United States v. Dominique Betts ( 2007 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 07-1068
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Eastern District of Missouri.
Dominique M. Betts, *
*
Appellant. *
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Submitted: October 17, 2007
Filed: December 4, 2007
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Before RILEY, MELLOY, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
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RILEY, Circuit Judge.
Dominique Betts (Betts) pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court1 sentenced Betts to 120
months’ imprisonment, to run consecutive to Betts’s state sentences. Betts appeals.
We affirm.
1
The Honorable Rodney W. Sippel, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
I. BACKGROUND
On November 20, 2005, Betts was a patron at The Next Level Club (Club), an
after-hours club in New Madrid, Missouri. Inside the Club, Kafern Williams
(Williams) hit Betts on the chin, rendering Betts unconscious and opening a cut that
later required eighteen stitches to close. Other patrons carried Betts out of the Club.
After regaining consciousness outside of the Club, Betts observed Williams with a
firearm. Betts then left the premises of the Club to go to an area behind a nearby
house to retrieve a firearm. After retrieving the firearm, Betts twice discharged the
firearm in the air behind the house. Betts discharged the firearm in an attempt to ward
off an alleged attack by Williams and an associate of Williams, who also had a
firearm. Betts related:
I started shootin’ the gun up in the air. Just to let [Williams] know, . . .
you ain’t the only one got a gun. . . . [A]fter I shot twice in the air, they
saw me where I was cause they saw the fire jumpin’ from the gun. . . .
Betts pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm. The United States
Probation Office prepared a presentence investigation report (PSR)2 setting Betts’s
base offense level at twenty-four. The PSR applied a four level enhancement pursuant
to United States Sentencing Guidelines § 2K2.1(b)(5) for using a firearm in
connection with another felony offense, and credited Betts with three levels for
acceptance of responsibility. The PSR concluded Betts’s total offense level was
twenty-five and Betts had a criminal history category VI, based upon (1) Betts’
numerous convictions (assault; common assault; possession of marijuana; non-support
2
At sentencing, Betts objected to the application of an enhancement pursuant
to Guidelines § 2K2.1(b)(5). Betts never objected to the PSR’s factual statements.
We rely on and accept as true the unobjected to facts in the PSR. See Fed. R. Crim.
P. 32(i)(3)(A); United States v. Wintermute, 443 F.3d 993, 1005 (8th Cir. 2006).
All citations to the United States Sentencing Guidelines are to the 2005 edition.
See generally United States v. Carter, 490 F.3d 641, 643 (8th Cir. 2007).
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of child; distribution, delivery, and manufacturing of a controlled substance; second-
degree assault; petty larceny; and possession of marijuana, as well as seven other
unscored convictions), (2) Betts being on probation at the time of the offense, and
(3) Betts committing the offense within two years of release from custody. Because
the statutory maximum term of imprisonment was 120 months’ imprisonment, Betts’s
advisory Guidelines sentencing range was 110 to 120 months’ imprisonment.
The district court adopted the PSR’s computation of Betts’s advisory Guidelines
sentence, declined to depart downward based upon Betts’s criminal history category
over-representing either the seriousness of Betts’s criminal history or the likelihood
Betts will commit other crimes, and sentenced Betts to 120 months’ imprisonment.
The district court ordered Betts’s federal sentence to run consecutive to Betts’s state
sentences based upon “the serious nature of the instant offense” and “in consideration
of [Betts’s] history.” In concluding Betts’s sentence was tailored to the 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) factors, the district court stated:
In determining the particular sentence to be imposed, the Court
shall consider first the nature and circumstances of the offense and the
history and characteristics of the defendant. Interjecting a firearm, even
if it didn’t actually go back into the club, into a social scene in response
to physical injury, 15 convictions in the span of 26 months, a sentence
as a result of those factors is to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to
promote respect for the law, which is sorely lacking here, to provide just
punishment, to afford deterrence, to protect the public, which is
important here. They’re all important, but protecting the public is a
motivating factor in this instance.
This appeal followed.
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II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Betts argues (1) the district court erred in applying a four offense
level enhancement based upon Betts’s use of a firearm in connection with another
felony offense, (2) the district court erred by declining to depart downward based
upon Betts’s over-represented criminal history, and (3) Betts’s sentence is not
reasonable under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
A. Using a Firearm in Connection with Another Felony Offense
We review de novo the district court’s application of the Guidelines, and we
review for clear error the district court’s factual findings. See United States v. Ingram,
501 F.3d 963, 968 (8th Cir. 2007).
Guidelines § 2K2.1(b)(5) increases a defendant’s offense level four levels “[i]f
the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with
another felony offense.” In the absence of a conviction for another felony offense, the
government must prove by a preponderance of the evidence all of the essential
elements of the underlying felony offense, including the absence of any defenses. See
United States v. Raglin, 500 F.3d 675, 677 (8th Cir. 2007). For Betts, we look to
Missouri criminal law. Under Missouri law, the State of Missouri has the burden to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant did not act in lawful self defense. See
Missouri v. Beck, 167 S.W.3d 767, 780 (Mo. Ct. App. 2005). In the context of the
advisory Sentencing Guidelines, the government has the burden to prove the absence
of any defense by a preponderance of the evidence. See United States v. Pirani, 406
F.3d 543, 551 n.4 (8th Cir. 2005) (en banc).
The district court concluded Betts used the firearm in connection with the crime
of unlawful use of a weapon, a Missouri class D felony punishable with up to four
years’ imprisonment. Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 571.030.1(4), 571.030.7, 558.011.1(4)
(2005). The crime of unlawful use of a weapon is knowingly exhibiting “in the
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presence of one or more persons, any weapon readily capable of lethal use in an angry
or threatening manner.” Mo. Rev. Stat. § 571.030.1(4) (2005).
First, Betts contends the government failed to prove (1) Betts used the firearm
“in an angry or threatening manner” and (2) Betts exhibited the firearm in the
presence of others, because Betts discharged the firearm in a location some distance
from other people. “Missouri courts have held that whether a weapon was exhibited
in a ‘threatening’ manner is an objective determination,” Ingram, 501 F.3d at 968, and
a defendant exhibits a firearm in the presence of others, even though no one saw the
firearm, “by giving evidence of [the firearm] through visible signs and actions,”
Missouri v. Johnson, 964 S.W.2d 465, 468 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998). Betts retrieved and
discharged the firearm allegedly to ward off an attack by Williams and Williams’s
associate. Betts gave evidence of the firearm by firing it to threaten Williams and
Williams’s associate, who thereby learned Betts possessed a firearm. Betts stated,
“they saw me where I was cause they saw the fire jumpin’ from the gun.” The
government proved by a preponderance of the evidence Betts unlawfully used a
weapon in violation of Missouri Revised Statutes section 571.030.1(4).
Second, Betts argues the government failed to prove Betts committed the crime
because Betts acted in lawful self defense. Missouri Revised Statute section
563.031.2 (2005) permits the “use [of] deadly force upon another person” if, among
other things, the defender “reasonably believes that such deadly force is necessary to
protect himself [or herself] or another against death, serious physical injury,” or other
forcible felony.3 Under Missouri law, to prove lawful self defense, the evidence must
show:
3
The requirements of Missouri Revised Statute section 563.031.1 (2005), in
addition to § 563.031.2, apply because “a defendant charged under § 571.030.1(4) is
only entitled to an instruction on self-defense if the facts justify the use of deadly
force.” Missouri v. Parkhurst, 845 S.W.2d 31, 36 (Mo. 1992) (en banc).
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(1) an absence of aggression or provocation on the part of the defender;
(2) a real or apparently real necessity for the defender to kill in order to
save himself from an immediate danger of serious bodily injury or death;
(3) a reasonable cause for the defendant’s belief in such necessity; and
(4) an attempt by the defender to do all within his power consistent with
his personal safety to avoid the danger and the need to take a life.
Missouri v. Thomas, 161 S.W.3d 377, 379 (Mo. 2005) (en banc).
“A self-defense instruction is not appropriate if the defendant renewed or
continued the confrontation, because behavior of that sort is inconsistent with the
requirement that defendant avoid the danger and the need to take a life.” Id. “The
‘renewal’ cases are most often characterized by a renewal of the confrontation after
either (1) the initial victim left the scene to obtain a weapon or (2) a significant break
in the confrontation is made when the defendant removes himself or herself from the
confrontation before coming back to renew the fight.” Id. at 379-80 (punctuation
altered and internal citations omitted). Here, Betts renewed the confrontation with
Williams after the initial confrontation had ended and Betts left the Club to obtain a
weapon. Betts attempts to distinguish this situation from the renewal cases by arguing
Williams and Williams’s associate were still threats to Betts when Betts discharged
the firearm behind the house. Nothing in the record supports the allegation Williams
or Williams’s associate continued to threaten Betts when Betts discharged the firearm.
The district court’s factual finding that Betts was “removed from the problem, but
[Betts] then reinsert[ed] himself” is not clearly erroneous. The district court did not
err (1) in concluding Betts did not act in lawful self defense, (2) in holding Betts used
a firearm in connection with the crime of unlawful use of a weapon, and (3) in
applying a four level enhancement pursuant to Guidelines § 2K2.1(b)(5).
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B. Downward Departure Based Upon Betts’s Over-Represented
Criminal History
Betts claims the district court erred in denying a motion for downward
departure under Guidelines § 4A1.3(b)(1). “The discretionary denial of a motion for
downward departure is unreviewable unless the court failed to recognize its authority
to depart.” United States v. Cubillos, 474 F.3d 1114, 1120 (8th Cir. 2007) (quotation
omitted). The district court recognized its authority to depart from the advisory
Sentencing Guidelines range; however, the district court declined to exercise its
discretion due to Betts’s extensive criminal history and likelihood of recidivism. The
district court’s decision not to depart downward is not reviewable.
C. Reasonableness Review
Conceding the district court properly applied the Sentencing Guidelines in
running Betts’s federal sentence consecutive to Betts’s state sentences, Betts argues
running the 120 months’ imprisonment sentence consecutive to Betts’s state sentences
is not reasonable. Specifically, Betts contends the district court failed to consider
(1) Betts acted in self defense and (2) Betts only had an undischarged term of
imprisonment because Missouri revoked Betts’s probation before the imposition of
the federal sentence. We need not consider further Betts’s first contention because
Betts did not act in lawful self defense.
We review for reasonableness a district court’s decision to impose a concurrent,
partially concurrent, or consecutive sentence. See United States v. Winston, 456 F.3d
861, 867 (8th Cir. 2006). Because the district court imposed a sentence within the
advisory Sentencing Guidelines range, Betts’s sentence is presumptively reasonable.
See Rita v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2462 (2007); United
States v. Solis-Bermudez, 501 F.3d 822, 884 (8th Cir. 2007).
Section 3584(a), (b) of Title 18, United States Code, mandates consideration
of the § 3553(a) factors in determining whether to impose a concurrent, partially
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concurrent, or consecutive sentence, and encourages consecutive sentences “[w]hen
prison terms for multiple offenses are imposed at different times.” United States v.
Shafer, 438 F.3d 1225, 1227 (8th Cir. 2006). “The objective is ‘to achieve a
reasonable incremental punishment for the instant offense and avoid unwarranted
disparity.’” Id. (quoting U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3, cmt. n.3(A)). Furthermore, although “the
Guidelines are no longer mandatory, the Guidelines must be considered in fashioning
a reasonable sentence under § 3553(a).” United States v. Feemster, 483 F.3d 583, 588
(8th Cir. 2007), petition for cert. filed, No. 07-6727 (Sept. 14, 2007). The Guidelines
recommend “the sentence for the instant offense be imposed consecutively to the
sentence imposed for the revocation.” U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3, cmt. n.3(C). The district
court gave effect to 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a), 3584(a) and Guideline § 5G1.3 by running
Betts’s federal sentence consecutive to Betts’s state sentences. Betts’s consecutive
sentences are not unreasonable.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the district court.
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