United States v. Carl Walker , 450 F. App'x 544 ( 2011 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________
No. 11-1110
___________
United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the Western
* District of Arkansas.
Carl Dean Walker, *
* [UNPUBLISHED]
Appellant. *
___________
Submitted: October 17, 2011
Filed: November 25, 2011
___________
Before MELLOY, BEAM, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
___________
PER CURIAM.
Carl Walker challenges three special conditions of supervised release imposed
by the district court, following his guilty plea to knowingly accessing with intent to
view computers and CDs containing images of child pornography, 18 U.S.C. §
2252(a)(4)(B). In front of the district court, Walker specifically objected to the
special condition that he may not possess or own a computer or access the internet
without the permission of the probation office. On appeal, he additionally objects to
the special condition that he not interact with minor children without the approval of
his probation officer, and the special condition that he participate in a sex offender
treatment and monitoring program.
We review a district court's decision to impose special terms of supervised
release for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Crume, 422 F.3d 728, 732 (8th Cir.
2005). A court may impose only special conditions of supervised release that are
reasonably related to the nature and circumstances of the offense, the defendant's
history and characteristics, the deterrence of criminal conduct, the protection of the
public from further crimes of the defendant, and the defendant's educational,
vocational, medical or other correctional needs. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3583(d)(1), 3553(a)(1),
(a)(2)(B), (a)(2)(C), (a)(2)(D). Further, the conditions must involve no greater
deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary to advance the above-mentioned
goals, and must be consistent with the sentencing commission's policy statements.
Crume, 422 F.3d at 733. As a result, when imposing a special condition of supervised
release, a district court must make an individualized inquiry into the facts and
circumstances of the case and make sufficient findings on the record. United States
v. Wiedower, 634 F.3d 490, 493 (8th Cir. 2011).
We agree with Walker that the district court erred1 in imposing the complained-
of special conditions without conducting any inquiry with regard to the
appropriateness of these conditions in Walker's case. With regard to the computer
and internet restriction, we have repeatedly vacated or remanded for specific findings
when the district court imposed overly restrictive computer and internet special
conditions where a defendant has used a computer simply to access, view and possess
child pornography. E.g., id., 634 F.3d at 495-96 (remanding and instructing the
district court to conduct an individualized inquiry and to more narrowly tailor the
computer and internet restrictions). The government argues this particular special
condition is appropriate because Walker improperly continued to possess a computer
1
Because Walker did not object to the contact with minors and sex offender
treatment special conditions before the district court, we review the imposition of
those conditions for plain error. United States v. Ristine, 335 F.3d 692, 694 (8th Cir.
2003).
-2-
during pretrial supervision.2 The government argues that this alleged lapse shows the
need for more stringent supervision of Walker's computer and internet usage.
However, Walker's possession of a computer in the home, without any findings by the
district court that he accessed child pornography after the time of his indictment,
completely distinguishes this case from the facts as described in United States v.
Koch, 625 F.3d 470, 481-82 (8th Cir. 2010) (upholding special condition restricting
computer and internet use where defendant, while on pretrial supervision, was caught
on a home visit viewing child pornographic websites). Nor was there, apparently, any
allegation in Koch that the district court failed to make individualized findings to
support the special condition of supervised release. Id.The government also argues the computer/internet special condition is justified
because Walker used a "peer-to-peer" file-sharing network to view the prohibited
images. Accordingly, the government alleges he did more than just view the images
with his computer, because the peer-to-peer network made files available for others
to view. Absent any specific findings by the district court about Walker's possible
distribution through the peer-to-peer network, however, we cannot agree that this fact
justifies the special condition in this case. The government conceded in its responses
to the presentence investigation report (PSR) that a "distribution" sentencing
enhancement is not applicable in this case, citing to United States v. Durham, 618
F.3d 921 (8th Cir. 2010). In Durham, we held that because there was insufficient
evidence that the defendant had knowledge that images he downloaded on the peer-to-
peer network could be distributed to others, a sentencing enhancement for
2
The presentence investigation report (PSR) indicates that during a pretrial
supervision home visit, probation officers found a computer in Walker's home. The
magistrate judge's minute entry indicates that Walker disconnected the internet service
following his indictment and did not understand that he could not possess a computer
even without internet service. The court advised Walker that he was not to own or
access a computer whether it was connected to the internet or not. United States v.
Walker, No. 6:09-cr-60026-RTD-1, Docket # 28 (W.D. Ark. Sept. 14, 2010).
-3-
"distributing" child pornography could not be applied. Id. at 928-31. Although we
did allow a special condition restricting computer and internet access in Durham, we
were reviewing for plain error. Id. at 943. And, much more importantly, the Durham
opinion reflects that the district court made extensive findings on the record about the
defendant's conduct with regard to the peer-to-peer network, albeit in the context of
the litigated distribution enhancement. Id. at 941-42. Here, the district court makes
no mention of the peer-to-peer network or any possible distribution at sentencing.
Although the PSR indicates that Walker accessed the prohibited images on a peer-to-
peer network, if the district court was relying upon this fact to impose the special
condition, it needed to specifically make this finding.
Finally, we note that the PSR did not suggest any special conditions of
supervised release. Even if it had, however, our precedent indicates that the district
court must make an individualized inquiry and findings at sentencing to justify a
special condition. United States v. Springston, 650 F.3d 1153, 1156 (8th Cir. 2011);
Wiedower, 634 F.3d at 493; United States v. Curry, 627 F.3d 312, 315 (8th Cir. 2010).
Here, the entirety of the district court's individualized inquiry was to ask the
government's attorney whether the restriction on computer and internet access would
"get[] by the Eighth Circuit." When Walker objected to this special condition, the
district court did not make specific findings as to why the special condition might be
necessary for Walker, but again deferred to the government attorney's explanation
about the appropriateness of the special condition. The government's attorney opined
that because Walker's offense was "tied to the computer usage," the special condition
was proper. This is contrary to our precedent. Crume, 422 F.3d at 733 (holding that
without any findings that the defendant had used his computer for anything beyond
simple possession of child pornography, we could not sanction such a broad ban on
an important medium of communication, commerce, and information-gathering);
Wiedower, 634 F.3d at 495 (same).
-4-
With regard to the remaining challenged special conditions of supervised
release, we have similar concerns about the imposition of the conditions given the lack
of individualized findings, even through the lens of plain-error review. On appeal, the
government makes interesting arguments about why Walker should be subject to sex
offender treatment and restricted from contacting minors. However, the distinction
between this case and Wiedower and United States v. Kerr, 472 F.3d 517 (8th Cir.
2006), is the complete lack of individualized findings by the district court in imposing
these special conditions. Accordingly, even though we are reviewing for plain error,
the imposition of these two special conditions of supervised release suffers from the
same infirmity as the restrictive computer and internet condition. See Curry, 627 F.3d
at 315 (finding that the imposition of a special condition of supervised release without
explanation or findings was reversible plain error).
III. CONCLUSION
We reverse and remand this case to the district court to conduct an
individualized inquiry about the appropriateness of each of the challenged conditions
of supervised release.
GRUENDER, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. While I agree that the district court should have made
express individualized findings in support of the special conditions imposed,
“[r]eversal is not required by a lack of individualized findings if the basis for the
imposed condition can be discerned from the record.” United States v. Smith, 655
F.3d 839, 845 (8th Cir. 2011). The record here amply supports the imposition of the
special conditions of supervised release imposed by the district court.
In particular, Paragraph 19 of the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”)
stated that the child pornography possessed by Walker “involved a prepubescent
-5-
minor or a minor who had not attained the age of 12 years,” while Paragraph 20 stated
that the child pornography possessed by Walker “portrays sadistic or masochistic
conduct or other depictions of violence.” The district court specifically questioned
Walker’s counsel about both of those paragraphs early in the sentencing hearing, and
Walker’s counsel confirmed that objections to those paragraphs had been withdrawn.
In light of the uncontested facts in the PSR, it certainly was not plain error to impose
special conditions requiring sex-offender treatment, see, e.g., United States v. Conelly,
451 F.3d 942, 945 (8th Cir. 2006) (stating that a district court merely needs to have
a reason to believe the defendant needs mental health treatment in order to impose a
such a condition), and prohibiting contact with minors and entering areas where
children congregate, absent approval of the probation office, see, e.g., United States
v. Wiedower, 634 F.3d 490, 498 (8th Cir. 2011) (affirming a similar prohibition where
“the images the government found involved the sexual abuse of pre-teen minors”).
In addition, because the PSR also stated without objection that Walker made
child pornography available over the internet via a peer-to-peer file sharing network,
it was not an abuse of discretion to prohibit the use of computers and other means of
internet access absent approval of the probation office. The absence of a specific
finding that Walker had knowledge of the potential for distribution, noted by the Court
ante at 3-4, does not change the analysis. For example, in United v. Durham, 618
F.3d 921 (8th Cir. 2010), the defendant contended that he had not understood that the
child pornography in his peer-to-peer file sharing folder was accessible to others over
the internet, and the record evidence indicated that the defendant was not a
sophisticated user of such systems. Id. at 928-29. While we found that the record did
not support a guidelines sentencing enhancement for distribution of child
pornography, id. at 932, we nevertheless held that a special condition of supervised
release prohibiting internet access, subject to approval by the probation office,
imposed no “greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary under the
circumstances,” id. at 945, due to the defendant’s history of enabling the distribution
of such images:
-6-
Even if one believes that the enhancement [for distribution] should not
have been applied due to [the defendant’s] alleged ignorance, it is still
beyond dispute that at least 59 files containing known or suspected
depictions of child pornography were posted on [a peer-to-peer file
sharing network]—and therefore made accessible to the public—by a
computer user whose Internet Protocol address was traced back to [the
defendant’s] home.
Our precedents in this area establish that district courts may
impose more restrictive conditions where, as here, a defendant’s offense
involved distribution of child pornography.
Id. at 944-45 (Gruender, J., announcing the decision of the Court in part). As in
Durham, even in the absence of a finding regarding knowledge of the capacity for
distribution, the record shows that Walker’s “offense involved distribution of child
pornography” for purposes of the special condition. Id. at 945. As a result, the
prohibition on computer and internet usage in the instant case was not an abuse of
discretion.
Finally, to the extent the Court implies that the district court somehow
delegated its authority to the Government to evaluate whether the special conditions
were appropriate, ante at 4, this is an unreasonable reading of the record. After the
district court referred early in the sentencing hearing to the PSR paragraphs regarding
prepubescent minors, sadism, and masochism, a more reasonable reading is that the
district court saw a need, based on the record, to protect the public by imposing the
strictest special conditions of supervised release available under prevailing Eighth
Circuit law. While the district court should have referred back to the relevant portions
of the record when it imposed the special conditions, it did not err by asking the
Government to comment on whether the conditions chosen would survive appellate
review.
-7-
Because the record supports the special conditions imposed by the district court,
I respectfully dissent.
______________________________
-8-