United States v. Joseph Stone , 375 F. App'x 642 ( 2010 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 09-3304
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United States of America, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellee, * Appeal from the United States
* District Court for the
v. * Eastern District of Missouri.
*
Joseph Stone, * [UNPUBLISHED]
*
Defendant - Appellant. *
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Submitted: April 14, 2010
Filed: May 10, 1010
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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, COLLOTON, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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BENTON, Circuit Judge.
Joseph G. Stone pled guilty to six counts involving the manufacture of
methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841, 846, and 858. Stone appeals his
sentence of 235 months’ imprisonment. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291
and 18 U.S.C. § 3742, this court affirms.
I.
Stone and his wife were indicted for manufacturing meth in their St. John,
Missouri, home from January 2007 to April 2008. The district court1 calculated
Stone’s total offense level as 35 and his criminal history category as IV. His advisory
Guideline range was 235 to 293 months’ imprisonment. Stone does not object to the
calculation of the range. He argues the district court erred at sentencing by relying on
erroneous facts, by applying a presumption of reasonableness to the Guidelines, by
creating an unwarranted sentencing disparity between him and his wife, and by failing
to grant a downward variance for time served on a separate state charge.
II.
This court reviews sentencing determinations for abuse of discretion, first
ensuring that the district court committed no significant procedural error. See United
States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc), citing Gall v. United
States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). Procedural error includes selecting a sentence based
on clearly erroneous facts, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, or failing to consider
the § 3553(a) factors. Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. “If the decision was ‘procedurally sound,’
we then review the ‘substantive reasonableness of the sentence’ . . . considering the
totality of the circumstances.” United States v. Shy, 538 F.3d 933, 937 (8th Cir.
2008), quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. Because Stone did not object at sentencing, this
court reviews only for plain error. United States v. Phelps, 536 F.3d 862, 865 (8th Cir.
2008). “To trigger plain error review, a defendant must first show an error.” United
States v. Wood, 587 F.3d 882, 884 (8th Cir. 2009).
1
The Honorable Stephen N. Limbaugh, Jr., United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of Missouri.
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According to Stone, the district court erred by basing his sentence, in part, on
the fact that he caused his wife to become involved in the offense, when no such
finding was made or suggested by the evidence. The court stated:
You’ve been to prison three times. You put your son at risk on this – during
this matter. You involved your wife in it and she’s going to prison too, later
on today and you did all of this while you were already on probation and so
at that point – I don’t know how much leniency I can really give you in clear
conscience. I’m impressed that you’ve secured drug treatment and that
you’ve been successful with it later and I also believe that you’re genuinely
remorseful but at the same time, you know, it’s time to pay your debt to
society.
The Presentence Investigation Report stated that Stone was more culpable
in the offense because he actually “cooked” the meth, while his wife was less
culpable because she only purchased pseudoephedrine and assisted Stone by
scraping matchbooks to obtain red phosphorous and “popping” pseudoephedrine
tablets from blister packs. Stone did not object to these facts, which the district
court correctly accepted as true. See United States v. Azure, 596 F.3d 449, 454
(8th Cir. 2010). The court also relied on Stone’s criminal history, which was much
more extensive than his wife’s, in concluding that Stone caused his wife’s
involvement in the offense. The district court did not clearly err in these findings
or by relying on them to craft a sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) (“[I]n
determining the particular sentence to be imposed, [the court] shall consider . . . the
nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the
defendant.”).
Stone contends that the district court erred by applying a presumption of
reasonableness to a sentence within the Guideline range. He points to the court’s
statement, “I don’t know how much leniency I can really give you in clear
conscience.” Stone claims this statement suggests the district court believed its
leniency was constrained by the Guidelines. To the contrary, in context the
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statement shows that the court’s sentence was based on Stone’s actions and
criminal history. Additionally, at the plea hearing, the court informed Stone that
“the guidelines are simply guidelines and the Court will not be bound by those
guidelines in imposing a sentence against you.” The district court did not apply
a presumption of reasonableness to a within-Guidelines sentence.
Stone argues the district court erred by creating an unwarranted sentencing
disparity between him and his wife. The court sentenced Stone to 235 months’
imprisonment and his wife to 44 months’ imprisonment. Section 3553(a)(6) states
the sentencing court should consider “the need to avoid unwarranted sentence
disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of
similar conduct.” With 13 felony convictions over two decades–compared to his
wife’s one misdemeanor municipal conviction–the two do not have similar records.
Moreover, Stone was found to be more culpable. Stone is not similarly situated to
his wife. The district court did not err in creating an unwarranted sentencing
disparity.
Stone contends the court erred in refusing to grant a downward variance,
citing § 5G1.3 (time served on an undischarged term of imprisonment). In his
sentencing memorandum to the district court, Stone argued for a downward
departure under application note 3(E) to § 5G1.3(c). That note provides that a
departure may be appropriate “in an extraordinary case involving an undischarged
term of imprisonment . . . to ensure that the combined punishment is not increased
unduly by the fortuity and timing of separate prosecutions and sentencings.” The
note cites, as an example, “a case in which the defendant has served a very
substantial period of imprisonment on an undischarged term of imprisonment that
resulted from conduct only partially within the relevant conduct for the instant
offense.” § 5G1.3, cmt. app. n.3(E). At the time of sentencing, Stone was serving
an undischarged term of imprisonment on a state charge for possession of meth on
June 14, 2004, over two years before the offense conduct here. Therefore, the state
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charge did not involve conduct even partly within the relevant conduct to the
instant offense, nor is this an extraordinary case. The district court did not err in
refusing to grant a downward variance.
Stone argues that his sentence was “greater than necessary to achieve an
incremental punishment.” To the extent Stone claims his sentence was
substantively unreasonable, this argument fails. While the district court may not
presume a sentence within the Guideline range is reasonable, this court may. See
United States v. Battiest, 553 F.3d 1132, 1136 (8th Cir. 2009). Stone does not
rebut this presumption. The district court did not err in sentencing Stone to 235
months, when the unchallenged Guideline range was from 235 to 293 months.
III.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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