People v. Jones CA6 ( 2021 )

Filed 12/30/21 P. v. Jones CA6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for
purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE, H047180
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff and Respondent, Super. Ct. No. B1688567)
v.
GREGORY ARTHUR JONES,
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant Gregory Arthur Jones pleaded no contest to two driving under the
influence offenses and admitted several sentencing enhancement allegations, set forth in
detail below. The trial court, after granting Jones’s Romero1 motion as to one of two
strike prior offenses, sentenced him to a total term of 14 years in state prison.
On appeal, Jones argues: (1) he is entitled to a remand for resentencing for the
trial court to exercise its discretion, pursuant to the post-sentencing enactment of Senate
Bill No. 1393, to strike a serious felony enhancement; and (2) the trial court erred by
failing to hold a hearing on his ability to pay before imposing certain fines, fees, and
assessments.
Due to a change in the law following the close of briefing, we requested
supplemental briefing from the parties as to the effect of Assembly Bill No. 1869
(2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) on the appeal, specifically its repeal of former Government Code
section 29550 et seq., as well as its enactment of Government Code section 6111.
1
People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497.
As detailed below, we conclude that Jones is entitled to remand in order to seek
relief under Senate Bill No. 1393, at which time he may also request a hearing on his
ability to pay. We will also direct the trial court to vacate the portions of the
now-repealed criminal justice administration fee that were unpaid as of July 1, 2021.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Procedural background
On October 7, 2016, the Santa Clara County District Attorney filed a felony
complaint charging Jones with driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol and causing
injury to another (Veh. Code, § 23153, subd. (a); count 1), and DUI with a blood alcohol
level of 0.08 percent and causing injury to another (Veh. Code, § 23153, subd. (b);
count 2). The complaint further alleged that, in the course of committing counts 1 and 2,
Jones personally inflicted great bodily injury on the victim (Pen. Code, §§ 1203,
subd. (e)(3), 12022.7),2 and had three prior strike convictions (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i),
1170.12), two of which also qualified as prior serious felony convictions (§ 667,
subd. (a)).3 At Jones’s change of plea hearing on September 8, 2017, the trial court
expressly advised Jones that he faced a “minimum sentence [of] 25 years to life,” if his
Romero motion were denied.4 After Jones replied that he understood, he pleaded no
contest to both counts in the amended complaint, admitted the great-bodily-injury
enhancement allegations, and admitted the prior strike and prior serious felony conviction
allegations.
2
Unspecified statutory references are to the Penal Code.
3
The prosecution subsequently amended the complaint to allege one, not two,
prior serious felony conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)).
4
Jones also initialed the relevant paragraphs of the advisement of rights, waiver,
and plea form acknowledging his understanding that this was both the maximum and the
mandatory minimum sentence for the charges as alleged.
2
At sentencing on March 15, 2018, the trial court found that Jones only had two
strike priors, not three, and dismissed one of those two strikes pursuant to Jones’s
Romero motion. The court sentenced Jones to a total term of 14 years in prison, as
follows: (1) six years on count 1 (Veh. Code, § 23153, subd. (a)) (the upper term of three
years doubled due to the strike prior) (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12); (2) a consecutive
three year term on the great-bodily-injury enhancement (§§ 1203, subd. (e)(3), 12022.7);
and (3) a consecutive five year term on the prior serious felony conviction (§ 667,
subd. (a)). The court imposed, but stayed pursuant to section 654, a six year term on
count 2 (Veh. Code, § 23153, subd. (b)) (the upper term of three years doubled due to the
strike prior) (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12), a consecutive three-year term on the
great-bodily-injury enhancement allegation (§§ 1203, subd. (e)(3), 12022.7), and a
consecutive five-year term on the prior serious felony conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)). The
court awarded 585 days of credit for time served, consisting of 509 days of custody credit
and 76 days of conduct credit under section 2933.1.
The court imposed the following fines and fees: (1) a $300 restitution fine
(§ 1202.4, subd. (b)); (2) a $300 parole revocation fine (§ 1202.45), stayed pending
completion of parole; (3) a $80 court operations assessment (§ 1465.8); (4) a $60
criminal conviction assessment (Gov. Code, § 70373); (5) an $8 Emergency Medical Air
Transportation Act fee (Gov. Code, § 76000.10); (6) a $20 county alcohol testing penalty
(§ 1463.14, subd. (b)); (7) a $50 alcohol abuse education and prevention assessment
(Veh. Code, § 23645); (8) a $129.75 criminal justice administration fee (former Gov.
Code, §§ 29550, 29550.1, 29550.2); and (9) restitution to the City of Sunnyvale in the
amount of $2,226.81. The court also imposed a $400 general fund fine plus $1,240 in
penalty assessments in connection with count 1.
On October 5, 2018, Jones filed a pro se motion to dismiss the five-year prior
serious felony conviction enhancement (§ 667, subd. (a)), under Senate Bill No. 1393,
which amended sections 667 and 1385 to give trial courts discretion to strike prior serious
3
felony convictions. On November 30, 2018, the trial court elected to treat the motion as a
petition for writ of habeas corpus, and denied it on two grounds: (1) the petition was
premature as the statutory amendments had not yet become law;5 and (2) because Jones
had not timely appealed from the March 15, 2018 judgment against him, that judgment
was final and Senate Bill No. 1393’s amendments did not apply to final judgments.
On December 3, 2019, we granted Jones’s motion for relief from default and
gave him permission to file a late notice of appeal. Jones filed a notice of appeal on
January 18, 2019 and again on December 9, 2019.
B. Factual background6
On August 13, 2016, Sunnyvale police officers responded to a report of a crash
between an automobile and a motorcycle. A witness reported that Jones drove his
automobile through a red light and collided with a motorcycle in the intersection. When
officers contacted Jones at the scene, they smelled alcohol and noticed his speech was
slurred. Officers observed that Jones’s eyes were glassy and bloodshot. After Jones
refused to take a preliminary alcohol screening test, he was arrested and booked into
county jail where breath samples were taken. According to the breath tests, Jones had a
blood alcohol content of 0.10 at 10:38 a.m. and 0.09 at 10:42 a.m.
The victim was transported to the hospital and subsequently told officers that as a
result of the collision, he suffered a broken sternum, broken ribs, broken collarbone, torn
ligaments in his left shoulder, a punctured lung, a concussion, a broken right foot, and a
separated shoulder.
5
Senate Bill No. 1393’s amendments to section 667, subdivision (a) and
section 1385, subdivision (b) took effect January 1, 2019. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, §§ 1-2.)
6
Because this appeal arises from a judgment entered following a plea, we derive
the summary of facts from the probation report.
4
II. DISCUSSION
A. Senate Bill No. 1393
Jones argues that his case should be remanded to allow the trial court to exercise
its discretion to strike the section 667, subdivision (a) enhancement in light of Senate Bill
No. 1393 (Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, § 1) which came into effect after sentence was imposed.
The Attorney General concedes that the statute applies to all cases which are not yet final,
including Jones’s, but argues a remand is unnecessary in this case because the trial court
made clear that it would not dismiss Jones’s prior serious felony conviction even if it had
the discretion to do so. We agree that Jones is entitled to the benefit of the amended
statute, but disagree with the People that remand is unnecessary.
The trial court imposed five-year enhancement terms based on Jones’s prior
serious felony conviction for kidnapping (§ 207, subd. (a)). At the time of sentencing,
the trial court was required to impose a five-year consecutive term under section 667,
subdivision (a) when a prior serious felony conviction enhancement was found true under
that provision. (Former § 667, subd. (a).) “On September 30, 2018, the Governor signed
Senate Bill No. 1393 which, effective January 1, 2019, amend[ed] sections 667[,
subdivision] (a) and 1385[, subdivision] (b) to allow a court to exercise its discretion to
strike or dismiss a prior serious felony conviction for sentencing purposes. (Stats. 2018,
ch. 1013, §§ 1-2.)” (People v. Garcia (2018) 28 Cal.App.5th 961, 971.) Senate Bill
No. 1393’s elimination of “the prior restriction on the court’s ability to strike a serious
felony enhancement in furtherance of justice constitutes an ameliorative change within
the meaning of [In re] Estrada [(1965) 63 Cal.2d 740],” and therefore the amendments
apply retroactively to cases that were not yet final on January 1, 2019. (People v. Stamps
(2020) 9 Cal.5th 685, 699.)
A “remand [for resentencing] is required unless the record shows that the trial
court clearly indicated when it originally sentenced the defendant that it would not in any
event have stricken a[n] . . . enhancement.” (People v. McDaniels (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th
5
420, 425.) The salient question is whether the trial court “express[ed] its intent to impose
the maximum sentence permitted.” (Id. at p. 427.) “When such an expression is
reflected in the appellate record, a remand would be an idle act because the record
contains a clear indication that the court will not exercise its discretion in the defendant’s
favor.” (Ibid.) Without a clear indication of the trial court’s intent, remand is required.
(People v. Gutierrez (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1354, 1391 (Gutierrez).) Therefore, we must
review the record to determine whether remand is required or if it “would be an idle act.”
(People v. Flores (2020) 9 Cal.5th 371, 432.)
In this case, the record does not “ ‘clearly indicate[]’ ” whether the trial court
would have decided to strike the prior serious felony conviction enhancements had it the
discretion to do so. (Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 1391.) The trial court sentenced
Jones with both lenity and severity. It imposed the upper term on count 1 and imposed,
but stayed pursuant to section 654, the upper term on count 2, which suggests it would
not be inclined to strike the sentencing enhancement. On the other hand, the trial court
did strike one of Jones’s two strike priors, which suggests that it was not determined to
impose the maximum permissible sentence of 25 years to life, plus eight years
consecutive. On this record, we determine that remand is necessary so that Jones can
seek relief under Senate Bill No. 1393.
B. Ability to pay hearing
Jones also argues that, before the trial court imposed fines and fees at sentencing,
he was entitled to a hearing on his ability to pay, pursuant to People v. Dueñas (2019) 30
Cal.App.5th 1157. The Attorney General, after acknowledging that Jones has not
forfeited the argument by failing to object at sentencing, argues that Dueñas’s due
process analysis is inappropriate and that the “proper analytic framework is that of the
excessive fines clause of the Eighth Amendment.”
The holding in Dueñas is the subject of competing views in the appellate courts,
including different panels within our own district. (See, e.g., People v. Santos (2019) 38
6
Cal.App.5th 923, 927 [applying the “principles articulated [in Dueñas]”]; id. at
pp. 935-940 (dis. opn. of Elia, J.); People v. Adams (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 828, 832
[concluding that “Dueñas was wrongly decided”]; id. at pp. 832-833 (dis. opn. of Premo,
J.); People v. Petri (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 82, 90 [finding that Dueñas was not
“persuasive”]; id. at p. 95 (conc. & dis. opn. of Premo, J.).) The California Supreme
Court has granted review in People v. Kopp (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 47, review granted
November 13, 2019, S257844, to determine whether an ability to pay hearing is required
before imposing fines and fees. Because we are remanding this matter for resentencing,
we need not address Jones’s Dueñas challenge.7 On remand, Jones may request a hearing
on his ability to pay any fines or fees. (People v. Castellano (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 485,
490-491 [remanding for hearing on defendant’s Dueñas challenge and ability to pay fines
and fees].)
C. Ameliorative changes to fines, fees, and assessments
As of July 1, 2021, the criminal justice administration fee statutes were repealed,
and newly-enacted Government Code section 6111 became effective. Government Code
section 6111 provides: “(a) On and after July 1, 2021, the unpaid balance of any
court-imposed costs pursuant to Section 27712, subdivision (c) or (f) of Section 29550,
and Sections 29550.1, 29550.2, and 29550.3, as those sections read on June 30, 2021, is
unenforceable and uncollectible and any portion of a judgment imposing those costs shall
be vacated. [¶] (b) This section shall become operative on July 1, 2021.”
Because this change in the law became effective after the parties had submitted
their briefs in this matter, we requested supplemental briefing on the question of the
7
Further, we need not engage in an excessive fines analysis since Jones did not
raise the Eighth Amendment in his opening brief, nor did he respond to the Attorney
General’s excessive fines argument in his reply.
7
effect of the repeal of former Government Code section 29550 et seq. and the enactment
of Government Code section 6111 on this pending appeal.
In response to our request for supplemental briefing, Jones argues that the unpaid
portion of the criminal justice administration fee is uncollectible and he is entitled to
having that part of the judgment vacated pursuant to In re Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d 740.
The Attorney General agrees, as do we.
Pursuant to the plain language of Government Code section 6111, the unpaid
balance of the criminal justice administration fee is unenforceable and uncollectible, and
the portion of the judgment imposing that fee must be vacated. (People v. Lopez-Vinck
(2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 945, 953.) Accordingly, we will direct the trial court to modify
the judgment as mandated by the new law.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed. The matter is remanded for the limited purpose of
permitting the trial court to determine whether to strike the Penal Code section 667,
subdivision (a) enhancement under Penal Code section 1385 and to conduct a hearing on
defendant’s ability to pay. The portion of any criminal justice administration fee that
remained unpaid as of July 1, 2021, is vacated. If the trial court strikes the enhancement,
it shall resentence defendant after conducting the ability to pay hearing. If the trial court
declines to strike the enhancement, the judgment shall be reinstated except as to any
modification of fines and fees, and any vacated criminal justice administration fees. The
trial court is directed to prepare a new abstract of judgment for the Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation reflecting the vacatur of criminal justice administration
fees and any other modifications of sentence.
8
___________________________________
Wilson, J.
WE CONCUR:
______________________________________
Greenwood, P.J.
______________________________________
Lie, J.
People v. Jones
H047180