Dannix Painting v. Sherwin-Williams Company , 732 F.3d 902 ( 2013 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 13-1025
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Dannix Painting, LLC
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
Sherwin-Williams Company
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
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Submitted: September 25, 2013
Filed: October 21, 2013
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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, BRIGHT and BYE, Circuit Judges.
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RILEY, Chief Judge.
In this diversity case, see 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a), Dannix Painting, LLC (Dannix),
a Mississippi limited liability company whose sole member is a Missouri resident,
appeals the dismissal of its Missouri tort action against the Sherwin-Williams
Company (SWC), an Ohio corporation. Dannix alleged SWC negligently
misrepresented a certain paint product SWC sold was appropriate for a particular
painting project. Dannix argues the district court1 erroneously concluded Dannix
failed to state a claim because Missouri’s2 economic loss doctrine barred Dannix’s
only cause of action. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Dannix, a commercial painting contractor, used a product manufactured by
SWC to paint some buildings at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, but the finish was
defective. When Dannix sought assistance from SWC, SWC recommended an
alternative product. When that product proved unacceptable due to noxious odors, an
SWC employee suggested a third product. On the SWC employee’s recommendation,
Dannix used the third product on both interior and exterior surfaces, complying with
all the manufacturer’s recommendations. This product also failed. The paint
“delaminated”3 on both interior and exterior surfaces, causing Dannix to suffer
financial loss when Dannix had to remove the defective paint and redo the work.
On August 13, 2012, Dannix sued SWC in Missouri state court for negligent
misrepresentation in recommending the third product. Dannix asserted SWC “failed
to exercise reasonable care or competence in investigating the accuracy of its
recommendation and in specifying the [r]ecommended [p]roduct.” On September 12,
2012, SWC removed the case to the Eastern District of Missouri based on diversity
jurisdiction. SWC then moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
1
The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri.
2
The parties agree Missouri law applies. See Bath Junkie Branson, L.L.C. v.
Bath Junkie, Inc., 528 F.3d 556, 561 n.4 (8th Cir. 2008) (assuming Missouri law
applied where both parties relied on it).
3
At oral argument, Dannix explained the term “delaminated,” as used in the
complaint, means the paint “didn’t stick” because “it did not have the chemical and
bonding properties that allowed it to adhere to the surface to which it was applied.”
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12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, arguing the economic loss doctrine barred
Dannix’s complaint under Missouri law.
On December 3, 2012, the district court concluded Dannix’s claim for
“negligent misrepresentation [was] barred by Missouri’s economic loss doctrine.”
Noting “Missouri courts have recognized rare exceptions to the economic loss
doctrine” for “cases involving a fiduciary relationship,” see, e.g., Autry Morlan
Chevrolet Cadillac, Inc. v. RJF Agencies, Inc., 332 S.W.3d 184, 193 (Mo. Ct. App.
2010), “negligence in providing professional services,” see, e.g., Business Men’s
Assur. Co. of Am. v. Graham, 891 S.W.2d 438, 454 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994), and breach
of a public duty, see, e.g., B.L. Jet Sales, Inc. v. Alton Packaging Corp., 724 S.W.2d
669, 672-73 (Mo. Ct. App. 1987), the district court determined Dannix’s claim did
“not fall within any of those recognized exceptions.” Refusing to “expand Missouri
law to create a new one,” the district court dismissed Dannix’s complaint. Dannix
timely appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
“We review de novo the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), accepting [Dannix’s] factual allegations as
true and construing all reasonable inferences in favor of [Dannix].” Alexander v.
Hedback, 718 F.3d 762, 765 (8th Cir. 2013). “‘As a federal court, our role in diversity
cases is to interpret state law, not to fashion it.’” Kingman v. Dillard’s, Inc., 643 F.3d
607, 615 (8th Cir. 2011) (quoting Orion Fin. Corp. v. Am. Foods Grp., Inc., 281 F.3d
733, 738 (8th Cir. 2002)). “‘When determining the scope of Missouri law, we are
bound by the decisions of the Supreme Court of Missouri. If the Supreme Court of
Missouri has not addressed an issue, we must predict how the court would rule, and
we follow decisions from the intermediate state courts when they are the best evidence
of Missouri law.’” Id. (quoting Eubank v. Kan. City Power & Light Co., 626 F.3d
424, 427 (8th Cir. 2010)).
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B. Economic Loss
The only issue in this case is whether the district court erred in deciding
Missouri’s economic loss doctrine precluded Dannix’s negligent misrepresentation
claim. Anticipating how the Missouri Supreme Court would rule on this issue, we
conclude the district court did not err.
“[D]istinguished from harm to person or damage to property,” economic, or
commercial, “‘loss includes cost of repair and replacement of defective property
which is the subject of the transaction, as well as commercial loss for inadequate value
and consequent loss of profits or use.’” Groppel Co. v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 616 S.W.2d
49, 55 n.5 (Mo. Ct. App. 1981) (quoting Salmon Rivers Sportsman Camps, Inc. v.
Cessna Aircraft Co., 544 P.2d 306, 309-10 (Idaho 1975)). Economic loss also
includes “‘the diminution in the value of the product because it is inferior in quality
and does not work for the general purposes for which it was manufactured and sold.’”
Chi. Heights Venture v. Dynamit Nobel of Am., Inc., 782 F.2d 723, 727 (7th Cir.
1986) (Illinois law) (quoting Moorman Mfg. Co. v. Nat’l Tank Co., 435 N.E.2d 443,
449 (Ill. 1982)).
The economic loss doctrine prohibits a commercial buyer of goods “from
seeking to recover in tort for economic losses that are contractual in nature.” Autry
Morlan, 332 S.W.3d at 192 (tracing “[t]he roots of the economic loss doctrine” in
Missouri to Crowder v. Vandendeale, 564 S.W.2d 879, 884 (Mo. 1978) (en banc)).
Expanding tort principles into the commercial arena risks drowning “contract law . . .
in a sea of tort.” E. River S.S. Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, Inc., 476 U.S. 858, 866
(1986). While public policy may warrant allowing tort remedies to provide “more
protection from dangerous products than is afforded by the law of warranty,” id.
(citing Seely v. White Motor Co., 403 P.2d 145, 149 (Cal. 1965) (In Bank)), “loss due
to repair costs, decreased value, and lost profits is essentially the failure of the
purchaser to receive the benefit of its bargain—traditionally the core concern of
contract law,” id. at 870.
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“In essence, the economic loss, or commercial loss, doctrine denies a remedy
in tort to a party whose complaint is rooted in disappointed contractual or commercial
expectations.” Mut. Serv. Cas. Ins. Co. v. Elizabeth State Bank, 265 F.3d 601, 615
(7th Cir. 2001) (Illinois law) (quoting Collins v. Reynard, 607 N.E.2d 1185, 1188 (Ill.
1992) (Miller, C.J., concurring)). “[A]lthough tort law is an appropriate vehicle for
providing a recovery for physical injury to persons or to other property caused by
defective goods, tort law should not be held to undermine the law of sales’ balancing
of the relationship between buyers and sellers regarding whether or not, and how well,
products work.” Tioga Pub. Sch. Dist. No. 15 v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 984 F.2d 915, 918
(8th Cir. 1993); accord Forrest v. Chrysler Corp., 632 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Mo. Ct. App.
1982).
“The doctrine was judicially created to protect the integrity of the [Uniform
Commercial Code (U.C.C.)] bargaining process; it prevents tort law from altering the
allocation of costs and risks negotiated by the parties.” Marvin Lumber & Cedar Co.
v. PPG Indus., Inc., 223 F.3d 873, 882 (8th Cir. 2000) (Minnesota law); see, e.g., Mo.
Rev. Stat. §§ 400.2-303 (risk allocation), 400.2-313 to -316 (warranties), 400.2-719
(limitation of remedies). “[C]ontract law, and the law of warranty in particular, is
better suited for dealing with purely economic loss in the commercial arena than tort
law, because it permits the parties to specify the terms of their bargain and to thereby
protect themselves from commercial risk.” Dakota Gasification Co. v. Pascoe Bldg.
Sys., a Div. of Amcord, Inc., 91 F.3d 1094, 1098 (8th Cir. 1996) (North Dakota law);
accord Crowder, 564 S.W.2d at 884.
1. Negligent Misrepresentation
“Under Missouri law, remedies for economic loss sustained by reason of
damage to or defects in products sold are limited to those under the warranty
provisions of the UCC.” Renaissance Leasing, LLC v. Vermeer Mfg. Co., 322
S.W.3d 112, 130-31 (Mo. 2010) (en banc). Missouri’s economic loss doctrine bars
recovery for negligence, see R.W. Murray Co. v. Shatterproof Glass Corp., 697 F.2d
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818, 828-29 (8th Cir. 1983), and strict liability “where the only damage is to the
product sold,” Sharp Bros. Contracting Co. v. Am. Hoist & Derrick Co., 703 S.W.2d
901, 903 (Mo. 1986) (en banc).
Recognizing the severe limitations imposed by the economic loss doctrine,
Dannix is adamant it does not make a straight defect claim. Instead, Dannix asserts
a claim for negligent misrepresentation based on SWC’s product recommendation,
“seeking damages for the loss it suffered when the recommended product proved
unsuitable.”4 According to Dannix, the economic loss doctrine does not apply to its
negligent misrepresentation claim because Dannix faults SWC’s recommendation
rather than its product. Dannix’s attempt to circumvent the U.C.C. bargaining process
and avoid the parties’ agreed allocation of risk is unavailing.
Dannix has not cited, and we are unable to find, a Missouri case allowing a
commercial buyer of goods under the U.C.C. to maintain a negligent
misrepresentation claim against the seller based upon the seller’s recommendation as
to the fitness or performance of those goods.5 See Bruce Martin Constr., Inc. v. CTB,
4
Dannix is not alone. As courts have applied the economic loss doctrine to bar
claims for economic loss under negligence and strict liability theories, claims for
negligent misrepresentation have risen significantly. See Anthony Niblett, Richard
A. Posner, & Andrei Shleifer, The Evolution of a Legal Rule, 39 J. Legal Stud. 325,
346 (2010).
5
Renaissance Leasing, relied upon by Dannix, is not to the contrary. In
Renaissance Leasing, the Missouri Supreme Court permitted a negligent
misrepresentation claim by a financier who loaned an additional $70,000 toward the
purchase price of a piece of mining equipment based on the manufacturer’s purported
misrepresentation that the equipment could be repaired or modified to perform certain
essential tasks. Id. at 117-18, 135-36. But the financier was not the buyer of the
goods. His tort claim involved different grounds and different damages from any
warranty claims arising from the equipment purchase. Id. The court determined any
negligent misrepresentation claim the buyer might have had was inadequately pled.
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Inc., No. 1:10CV205SNLJ, 2012 WL 718624, at *3 (E.D. Mo. Mar. 6, 2012)
(recognizing “the Missouri Supreme Court has not addressed this issue”). Although
the Missouri state courts have not specifically addressed whether a commercial buyer
may recover for disappointed commercial expectations based on a theory of negligent
misrepresentation, the Missouri courts’ steady application of the economic loss
doctrine leads us to conclude the district court did not err in holding the doctrine bars
Dannix’s negligent misrepresentation claim. See R.W. Murray Co., 697 F.2d at 828
(“Other recent Missouri decisions, while not directly addressing the negligence
question presented in the instant case, make it clear that the basic principle announced
in Crowder is applicable to actions seeking recovery for economic loss arising from
defective products in the U.C.C. sale of goods context.”).
In adopting the economic loss doctrine in Crowder, the Missouri Supreme Court
determined “the liability imposed for mere deterioration or loss of bargain resulting
from latent . . . defects is contractual” and adequately remedied by a potential
warranty claim. Crowder, 564 S.W.2d at 881. Applying the doctrine to strict liability
claims in Sharp Brothers, the court explained, “‘[C]ontract law and the rules
pertaining to contract restrictions on warranty liability should control [claims for harm
to the product] rather than the rules and principles of tort law’” because “‘the risk of
Id. at 136.
The lack of any discussion of the economic loss doctrine in Renaissance
Leasing also deprives that case of any precedential value with respect to whether the
doctrine bars Dannix’s negligent misrepresentation claim. “The maxim of stare
decisis applies only to decisions on points arising and decided in causes.” Broadwater
v. Wabash R. Co., 110 S.W. 1084, 1086 (Mo. 1908) (quotation omitted); see also
State ex rel. Baker v. Goodman, 274 S.W.2d 293, 297 (Mo. 1954) (en banc) (“There
is no doctrine better settled than that the language of judicial decisions must be
construed with reference to the facts and issues of the particular case, and that the
authority of the decision as a precedent is limited to those points of law which are
raised by the record, considered by the court, and necessary to a decision.”).
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harm to the product itself due to the condition of the product would seem to be a type
of risk that the parties to a purchase and sale contract should be allowed to allocate
pursuant to the terms of the contract[,] . . . especially . . . as regards transactions
involving commercial or industrial products.’” Sharp Bros., 703 S.W.2d at 902-03
(quoting Prosser & Keeton on the Law of Torts, § [101](3) (5th ed. 1984) (footnotes
omitted)). As the United States Supreme Court stated, “Given the availability of
warranties, the courts should not ask tort law to perform a job that contract law might
perform better.”6 Saratoga Fishing Co. v. J.M. Martinac & Co., 520 U.S. 875, 880
(1997).
This reasoning applies with full force to Dannix’s negligent misrepresentation
claim. See AKA Distrib. Co. v. Whirlpool Corp., 137 F.3d 1083, 1086 (8th Cir. 1998)
(deciding “the Minnesota Supreme Court would extend the doctrine to other kinds of
torts asserted by commercial claimants in cases where the policies underlying [the
economic loss doctrine] favor limiting remedies to those in the U.C.C.”). Dannix
“seek[s] damages for the loss it suffered when the recommended product proved
unsuitable.” This is precisely the type of tort claim by a disappointed commercial
buyer that the economic loss doctrine prohibits. See Saratoga Fishing Co., 520 U.S.
at 879-80 (holding warranty law “set[s] the responsibilities of a seller of a product that
fails to perform the function for which it was intended”) (citing East River, 476 U.S.
at 872-73); Marvin Lumber, 223 F.3d at 885 n.1 (same); Chi. Heights Venture, 782
6
The record is not entirely clear, but SWC asserts Dannix’s contract with SWC
limited the availability of the U.C.C. remedies. See Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 400.2-316
(exclusion or modification of warranties), 400.2-719 (modification or limitation of
remedies). As explained in Saratoga Fishing Co., Dannix could have negotiated to
receive greater warranties to “set the terms of compensation for product failure” and
been compensated for its loss. Saratoga Fishing Co., 520 U.S. at 880. Because
Dannix did not negotiate such warranties, it “likely receive[d] a lower price in return.”
Id. Allowing Dannix to maintain a negligent misrepresentation claim at this point
would rewrite the parties’ contract and reallocate the risk of loss. Id.
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F.2d at 727 (quoting Moorman Mfg., 435 N.E.2d at 449 (explaining warranty law
“protect[s] expectations of suitability and quality”)).
Where there are well-developed contractual remedies, such as the
remedies that the [U.C.C.] (in force in all U.S. states) provides for breach
of warranty of the quality, fitness, or specifications of goods, there is no
need to provide tort remedies for misrepresentation. The tort remedies
would duplicate the contract remedies, adding unnecessary complexity
to the law. Worse, the provision of these duplicative tort remedies would
undermine contract law.
....
[T]he “economic loss” doctrine . . . forbids commercial contracting
parties (as distinct from consumers, and other individuals not engaged
in business) to escalate their contract dispute into a charge of tortious
misrepresentation if they could easily have protected themselves from
the misrepresentation of which they now complain.
All-Tech Telecom, Inc. v. Amway Corp., 174 F.3d 862, 865-66 (7th Cir. 1999)
(Wisconsin law).
We reached the same conclusion in Maynard Co-op. Co. v. Zeneca, Inc., 143
F.3d 1099, 1101-02 (8th Cir. 1998) (Iowa law), in which the buyer of a herbicide
argued the economic loss doctrine did not apply to its negligent misrepresentation
claim against the manufacturer because the “chemicals performed their commercially
expected function of destroying the first crop.” Id. at 1101. The buyer argued the
basis of its claim against the manufacturer was not a product defect, but was “the
incorrect advice given by” the manufacturer’s representative regarding the safety of
replanting after the herbicide was applied. Id.
We affirmed the trial court’s application of the economic loss doctrine,
concluding “[t]he district court correctly interpreted [the buyer’s] negligent
misrepresentation claim as essentially based upon the failure of [the herbicide] to meet
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[the buyer’s] commercial expectation that the chemical would” perform as described,
causing damage to the replanted crop. Id. at 1102. We rejected the buyer’s distinction
“between the advice given by [the manufacturer] and the product about which the
advice was given” as “a distinction without a difference.” Id. We also concluded the
buyer could not establish a negligent misrepresentation claim because the
manufacturer “was not in the business of supplying information but, rather, offered
advice and information merely as a service provided in connection with its retail
operations.” Id. at 1103. Both rationales apply to Dannix’s claim.
In Marvin Lumber, we affirmed the dismissal of the fraud and
misrepresentation claims of a window and door manufacturer against the supplier of
a wood preservative that “did not meet [the buyer’s] expectations in preventing wood
rot and deterioration.” Marvin Lumber, 223 F.3d at 875, 885. We determined the trial
court properly applied the reasoning from Huron Tool & Eng’g Co. v. Precision
Consulting Servs., 532 N.W.2d 541, 545 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995), that posits “in cases
‘where the only misrepresentation by the dishonest party concerns the quality or
character of the goods sold,’ the economic loss doctrine bars the fraud claims because
the fraud claims are substantially redundant with warranty claims.” Marvin Lumber,
223 F.3d at 885 (quoting Huron, 532 N.W.2d at 545).
We noted the manufacturer’s “fraud claims all revolve[d] around one central
allegation: [the supplier of the preservative] misle[d] [the buyer] into believing that
[the preservative] would be an effective product, but [the preservative] failed. The
only harms alleged arose from [the preservative’s] inefficacy.” Id. at 885 n.1.
Recognizing “commercial parties may protect themselves against the risk of product
failure by securing warranties,” we determined allowing the buyer to resurrect time-
barred warranty claims in “tort would be precisely the kind of subversion of the
U.C.C. that the economic loss doctrine is intended to prevent.” Id.
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Dannix fails to point to anything in Missouri law that would compel a different
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result. At root, Dannix’s negligent misrepresentation claim derives from its
disappointed commercial expectations—the paint it bought “didn’t stick” as expected
(an adhesion failure). That failure “is the essence of a warranty action, through which
a contracting party can seek to recoup the benefit of its bargain.” East River, 476 U.S.
at 868.
[T]ort law is a superfluous and inapt tool for resolving purely
commercial disputes. We have a body of law designed for such disputes.
It is called contract law . . . . [C]ommercial disputes ought to be resolved
according to the principles of commercial law rather than according to
tort principles designed for accidents that cause personal injury or
property damage. A disputant should not be permitted to opt out of
commercial law by refusing to avail himself of the opportunities which
that law gives him.
Schreiber Foods, Inc. v. Lei Wang, 651 F.3d 678, 680-81 (7th Cir. 2011) (alterations
and omissions in original) (quoting Miller v. U.S. Steel Corp., 902 F.2d 573, 574-75
(7th Cir. 1990)). “[S]ee[ing] no cause to judicially emasculate the warranty provisions
of the UCC,” Gibson v. Reliable Chevrolet, Inc., 608 S.W.2d 471, 475 (Mo. Ct. App.
1980), we agree with the district court that Missouri’s economic loss doctrine bars
Dannix’s negligent misrepresentation claim.
7
To the contrary, the Missouri federal district courts considering this issue have
consistently concluded “a claim for negligent misrepresentation is barred by
Missouri’s economic loss doctrine in a merchant-to-merchant sale of allegedly
defective goods where there has been no personal injury or damage to property and
the plaintiff seeks recovery for only economic loss.” Bruce Martin, 2012 WL 718624,
at *5; accord Self v. Equilon Enters., LLC, No. 4:00CV1903TA, 2005 WL 3763533,
at *11 (E.D. Mo. Mar. 30, 2005); Collegiate Enters., Inc. v. Otis Elevator Co., 650 F.
Supp. 116, 118 (E.D. Mo. 1986).
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2. Other Property Damage
We also reject Dannix’s contention that “the facts set forth in the [c]omplaint
fall within the other property damage exception to the economic loss doctrine.” See
Laidlaw Waste Sys., Inc. v. Mallinckrodt, Inc., 925 F. Supp. 624, 635 (E.D. Mo. 1996)
(“[W]here damage is claimed to property other than the product sold, the economic
loss doctrine is not applicable.”). Dannix’s complaint does not set forth any
allegations of property damage to surfaces Dannix painted. The complaint simply
alleges Dannix suffered a pecuniary loss when the paint “failed, resulting in
delamination of surfaces on the exterior and some interior areas, and resulting in
financial loss to [Dannix].” In other words, because the SWC paint “didn’t stick” to
some of the surfaces Dannix painted, Dannix incurred costs to remove the defective
paint and refinish the surfaces with a different product. Dannix alleges economic, or
commercial, loss—not other property damage. See Chi. Heights Venture, 782 F.2d
at 727; Groppel Co., 616 S.W.2d at 55 n.5.
The district court correctly dismissed Dannix’s negligent misrepresentation
complaint.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm.
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