United States v. Belle Brave Bull , 828 F.3d 735 ( 2016 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 15-2143
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United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Belle Brave Bull
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of South Dakota - Aberdeen
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Submitted: May 16, 2016
Filed: July 11, 2016
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Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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BENTON, Circuit Judge.
Belle Brave Bull pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter and assault with a
dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153, 5032, 1112, and 113(a)(3).
She appeals her sentence, objecting to an upward departure and the reasonableness
of her sentence. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.
Intoxicated, Brave Bull and a group of friends began to argue. She lunged
toward one of them with a metal object, accidentally striking someone else causing
a deep laceration to the head. She continued arguing with yet another friend, Frances
Kathryne Wanna, outside. Wanna tried to calm the group down by pretending to call
the police. Brave Bull threatened her with a shovel for being a “snitch.” Wanna
curled up on the ground, crying. Brave Bull followed her into the house, pushing her
backwards down a flight of basement stairs. Brave Bull and another friend went to
check on her. She appeared to be crying. No one touched her. No one called for
medical help because some in the group had prior felonies and were on probation or
supervised release. The group left without Wanna. Two hours later, police found her
dead, still at the bottom of the steps in a contorted position. The fall dislocated a
femur and the first and second vertebrae, immobilizing her. Medical experts testified
she probably lived up to an hour-and-a-half to two hours after the fall, and that she
likely would have survived with immediate medical attention.
The district court sentenced Brave Bull to 162 months’ imprisonment,
departing upward from criminal history category I to category VI. Brave Bull
contends the district court erred in departing upward on its three bases—U.S.S.G. §
5K2.8 for conduct that was “unusually heinous, cruel, brutal, or degrading to the
victim,” U.S.S.G. § 5K2.21 for dismissed charges, and U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3 for
inadequacy of Brave Bull’s criminal history category and likelihood of recidivism.
She also objects to the reasonableness of the sentence.
I.
A.
“This court reviews an upward departure, if objected-to, for abuse of
discretion.” United States v. White Twin, 682 F.3d 773, 775 (8th Cir. 2012). Under
§ 5K2.8:
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If the defendant’s conduct was unusually heinous, cruel, brutal, or
degrading to the victim, the court may increase the sentence above the
guideline range to reflect the nature of the conduct. Examples of extreme
conduct include torture of a victim, gratuitous infliction of injury, or
prolonging of pain or humiliation.
Brave Bull claims that her conduct “in the heat of battle,” while both she and the
victim were drunk, is not extreme conduct.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in departing upward under
§5K2.8. Brave Bull intentionally pushed Wanna down the basement stairs, and after
checking, left her there without help. The district court, viewing photographs, said:
[A]ny person, other than somebody who was blind, could know by
looking at those photographs and actually looking at the victim that she
was not fine and that she was dying. You can look at that and see in
these pictures, just that alone, that the victim was seriously injured and
needed medical attention immediately.
The district court also said:
As I say, I was struck primarily . . . of the cruelty of these young people
in leaving Frannie there to die. I do not understand that—how anyone
could do that.
....
. . . . When you leave somebody that you know or should have known
is dying and has been very severely injured, that is conduct that is
heinous, cruel, and brutal beyond the normal assault case.
The court concluded that “the conduct here is outside the heartland of the typical
voluntary manslaughter case.” See United States v. Iron Cloud, 312 F.3d 379, 382
(8th Cir. 2002) (applying § 5K2.8 where defendant’s conduct allowing the victim “to
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be swept away by the rushing current and did nothing to try to save her” was “outside
the heartland of the typical voluntary manslaughter case”). This court “respect[s] the
district court’s superior feel for the case” when reviewing U.S.S.G. §5K2.8. Id.
B.
Brave Bull did not object to the upward departures under the guidelines
sections 5K2.21 and 4A1.3. This court reviews these departures for plain error.
United States v. Mees, 640 F.3d 849, 854 (8th Cir. 2011). Under plain-error review,
the defendant must show: (1) an error; (2) that is plain; (3) that affects substantial
rights, and (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings. United States v. Ault, 598 F.3d 1039, 1042 (8th Cir. 2010).
Under § 5K2.21, “[t]he court may depart upward to reflect the actual
seriousness of the offense based on conduct (1) underlying a charge dismissed as part
of a plea agreement in the case, or underlying a potential charge not pursued in the
case as part of a plea agreement or for any other reason; and (2) that did not enter into
the determination of the applicable guideline range.” “A sentencing court may rely
upon dismissed charges in fashioning a reasonable sentence.” United States v. Azure,
536 F.3d 922, 932-33 (8th Cir. 2008). “In order to rely upon a dismissed charge for
purposes of sentencing, the government must prove the defendant committed the
alleged offense by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 933. “[A]lthough the
quantum of proof is less than the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt formulation used at trial,
the burden of proof remains unchanged at sentencing: the government bears the
burden.” Id. The district court noted the dismissal of second degree murder count
due to a plea agreement, and that Brave Bull’s initial shovel-assault of Wanna was
never charged. Brave Bull argues there was insufficient evidence that she killed
Wanna with “malice aforethought.” See 18 U.S.C. § 1111(a).
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The district court did not plainly err in departing upward under § 5K2.21.
“Malice may be shown . . . by evidence of conduct which is reckless and wanton, and
a gross deviation from a reasonable standard of care, of such a nature that the
factfinder is warranted in inferring that defendant was aware of a serious risk of death
or serious bodily harm.” United States v. French, 719 F.3d 1002, 1008 (8th Cir.
2013) (brackets and quotations omitted). By the unobjected-to facts, Brave Bull
called Wanna a “snitch” and threatened her with a shovel while she was curled up on
the ground asking to go home. After pushing Wanna down the stairs backwards,
Brave Bull checked on her without seeking medical help. See United States v.
Schiradelly, 617 F.3d 979, 984 (8th Cir. 2010) (“[F]act statements in the PSR, to
which Schiradelly did not object, adequately supported a finding that the dismissed
charges were properly proved.”). Here, the district court found that “when you push
somebody down the stairs backwards, you are, of course, taking a great risk. And I
don’t think that being drunk excuses this type of cruelty . . . .” See United States v.
Eder, 836 F.2d 1145, 1149 (8th Cir. 1988) (finding “[t]he evidence supports an
inference of malice by the jury because Eder was aware of the serious risk of death
to Shelena and failed to act” where defendant inflicted head injury to victim, then
fled with victim, neglecting her medical needs until she died). The facts here
demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Brave Bull was aware of a
serious risk of death to Wanna when she pushed her down the stairs and left her
immobilized with no medical assistance.
Brave Bull challenges the district court’s departure under § 4A1.3. She first
argues she had no notice of the district court’s finding that her criminal history
category substantially under-represented the seriousness of her criminal history and
the likelihood of recidivism. To the contrary, paragraph 50 in the PSR, listing 11
convictions, states that “sentences resulting from tribal court convictions are not
counted, but may be considered under § 4A1.3.” Brave Bull thus had notice of a
potential upward departure under § 4A1.3. See White Twin, 682 F.3d at 776 (noting
PSR listed defendant’s extensive history in tribal courts, and district court did not
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abuse discretion in departing under § 4A1.3 sua sponte). Cf. United States v.
Adetiloye, 716 F.3d 1030, 1038 (8th Cir. 2013) (“[T]he district court was not required
to provide separate notice under Rule 32(h) in this case because the PSR already
listed § 2B1.1 cmt. n. 19(A) as a ground for departure.”).
Brave Bull also asserts that the district court did not adequately explain the
extent of its departure from a category I to VI. “To impose an upward departure
under § 4A1.3, the sentencing court first must proceed along the criminal history axis
of the sentencing matrix, comparing the defendant’s criminal history with the criminal
histories of other offenders in each higher category . . . .” Azure, 536 F.3d at 931.
This does not need to be a “ritualistic exercise in which the sentencing court
mechanically discusses each criminal history category it rejects en route to the
category that it selects. But the sentencing court must adequately explain why it
determines that the intermediary categories fail to meet the purposes of § 4A1.3.”
Mees, 640 F.3d at 854 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
Brave Bull emphasizes that her tribal convictions were non-violent. See United
States v. Gonzales-Ortega, 346 F.3d 800, 802 (8th Cir. 2003) (“The Guidelines do
note that the nature of the prior offenses and not the sheer number of prior offenses
‘is often more indicative of the seriousness of the defendant’s criminal record.’”).
Her prior history consisted of mostly underage substance-abuse crimes, failure to
appear for court, and disorderly conduct. In addition to two pending underage
alcohol consumption charges, the court found she was violating substance-abuse laws
“on almost a daily basis” by “ingesting methamphetamine.” The district court also
discussed Brave Bull’s relevant conduct in the instant offense—including the
uncharged assault with the shovel. See Mees, 640 F.3d at 854 (finding the instant
offense—one charge for theft concerning federal funds—did not encompass all
defendant’s criminal conduct that occurred as a part of the embezzlement scheme).
The district court does not have to “specifically mention that it had considered the
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criminal histories of other offenders in each intermediate criminal history category,”
but its findings must adequately explain and support the departure. Id. at 855.
It is not readily apparent, from the record, why the intermediate categories fail
to meet the purposes of § 4A1.3. However, even if the district court did not
adequately explain the increase from category I to category VI under § 4A.13, it did
not affect Brave Bull’s substantial rights. The district court also departed under §
5K2.8 and § 5K2.21, because the offense was “heinous, cruel, and brutal,” and the
range did not adequately reflect the seriousness of the offense based on the dismissed
second degree murder charge. The court found that Brave Bull’s base offense level
would have been 35 if she had pled guilty to second degree murder. The district court
specifically found that under category I and level 35, the guideline range would be
168 to 210 months. In the end, the court left the offense level at 27, choosing to
increase only the criminal history category—resulting in a lower guideline range of
130 to 162 months. The district court’s increase to a criminal history category VI,
even if error, did not substantially affect Brave Bull’s rights due to the other bases for
departure that the court found. See Molina-Martinez v. United States, 136 S. Ct.
1338, 1346 (2016) (“There may be instances when, despite application of an
erroneous Guidelines range, a reasonable probability of prejudice does not exist. The
sentencing process is particular to each defendant, of course, and a reviewing court
must consider the facts and circumstances of the case before it.”).
II.
This court reviews the substantive reasonableness of the sentence for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
“A district court abuses its discretion and imposes an unreasonable sentence when it
fails to consider a relevant and significant factor, gives significant weight to an
irrelevant or improper factor, or considers the appropriate factors but commits a clear
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error of judgment in weighing those factors.” United States v. White, 816 F.3d 976,
987 (8th Cir. 2016).
The district court appropriately considered the § 3553(a) sentencing factors.
At the hearing, the court discussed Brave Bull’s age, difficult upbringing, and lack
of parental supervision. The court detailed at length the nature and circumstances of
the offense and the need to provide just punishment, acknowledging “that a mother
of a very small child has been taken away.” The court addressed Brave Bull’s history
of substance abuse, recommending to the Bureau of Prisons that she be allowed to
participate in the substance-abuse treatment program. Finally, the court “carefully
considered” the § 3553 sentencing factors and explained, “A sentence of 7.25 years
for this type of conduct is totally inadequate, and I also think that the sentence that
the Government is asking for is excessive. That would be 25 years.” The court
sentenced Brave Bull to 162 month’s imprisonment. After the upward departure the
guidelines range was 130 to 162 months. The court’s 162-month sentence is
appropriate. Feemster, 572 F.3d at 461 (“If the defendant’s sentence is within the
Guidelines range, then we ‘may, but [are] not required to, apply a presumption of
reasonableness.’” (citing Gall v. United States, 522 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)).
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The judgment is affirmed.
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