteen months after a qualifying event such as termination of
employment. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1161(a), 1162(2), 1163. Continuation coverage
“must consist of coverage which . . . is identical to the coverage provided under the
plan to similarly situated beneficiaries under the plan with respect to whom a
qualifying event has not occurred.” 29 U.S.C. § 1162(1). Margaret elected to
purchase the COBRA continuation coverage offered by Platte’s group health
provider, Dakotacare. That coverage began on February 1, 1997. As a student at the
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Lutheran School of Theology in Chicago, Sarah was then an eligible dependent under
Platte’s group health plan and therefore a qualified COBRA beneficiary. See 29
U.S.C. § 1167(3)(A)(ii).
The critical events for purposes of this appeal occurred in late 1997 and early
1998. In November 1997, Platte decided to switch group health providers from
Dakotacare to Lincoln Mutual Insurance Company. Platte sent Margaret Fink a letter
informing her of the impending switch.1 On December 23, Margaret applied for
health insurance offered by her new employer and sent Platte a letter advising that
“[w]e are choosing not to go on the new Lincoln Mutual insurance plan.” On
December 27, Sarah admitted herself to McKennan Hospital (“McKennan”) for
treatment of a schizo-affective disorder. On December 29, after learning of her
daughter’s illness, Margaret paid the continuation coverage premium for January
1998 with a check payable to Dakotacare COBRA Services, enclosing the appropriate
payment voucher. Margaret testified that she paid this premium to ensure there was
no gap in her family’s health insurance coverage, because she did not know when she
would be covered by her new employer’s health plan, or when Platte’s switch from
Dakotacare to Lincoln Mutual would take effect.
In the days that followed Sarah’s hospital admission, a Dakotacare employee
repeatedly assured McKennan’s staff that Sarah’s mental health treatment was
covered under Margaret’s continuation coverage. However, on January 8 or 9,
Dakotacare received notice that Platte had cancelled its group health benefits contract
with Dakotacare effective January 1. On January 20, Dakotacare informed Margaret
by letter that her continuation coverage was terminated effective January 1, and
Dakotacare refunded Margaret’s December 29 premium payment on January 30.
1
That letter is not in the summary judgment record, and the parties dispute
whether it advised Margaret that she must switch to Lincoln Mutual to maintain her
COBRA continuation coverage.
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Sarah remained in the hospital through February 4. On May 18, McKennan informed
Margaret that she would be billed for all of the medical expenses Sarah incurred
between January 1 and February 4. The Finks assert they would have transferred
Sarah to another hospital had they known that Platte’s group health plan did not cover
Sarah’s treatment at McKennan.
After concluding that all of Sarah’s state law claims are preempted by ERISA,
the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Dakotacare and DAS because
“[o]nce the contract between Dakotacare and Platte terminated, the coverage of
Platte’s plan members also ended.” The court then granted summary judgment in
favor of Platte, the plan sponsor under ERISA, because its decision to switch its
group health plan from Dakotacare to Lincoln Mutual was not a qualifying event
under COBRA, see 29 U.S.C. § 1163, and therefore Platte had no duty to notify
Margaret that she must switch to the new provider to continue her continuation
coverage. In addition, the court concluded that Sarah’s leaving school was a second
qualifying event, but it did not trigger Platte’s duty to notify Sarah of additional
COBRA rights because neither Margaret nor Sarah notified Platte of the event.
II. ERISA Preemption
Sarah Fink’s complaint asserted common law breach-of-contract claims against
Dakotacare and DAS; common law tort claims against Dakotacare, DAS, and Platte;
and claims for violation of the Unfair Trade Practices Chapter of the South Dakota
insurance laws against Dakotacare. See S.D. CODIFIED LAWS §§ 58-33-1 to -89. The
district court dismissed these claims as preempted by ERISA. We agree.
In Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 52 (1987), the Supreme Court
held that ERISA’s civil enforcement provisions, codified at 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a), are
“the exclusive vehicle for actions by ERISA-plan participants and beneficiaries
asserting improper processing of a claim for benefits.” Applying Pilot Life, this court
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has consistently held that state law causes of action are completely preempted by
ERISA when they “arise from the administration of benefits.” Kuhl v. Lincoln Nat.
Health Plan, 999 F.2d 298, 302-04 (8th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1045(1994); see Painter, 121 F.3d at 439-40; Donatelli v. Home Ins. Co., 992 F.2d 763,
764-65 (8th Cir. 1993). It is clear that Sarah’s state law claims arise from the denial
of her claim for continuation coverage benefits under Platte’s group health plan. That
plan was a welfare benefit plan governed by ERISA. See 29 U.S.C. § 1002(1).
Seeking to save her state law claims from this well-established doctrine, Sarah
first argues that recent Supreme Court decisions have “narrowed the scope of ERISA
preemption.” Even if that is true in other contexts, the Court has expressly declined
invitations to either expand or contract the Pilot Life doctrine that ERISA’s civil
enforcement remedies preempt conflicting or competing state law judicial remedies.
See Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran, 122 S. Ct. 2151, 2164-71 (2002); Unum
Life Ins. Co. of Am. v. Ward, 526 U.S. 358, 376 n.7 (1999).
Second, Sarah argues that her claims for violation of the South Dakota unfair
insurance practices act are saved from preemption by the ERISA “savings clause,”
which excepts from the statute’s broad preemption provision “any law of any State
which regulates insurance, banking, or securities.” 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A). But
this argument ignores the distinction between a substantive state insurance law, which
if saved will provide “a relevant rule of decision” in an ERISA civil enforcement
action, Unum, 526 U.S. at 376 n.7, and a state judicial remedy, which is conflict-
preempted under Pilot Life even if it was created or authorized by a state insurance
statute. See generally Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y of U.S. v. Crysler, 66 F.3d 944(8th Cir. 1995). The district court correctly ruled that Sarah’s state law causes of
action, including her claims under the South Dakota unfair insurance practices statute,
are preempted by ERISA.
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III. Sarah’s ERISA Claims
When a complaint pleading only state law claims that are preempted by ERISA
is removed to federal court, one or more of the claims must be “recharacterized” as
an ERISA claim to establish federal jurisdiction. See Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor,
481 U.S. 58, 63-67 (1987). In this case, Sarah filed a Third Amended Complaint after
removal that both reasserted her state law claims and added an ERISA claim against
only Dakotacare. The district court nonetheless recharacterized Sarah’s claims
against Platte and DAS as ERISA claims before granting summary judgment in favor
of these defendants as well as Dakotacare. This was error. When a plaintiff after
removal amends her initial complaint to assert one or more ERISA claims, the federal
court should limit its analysis to the claims as pleaded. See Stewart v. U.S. Bancorp,
297 F.3d 953, 958-59 (9th Cir. 2002); Lyons v. Philip Morris Inc., 225 F.3d 909, 914
(8th Cir. 2000); Hull v. Fallon, 188 F.3d 939, 942-43 (8th Cir. 1999), cert. denied,
528 U.S. 1189 (2000). However, Platte and DAS failed to raise this issue on appeal.
Turning to the merits, Sarah’s claims under ERISA raise two distinct issues:
whether Sarah lost her right to continuation coverage benefits when Margaret failed
to enroll in Platte’s 1998 group health plan with Lincoln Mutual, and whether Sarah’s
claims were affected when she withdrew from school in early January 1998.
A. Dakotacare and DAS argue that Margaret’s continuation coverage expired
when she declined coverage in the Lincoln Mutual plan and Platte terminated its plan
with Dakotacare. In our view, the flaw in this contention is its assumption that
Margaret acted inconsistently in telling Platte she was not interested in moving to the
Lincoln Mutual plan and then mailing the January 1998 continuation coverage
premium to Dakotacare. Margaret paid the premium to avoid any gap between the
end of her continuation coverage with Platte and the start of health coverage under
her new employer’s plan. To avoid the potential coverage gap, Margaret sent
Dakotacare a check for the January 1998 continuation coverage premium and
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enclosed the appropriate monthly payment voucher. She made that payment on time,
in the right amount, payable to the proper payee, and prior to formally cancelling her
continuation coverage. Margaret did everything required to extend her continuation
coverage through January 31, 1998. Avoiding coverage gaps was Congress’s purpose
in enacting the COBRA amendments to ERISA. Under COBRA, Margaret and her
eligible dependents were legally entitled to continuation coverage for January 1998.2
Sorting out which defendant is liable for the denial of Margaret’s continuation
coverage in January 1998 may be difficult, and it is beyond the scope of this appeal.
COBRA imposes a statutory duty on Platte as “plan sponsor” to provide continuation
coverage identical to that provided to its current employees. See 29 U.S.C.
§§ 1002(16)(B), 1161(a), 1162(1). The fact that Platte switched its plan from one
group health provider to another may have modified but did not eliminate this duty:
If coverage is modified under the plan for any group of similarly situated
beneficiaries, such coverage shall also be modified in the same manner
for all individuals who are qualified beneficiaries under the plan
pursuant to [COBRA].
29 U.S.C. § 1162(1). Thus, it was not Margaret’s obligation to learn whether her
January 1998 continuation coverage premium should be paid to Dakotacare or
Lincoln Mutual. She paid the January 1998 premium in accordance with the plan in
effect when the payment was made. The ERISA fiduciaries administering Platte’s
plan were responsible for tendering the payment to the proper plan provider.3
2
The record contains evidence that Sarah’s benefits under Margaret’s
continuation coverage were exhausted on January 26, because the plan only covered
thirty days of inpatient psychiatric care per six month period. That is an issue for the
district court on remand.
3
An ERISA fiduciary “shall discharge [its] duties with respect to a plan solely
in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries . . . (A) for the exclusive purpose
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It appears that all three defendants are potentially liable as ERISA fiduciaries.
Platte was the plan administrator. See 29 U.S.C. § 1002(16)(A)(ii). Platte’s contract
with Dakotacare stated that “Dakotacare shall be fiduciary of the plan administrator.”
As for DAS, its agreement with Platte made DAS responsible for “maintaining
coverage, for every Qualified Beneficiary who elects the continuation of coverage,”
and for “receiv[ing], account[ing] for, and appropriately distribut[ing] the payments
received from the Qualified Beneficiary to the applicable health benefit plan.” DAS
was an ERISA fiduciary in exercising these discretionary duties as Platte’s agent. See
29 U.S.C. § 1002(21)(A); Kerns v. Benefit Trust Life Ins. Co., 992 F.2d 214, 216-17
(8th Cir. 1993). These fiduciary duties were in effect when DAS received Margaret’s
January 1998 premium payment, regardless of whether its contract with Platte was
thereafter cancelled retroactively to January 1, 1998. Thus, each of these defendants
may be individually or jointly liable for the breach of fiduciary duty that occurred
when Margaret’s January 1998 premium payment was not applied in a manner that
preserved her continuation coverage for that month.
Moreover, the record on appeal suggests that Margaret’s January 1998
premium payment was in fact cashed by Dakotacare before it was refunded. This
raises the interesting question whether a group health provider may retroactively
cancel continuation coverage after it has accepted a qualified beneficiary’s premium
payment, based upon the employer’s retroactive cancellation of the group health
contract. Compare Novak v. Irwin Yacht & Marine Corp., 986 F.2d 468, 471-72
of: (i) providing benefits to participants and their beneficiaries,” 29 U.S.C.
§ 1104(a)(1), and must exercise its duties “with the care, skill, prudence, and
diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent man acting in a like
capacity and familiar with such matters would use,” 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(B).
ERISA beneficiaries may obtain appropriate equitable relief to redress a fiduciary’s
breach of these duties. See 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3); Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S.
489, 515 (1996).
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(11th Cir. 1993), with National Cos. Health Benefit Plan v. St. Joseph’s Hosp., 929
F.2d 1558, 1573 (11th Cir. 1991).
Under this view of the case, it is simply irrelevant whether Platte, as plan
administrator, and Dakotacare and DAS, as additional ERISA fiduciaries, adequately
advised Margaret as to the effect of not switching to the Lincoln Mutual plan. In
December 1997, before Platte switched group health providers, Margaret properly
paid the premium to extend her continuation coverage through January 1998. The
responsible ERISA fiduciary or fiduciaries were then obligated to apply that payment
so that the coverage was maintained. Any issues as to which defendant is liable for
failing that duty are for the district court to resolve on remand.
B. There remains the thorny question whether Sarah was a qualified
beneficiary of Margaret’s continuation coverage when the psychiatric treatment
expenses were incurred. COBRA provides that a dependent child is a qualified
beneficiary if she was a beneficiary under the plan on the day before the COBRA
qualifying event. See 29 U.S.C. § 1167(3)(A). When Margaret terminated her
employment with Platte in early 1997, the plan covered unmarried children who
“[a]re under 25 years of age and are a full-time student at an accredited educational
institution.” Sarah fell within that class, so she became entitled to continuation
coverage “identical to the coverage provided under the plan to similarly situated
beneficiaries.” 29 U.S.C. § 1162(1). But Sarah withdrew from the seminary on
January 5, 1998. Platte’s plan covered “[s]ervices rendered to an Eligible Dependent
while such person is covered” (emphasis added). Thus, although the district court did
not reach the issue, it appears that Sarah’s eligibility for continuation coverage
benefits under Margaret’s election may have ended on January 5, 1998.
However, COBRA also provides that ceasing to be a covered dependent child
is a second qualifying event that entitles the child to notice of her right to extend her
continuation coverage until 36 months after the date of the initial qualifying event.
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See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1162(2)(A)(ii), 1163(5), 1166(a)(4)(B). It is undisputed that Sarah
received no such notice from plan administrator Platte or from the Dakotacare
defendants as Platte’s fiduciary agents.
Platte responds, and the district court agreed, that the duty to give Sarah this
notice never arose because Margaret failed to notify Platte of the second qualifying
event, as 29 U.S.C. § 1166(a)(4)(B) requires. But COBRA provides that Margaret
had sixty days to provide this notice. See 29 U.S.C. § 1166(a)(3). During that sixty
day period, Dakotacare sent its January 20, 1998, letter advising Margaret that her
“Employer Group Health Plan terminated effective 01/01/98.” That advice was
erroneous -- Platte’s group health plan had not terminated, and Sarah was at least
arguably entitled to a new continuation coverage election period under 29 U.S.C.
§ 1165(1)(C)(ii). In these circumstances, summary judgment was improper because
the district court failed to consider whether this faulty advice from an ERISA
fiduciary excused Margaret’s failure to advise Platte of the second qualifying event,
in which case Sarah would remain entitled to notice and an opportunity to elect the
36-month continuation coverage for eligible dependents who lose their qualified
beneficiary status. Cf. Bixler v. Cent. Pa. Teamsters Health & Welfare Fund, 12 F.3d
1292, 1302 (3d Cir. 1993). Once again, these are issues for the district court to
resolve in the first instance on remand.
The judgment of the district court is reversed and the case is remanded for
further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. Dakotacare’s motion to strike
portions of Sarah’s reply brief is denied.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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