Jenna Wood v. SatCom Marketing, LLC , 705 F.3d 823 ( 2013 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 12-1712
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Jenna K. Wood
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
SatCom Marketing, LLC; Kimberly M. Roden
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
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Submitted: October 18, 2012
Filed: February 13, 2013
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Before MURPHY, BYE, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
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BYE, Circuit Judge.
Jenna Wood sued her former employer SatCom Marketing, LLC ("SatCom")
alleging violations of the Minnesota Whistleblower Act, Minnesota Human Rights
Act, common law of wrongful termination, and Fair Labor Standards Act. Finding
Wood had failed to establish a prima facie case of retaliation under each statute and
the common law, the district court1 granted summary judgment in favor of SatCom.
We affirm.
I
SatCom hired Wood as a part-time Verifier in 2008. It promoted her to Human
Resources Clerk in 2008 and then to Human Resources Assistant in 2009.
Throughout the period relevant to this case, SatCom's Human Resources Department
consisted only of Wood and her supervisor Sam Riemensnider. As Human Resources
Assistant, Wood performed ordinary administrative and personnel-oriented tasks, in
addition to conducting occasional, basic legal research for SatCom (whose legal work
was predominantly handled by outside counsel). Wood, who had received some
training as a paralegal but did not complete the certification, had previously
researched issues for SatCom relating to the FMLA, retaliation claims, employee
monitoring, compensation for unauthorized breaks, and termination for
insubordination.
In November 2009, SatCom's primary client announced its intention to conduct
a compliance review of all vendors. Because SatCom relied heavily on this client's
business, SatCom hired Kimberly Roden as Vice President of Operations to oversee
preparations for the review. During the same time period, SatCom sought self-
regulated organization certification, which it describes as the "Good Housekeeping
Seal of Approval for telemarketing companies." Both processes depended in part
upon SatCom's satisfactory maintenance of personnel documents, for which Wood
was responsible. When asked in December 2009, Wood told SatCom's management
that the files were in order. SatCom discovered later that Wood's statement was
inaccurate; the personnel documents were, in fact, unorganized and out of date. As
1
The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.
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a result, SatCom's management decided to manage the Human Resources Department
more closely. It imposed daily filing mandates on Wood and initiated a search for her
supervisor Riemensnider's replacement.
On March 1, 2010, Roden held a meeting to discuss SatCom's new direct
deposit policy. At the meeting, Wood raised concerns that requiring direct deposit as
a condition of employment might be illegal. Roden stated that she would look into the
matter and referred it to SatCom's legal team. That night, Wood conducted
independent research on the issue at home.
On March 2, 2010, Roden advised Wood that some clients and representatives
would be visiting SatCom the following week and Wood should, therefore, devote
time to cleaning her office and ensuring the files were attended to. Later that day,
Roden discovered Wood printing a copy of the Employer's Guide (which she had
requested from the Employers Association during her private investigation of the
direct deposit policy the night before) on one of SatCom's printers. Roden confronted
Wood regarding her "wasting . . . company time and resources" and asked her, "Can
you let this go? This is already handled." Roden then met with Riemensnider to
discuss Wood's pursuit of unassigned legal work at the expense of her job duties.
Roden informed Riemensnider that Wood would be required to submit an hourly work
summary each day to "make sure that she was doing the work that was assigned" and
to "get[] caught up on [] projects—especially, employee files."
On March 3, 2010, Wood was directed to prepare certain personnel data for new
hires. She failed to do so. In an email to Riemensnider, Roden identified this as the
second example of Wood "not performing her job." By the following day, Wood still
had not completed the data entry, and the portion she had completed contained errors.
Ultimately, SatCom had to enlist Heidi Schlict, an employee from another department,
to finish Wood's assignment. Wood and Schlict later exchanged words in SatCom's
lobby regarding the data entry. Wood maintains the exchange was not an argument
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but rather a discussion. Nevertheless, Roden interrupted the exchange and
reprimanded both parties for carrying out their discussion inappropriately in a public
setting. Schlict apologized for the exchange. Wood did not apologize and was written
up for the incident.
Also on March 4, 2010, Wood brought up the direct deposit policy again—this
time to Paul Mattson, a mid-level supervisor at SatCom. Mattson relayed Wood's
concerns to SatCom's President, Dale Wunderlich, who stated he had already checked
with legal counsel about the matter and determined the policy was lawful.
On March 5, 2010, Wood did not submit her required work summary. She also
arrived at work late that day. SatCom found during discovery that Wood was late
because she had spent the morning interviewing attorneys. That afternoon,
Riemensnider and Roden placed Wood on a one-week unpaid suspension for failure
to complete assigned tasks, use of company time and resources on unauthorized
projects, and defiance of a lawful directive from management. In an emailed
response, Wood stated in part, "The HR assistant job description . . . was outdated to
my actual work and capabilities. My intellectual capabilities, supersided [sic] the
monotny [sic] of paperwork the position entailed, but I still performed it very well, up
until the starting week of 03/01."
SatCom offered Wood the choice of returning to work provisionally on March
15 or accepting a severance package in exchange for her resignation. Wood chose to
return to work. In an email to SatCom, she stated that the pay offered in the severance
package was too low, noting, "In an era with lawsuits, an adequate and reasonable
severance package to an employee has benefited and possible [sic] saved the existence
of many business [sic]." Wood also warned Riemensnider that her suspension was "a
risky violation of FLSA" and that the "legal damages would cost more than
suspending [her] for a whole year."
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On March 15, 2010, Wood returned to work at SatCom and was placed on an
action plan which outlined the terms of a thirty-day probationary period. Under the
new plan, Wood reported directly to Roden rather than Riemensnider and was
required to submit a daily work plan and end-of-day summary to Roden, comply with
management directives in a professional manner, present all correspondence to Roden
prior to sending, and direct any complaints to Roden or, if the complaint involved
Roden, to Wunderlich or Brenda Kroska. Failure to abide by these terms during the
probationary period would result in Wood's immediate termination. Roden directed
Wood to bring an executed copy of the action plan to work the next day.
On March 16, 2010, Wood arrived at work without the executed copy of the
plan, so Roden sent her home to retrieve it. Roden also informed Wood that because
the filing was behind, it would be her only job until further notice and that she was not
to speak with co-workers in the meantime. Roden also prohibited Wood from using
her personal cell phone at work, disabled her access to the company email system, and
denied her access to the keys for personnel files. Wood further avers she was
prohibited from drinking tea at her desk, that her work phone and work computer were
removed from her desk, that she was required to walk with an escort at work, and that
Roden escorted her to the restroom. The afternoon of March 16, Wood ran into a
supervisor while exiting the lobby. Wood, who was carrying a plant, remarked that
she was removing her plant from the "hostile environment." The supervisor reported
the incident to Roden.
On March 19, 2010, Wood arrived early for her shift and delivered a letter to
Riemensnider detailing all of SatCom's activities Wood considered to be illegal. The
letter alleged that SatCom was violating the law through its direct deposit policy,
workplace practices that Wood believed disparately impacted racial minorities, its
handling of non-exempt employee time records, and its deduction of sales
commissions for missed work. The letter further stated that Wood did "not want to
break the law" and expressed her desire "not be treated adversely, and put into a
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situation of enforcing the 'direct deposit' policy or any other illegal policy at SatCom."
Riemensnider warned Wood that her complaining to him rather than to Roden
constituted a violation of her action plan. Wood acknowledged that she could be
terminated for her actions. Riemensnider forwarded Wood's letter to Roden, who
called a meeting within an hour.
At the meeting, Roden handed Wood a letter asking her to circle "yes" or "no"
if she had told a supervisor, "I don't want my plant to be in a hostile environment."
Wood wrote that she hadn't made that specific statement but did believe SatCom to
be a hostile working environment. Roden then handed Wood a second letter which
asked her to circle "yes" or "no" if she had delivered a complaint to Riemensnider that
morning. Wood circled "yes." Roden then terminated Wood for violating the action
plan. Wood replied, "I was hoping you would terminate me."
Wood filed suit against SatCom and Roden on March 1, 2011, in the District
of Minnesota, alleging she had been subjected to unlawful retaliation in violation of
the Minnesota Whistleblower Act ("MWA"), Minnesota Human Rights Act
("MHRA"), common law of wrongful termination, and Fair Labor Standards Act
("FLSA"). On February 22, 2012, the district court granted summary judgment in
favor of SatCom and Roden. It determined Wood had failed to establish a retaliation
claim and that, in any event, SatCom and Wood had presented a legitimate,
non-discriminatory basis for Wood's termination. In so doing, the district court also
mooted Wood's motion to amend her complaint to add a claim for punitive damages.
This appeal followed.
II
"We may affirm a district court's grant of summary judgment on any basis
supported by the record." Menz v. New Holland N. Am., Inc., 507 F.3d 1107, 1110
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(8th Cir. 2007). "We review a district court's decision to grant a motion for summary
judgment de novo, applying the same standards for summary judgment as the district
court." Tusing v. Des Moines Indep. Cmty. Sch. Dist., 639 F.3d 507, 514 (8th Cir.
2011). We have recently described the appropriate standard in considering summary
judgment motions, including employment discrimination cases, as follows:
Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings, the discovery and
disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. . . . On a motion for summary judgment,
facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party
only if there is a genuine dispute as to those facts. . . . The nonmovant
must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt
as to the material facts, and must come forward with specific facts
showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Where the record taken as
a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving
party, there is no genuine issue for trial.
Torgerson v. City of Rochester, 643 F.3d 1031, 1042 (8th Cir. 2011) (en banc)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To clarify, "[a]lthough the burden of
demonstrating the absence of any genuine issue of material fact rests on the movant,
a nonmovant may not rest upon mere denials or allegations, but must instead set forth
specific facts sufficient to raise a genuine issue for trial." Wingate v. Gage Cnty. Sch.
Dist., No. 34, 528 F.3d 1074, 1078–79 (8th Cir. 2008). "The mere existence of a
scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff's position will be insufficient; there
must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff." Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986).
A. Wood's Retaliation Claims
Retaliation claims under the MWA, MHRA, common law, and FLSA may be
proven either by direct evidence or, in the absence of such evidence, under the
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familiar McDonnell-Douglas burden-shifting framework. See McGrath v. TCF Bank
Sav., FSB, 502 N.W.2d 801, 805 (Minn. Ct. App. 1993) (MWA); Hubbard v. United
Press Int'l, Inc., 330 N.W.2d 428, 441, 444 (Minn. 1983) (MHRA); Phipps v. Clark
Oil & Refining Corp., 408 N.W.2d 569, 572 (Minn. 1987) (applying McDonnell-
Douglas equivalent to common-law claim); Grey v. City of Oak Grove, 396 F.3d
1031, 1034–35 (8th Cir. 2005) (FLSA). "[D]irect evidence is evidence showing a
specific link between the alleged discriminatory animus and the challenged decision,
sufficient to support a finding by a reasonable fact finder that an illegitimate criterion
actually motivated the adverse employment action." Griffith v. City of Des Moines,
387 F.3d 733, 736 (8th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
"[A] plaintiff may prove a claim under the direct-evidence framework—perhaps more
appropriately understood as the direct method—through either direct or circumstantial
evidence, or a combination of the two." Friend v. Gopher Co., 771 N.W.2d 33, 40
(Minn. Ct. App. 2009).
Wood first argues the district court erred in concluding she failed to provide
direct evidence of retaliation. In support of this contention, she draws attention to
various statements made by Mattson, Riemensnider, and Roden establishing a link
between her complaints and SatCom's actions against her. Wood's argument misses
the mark. There is no doubt that Wood's complaints were linked to SatCom's actions
or that termination constitutes an adverse employment action. What Wood fails to
demonstrate is any link between the substance of her complaints and those adverse
actions—i.e., anything that would reveal a "discriminatory animus." See Griffith, 387
F.3d at 736. We find no evidence in the record to suggest SatCom's actions against
Wood related to anything more than the fact that she persisted in pursuing a legal
issue—one that had already been referred to and resolved by SatCom's legal team—at
the expense of her own assigned work. Termination for repeated failure to perform
one's job duties cannot be characterized as direct evidence of a prohibited motive.
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Absent direct evidence of retaliation, the district court analyzed Wood's claims
under the McDonnell-Douglas burden-shifting framework. At the first step of the
framework, a plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of retaliation by showing (1)
she engaged in protected conduct, (2) she was subjected to an adverse employment
action, and (3) there was a causal connection between the protected conduct and the
adverse action. Lewis v. Heartland Inns of Am., LLC, 591 F.3d 1033, 1042 (8th Cir.
2010) (internal citation omitted). If the plaintiff succeeds, the burden shifts to the
employer to articulate a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the action. Grey, 396
F.3d at 1035. If the defendant does so, the plaintiff may still prevail in the final step
of the McDonnell-Douglas analysis by proving, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that "the legitimate, nonretaliatory reasons articulated by [her employer] were not the
true reasons for discharge, but merely a pretext for retaliation." Id.Here, the district court concluded Wood had failed to establish a prima facie
case of retaliation because her actions were not protected activities. Specifically, the
district court found Wood's actions either (a) fell within her normal job description or
(b) were not intended in good faith to expose an illegality. See Kidwell v. Sybaritic,
Inc., 784 N.W.2d 220, 228 (Minn. 2010) ("An employee cannot be said to have 'blown
the whistle' when the employee's report is made because it is the employee's job to
investigate and report wrongdoing."); Obst v. Microtron, Inc., 614 N.W.2d 196, 202
(Minn. 2000) (holding an activity can only be protected as whistle-blowing if made
in good faith to expose an illegality).
We agree that the good-faith requirement withdraws protection over Wood's
March 19 complaint. Even viewed in the light most favorable to Wood (i.e.,
assuming, despite evidence to the contrary, that the complaint was not prepared with
the express purpose of building a retaliation claim), the March 19 complaint cannot
be construed as a good faith attempt to expose an illegality. Throughout the month
of March, Wood raised her concerns repeatedly in various fora and to numerous
parties. At some point, we must simply declare the whistle blown. See Hitchcock v.
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FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 442 F.3d 1104, 1106 (8th Cir. 2006) (finding "no
whistle to blow" when employer had already been made aware of alleged illegalities).
With respect to the remaining incidents, we disagree with the district court's
conclusion that because legal research fell within Wood's occasional job duties, they
were not protected activities. It is illogical to argue on the one hand that legal research
was part of Wood's job and, on the other, that Wood was terminated for performing
legal research because it was beyond her job description. We do find, however, that
the March 1 incident cannot fall within the purview of a retaliation claim because
SatCom took no adverse action against Wood for having voiced a concern at the
meeting. See Lewis, 591 F.3d at 1042 (recognizing adverse action as the second
element of a prima facie case of retaliation). On the contrary—Roden referred Wood's
concerns to SatCom's legal department and informed Wood that the matter would be
handled. We, therefore, conclude the March 1 report constituted a protected activity,
but one that cannot support a retaliation claim.
With respect to the March 2 printer incident, the district court determined
Wood's actions could not have been intended to expose an illegality because she did
not expect to meet Roden at the printer that afternoon. Once again, we must disagree
with the district court's reasoning. It is difficult to conceive of a purpose for Wood's
printing the document at work other than to present it to SatCom in furtherance of her
argument regarding the direct deposit policy. Accordingly, viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to Wood, this incident should also be regarded as protected
activity. Because Wood was reprimanded and prospectively required to submit a daily
work summary as a result of this incident, we find this activity does support a prima
facie case of retaliation. See id.With respect to Wood's March 4 complaint to Mattson, the district court
concluded "the facts are unclear as to whether Wood was engaging in protected
activity" because Mattson, as a mere mid-level supervisor, was not in a position to
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change the policy in question. The district court also noted SatCom had already been
made aware of Wood's complaints at this point, suggesting her report to Mattson was
not made in good faith to expose illegality. On appeal, Wood argues the MWA
protects reports made "to an employer," language which should be interpreted to
include even reports made to mid-level supervisors. See Minn. Stat. § 181.932, subd.
1(1). While the assumption of Wood's good faith weakens with each passing report
(given her knowledge that SatCom was, by now, quite familiar with her concerns), the
evidence viewed in Wood's favor tips slightly in favor of construing the March 4
report as protected activity and thus a valid basis for a prima facie case of retaliation.
Accordingly, we find that at least three of Wood's reports were made in good
faith to expose suspected illegality and were, therefore, protected activities for the
purposes of establishing a retaliation claim.2 Because the second and third prongs of
the prima facie case—proving the existence of an adverse action and causation—are
not disputed with respect to the March 2 and March 4 complaints, Wood has
succeeded in establishing a prima facie case of retaliation. Nevertheless, we affirm
the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of SatCom on the basis of the
next step in the McDonnell-Douglas analysis: SatCom's legitimate, non-retaliatory
reason for terminating Wood.
During the time period relevant to this case, SatCom was preparing for two
important reviews, both of which relied in part on its satisfactory maintenance and
organization of personnel files. As one of only two HR representatives—and the sole
employee charged with the task of organizing these files—Wood's fulfillment of her
assigned tasks was imperative to the company's successful completion of those
2
Wood also argues the district court erred in concluding her actions did not
constitute protected activities under the common law, MHRA, and FLSA because
those statutes and caselaw define protected activity differently from the MWA.
Because we conclude that most of Wood's actions were protected activities under each
theory, this issue is moot.
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reviews. On March 1, Wood first raised her concern regarding SatCom's direct
deposit policy and was told the matter would be directed to SatCom's legal team. The
next day, Roden instructed Wood to devote time to cleaning her office and ensuring
the files were attended to because clients and representatives would be visiting
SatCom the following week. Instead, Roden discovered Wood at the printer that same
afternoon, dedicating company time to a legal search she knew had already been
referred to outside counsel. Under the circumstances, Roden's reprimand of Wood for
wasting company time and resources rather than completing her assigned tasks was
reasonable, especially in light of Wood's prior misrepresentation to the company about
the state of the personnel files.
On March 4, Wood raised the matter again to yet another supervisor. That same
day, however, Wood so severely neglected a data entry assignment that Roden had to
enlist an employee from a different department to complete it. The following day,
Wood arrived to work late and failed to submit the hour-by-hour work schedule she
was required to complete each day. Given Wood's repeated failures to perform her
job duties and disregard for explicit directives, SatCom had ample legitimate reasons
to suspend Wood at this juncture. Furthermore, the fact that SatCom offered Wood
a severance package during her suspension suggests it was ready to end their working
relationship well before Wood submitted her March 19 letter.
When Wood returned to work, the company put her on an action plan.
Although the plan may have been somewhat severe, there is no evidence to suggest
it was intended to accomplish anything but to keep Wood on task. On Wood's first
day back at work, she arrived without the executed action plan, demonstrating her
continued disregard for direction. The action plan, signed by Wood, stated that any
violation would result in her immediate termination. Wood then committed two
violations of her action plan (telling a supervisor that her plant was in a "hostile
working environment" and delivering the March 19 letter to Riemensnider), after
which she was terminated. SatCom has met its burden of demonstrating a legitimate,
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non-retaliatory reason for terminating Wood, and Wood has failed to provide evidence
to suggest the proffered reason was pretextual. Accordingly, we affirm the district
court's order granting summary judgment in favor of SatCom on Wood's retaliation
claims.
B. The MWA's "Opposition Clause"
Wood next argues that the district court erred in failing to address her separate
cause of action under the MWA's Opposition Clause. In her complaint, Wood alleged
two violations under the MWA: one under the Reporting Clause and a second under
the Opposition Clause. Unlike the Reporting Clause, which prohibits retaliation
against an employee who reports suspected illegality, the Opposition Clause prohibits
retaliation against an employee who refuses to perform what she reasonably believes
is an illegal act. See Minn. Stat. § 181.932, sub. 1(3). A retaliation claim brought
under the Opposition Clause is a distinct claim. See Fjelsta v. Zogg Dermatology,
PLC, 488 F.3d 804, 909 (8th Cir. 2007). It is also, however, analyzed under the
McDonnell-Douglas framework. See Buytendorp v. Extendicare Health Servs., Inc.,
498 F.3d 826, 834 (8th Cir. 2007) ("We analyze Minnesota whistleblower claims
using the procedural framework of McDonnell Douglas."). Because the district court's
McDonnell-Douglas analysis was sufficiently thorough to encompass Wood's claims
under both the Reporting Clause and the Opposition Clause, Wood is not entitled to
reversal on this basis.
We, therefore, affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor
of SatCom.
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