United States v. Kenneth Archambeau , 179 F. App'x 403 ( 2006 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 05-2371
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of South Dakota.
Kenneth Archambeau, *
* [UNPUBLISHED]
Appellant. *
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Submitted: March 15, 2006
Filed: June 7, 2006
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Before COLLOTON, HEANEY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
Following a jury trial, Kenneth Archambeau was convicted of one count of
unlawful possession of a firearm as a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). Archambeau appeals, and we affirm the district court.1
According to evidence presented at trial, on July 22, 2004, Archambeau, a
convicted felon, and Leland Fallis visited Darrel Gregor at his house in Wagner, South
1
The Honorable Lawrence L. Piersol, United States District Judge for the
District of South Dakota.
Dakota. Archambeau inquired whether Gregor would “take a couple of guns in hock.”
(T. Tr. at 103). Although Gregor is blind, he recognized Archambeau’s voice. After
asking whether the guns were “hot,” to which Archambeau replied that he had not
stolen them, Gregor agreed to pay $35, with the understanding that Archambeau
would later repay the loan with $15 interest and regain possession of the guns. (T. Tr.
at 105, 107, 117). Gregor asked Sherry Zephier, who lives with Gregor, to write out
the serial numbers and makes of the guns, then told Archambeau to sign his name. (T.
Tr. at 105, 108). Archambeau initially tried to get Fallis to the sign the document,
then signed someone else’s name, and finally signed his own name. (T. Tr. at 109).
Archambeau, who had been drinking throughout the previous night and into the
morning, left to buy beer. (T. Tr. at 64, 194). Shortly thereafter, Gregor learned that
the guns had been stolen from Joey Kezena, called Kezena’s father to tell him that he
had the guns, and eventually returned the guns to Kezena, who contacted the police.
(T. Tr. at 37, 39, 44, 110).
The jury found Archambeau guilty of unlawful possession of a firearm as a
convicted felon, but acquitted him of knowingly possessing a stolen firearm. At
sentencing, the court applied a two-level enhancement for possessing stolen firearms,
see USSG § 2K2.1(b)(4), calculated an advisory guideline range of 84 to 105 months,
(S. Tr. at 45), and then, based on the atypical nature of the case, applied a “Booker
variance” to arrive at a sentence of 66 months’ imprisonment. (S. Tr. at 58-59). The
court found that “given the fact of how drunk he was, . . . he would have pawned
anything in order to get more booze.” (S. Tr. at 54).
On appeal, Archambeau argues that the evidence presented at trial was
insufficient to prove that he possessed the guns. We view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the jury’s verdict, and reverse only if no reasonable jury could find
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Sheikh, 367 F.3d
756, 763 (8th Cir. 2004).
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The evidence supports a finding that Archambeau possessed the guns. Kezena
testified that two guns were stolen from a locked closet in his bedroom on July 21,
2004. Zephier testified that on July 22, 2004, she saw Archambeau carrying
something wrapped in a blanket, and he approached her to ask where he could “hock”
some guns. (T. Tr. at 54, 57). Zephier, who was with Fallis, walked with
Archambeau to Gregor’s house. When they arrived, Zephier saw that the blanket
covered two guns, which Archambeau put on the table and asked if Gregor would take
in hock. (T. Tr. at 58-59). After Gregor agreed to take the guns, Zephier testified that
Gregor had her write the serial numbers on a piece of paper, and she watched as
Archambeau signed the paper. (T. Tr. at 60-62). She testified that Gregor took the
piece of paper and gave Archambeau money. (T. Tr. at 63). Gregor also testified that
Archambeau, whose voice he recognized, asked whether Gregor would put some guns
in hock, and he agreed, but required Archambeau to sign a piece of paper listing the
serial numbers of the guns. (T. Tr. at 103-04). Gregor stated that upon discovering
the guns might have been stolen from Kezena, he called Kezena, who came to identify
the guns. (T. Tr. at 110). Kezena testified that the guns were his. (T. Tr. at 39).
Archambeau argues on appeal that Gregor is not credible because he is blind,
and that Zephier is not credible because she was intoxicated and has given
contradictory accounts of the events. Credibility of witnesses, however, is a matter
for the jury. United States v. Mangine, 302 F.3d 819, 823 (8th Cir. 2002).
Archambeau had an opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses and argue these issues
to the jury. Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a
reasonable juror could infer that Archambeau possessed the stolen guns and
exchanged them for money with Gregor.
Archambeau next argues that the district court improperly gave an instruction
that encouraged the jury to focus on Archambeau’s intoxication, rather than on the
evidence, and improperly “played into the ‘drunken Indian’ stereotype.” (Appellant’s
Supplemental Br. at 15-16). Since Archambeau did not object to the instructions at
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trial, (T. Tr. at 155-56), we review for plain error. United States v. Willis, 277 F.3d
1026, 1031 (8th Cir. 2002). The trial court has broad discretion in formulating jury
instructions, and a “defendant is not entitled to a particularly worded instruction where
the instructions given adequately and correctly cover the substance of the requested
instruction.” United States v. Johnson, 278 F.3d 749, 751-52 (8th Cir. 2002) (internal
quotation omitted). On appeal, we consider the instructions as a whole, and affirm if
they “fairly and adequately submitted the issues to the jury.” Id.
Intoxication is a defense to possessing stolen guns, a specific intent crime,
United States v. Iron Eyes, 367 F.3d 781, 784-85 (8th Cir. 2004), but it is not a
defense to unlawful possession of a firearm as a previously convicted felon, a general
intent crime. United States v. Klein, 13 F.3d 1182, 1183 (8th Cir. 1994). The jury
instructions given by the court stated:
One of the issues in this case is whether Defendant was intoxicated at the
time the acts charged in Count 2 of the Indictment were committed.
Intoxication, however, is not a defense to Count 1 . . . . Evidence that
Defendant acted while under the influence of alcohol may be considered
by you, together with all the other evidence, in determining whether or
not he did in fact know or have reasonable cause to believe that the
firearms were stolen.
(Jury Instruction No. 21, R. at 63). Archambeau argues that this instruction should
also have included language stating that the jury “cannot, however, convict the
defendant simply because he was intoxicated. Although intoxication is not a defense
to the crime charged in Count 1, neither is it a fact favoring conviction.” (Appellant’s
Supplemental Br. at 16).
We find no error by the district court. The challenged instruction was a correct
statement of the law. Unlike United States v. Lavallie, 666 F.2d 1217, 1219-20 (8th
Cir. 1981), in which the court found a jury instruction on intoxication to be irrelevant
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and prejudicial because the defendant had not raised intoxication as a defense and
presented no evidence that he was intoxicated at the time of the offense, Archambeau
requested an instruction on intoxication as a defense to possessing a stolen firearm and
presented evidence in support of this defense. (Proposed Jury Instruction No. 6, R.
Doc. No. 25, at 8; T. Tr. at 172-73, 194). It was proper for the court to clarify that
intoxication was a defense to one charged offense and not to the other, and the
instructions given fairly and adequately submitted Archambeau’s theory of defense
to the jury.
Archambeau also argues the district court’s application of USSG § 2K2.1(b)(4)
for possessing a stolen firearm was a violation of his Sixth Amendment rights,
because the jury had acquitted him of knowingly possessing stolen firearms. We
review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and the application of the
sentencing guidelines de novo. United States v. Mashek, 406 F.3d 1012, 1017 (8th
Cir. 2005). Section 2K2.1(b)(4) provides for a two-level enhancement if “any firearm
was stolen.” The application notes state that the enhancement applies “whether or not
the defendant knew or had reason to believe that the firearm was stolen,” USSG
§ 2K2.1, comment. (n.16), and we have held repeatedly that application of the
enhancement does not require that the defendant knew the firearm was stolen. See
United States v. Hernandez, 972 F.2d 885, 888 (8th Cir. 1992). Accordingly, the
jury’s failure to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Archambeau knowingly
possessed a stolen firearm did not preclude the sentencing judge from finding by a
preponderance of the evidence that Archambeau possessed a stolen gun, with or
without knowing that the firearm was stolen. And because the guidelines are now
advisory, the Sixth Amendment does not prevent the district court from making
factual findings for purposes of determining the advisory range. United States v.
Tabor, 439 F.3d 826, 830 (8th Cir. 2006).
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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