Jerome Michael Burton v. State of Indiana , 977 N.E.2d 1004 ( 2012 )


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  • FOR PUBLICATION
    ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                       ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
    KRISTIN A. MULHOLLAND                         GREGORY F. ZOELLER
    Appellate Public Defender                     Attorney General of Indiana
    Crown Point, Indiana
    NICOLE M. SCHUSTER
    Deputy Attorney General
    Indianapolis, Indiana
    FILED
    Nov 08 2012, 9:46 am
    IN THE                                            CLERK
    of the supreme court,
    court of appeals and
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA                                      tax court
    JEROME MICHAEL BURTON,                        )
    )
    Appellant-Defendant,                     )
    )
    vs.                               )    No. 45A03-1201-CR-6
    )
    STATE OF INDIANA,                             )
    )
    Appellee-Plaintiff.                      )
    APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT
    The Honorable Thomas P. Stefaniak, Jr., Judge
    Cause No. 45G04-1104-FC-00052
    November 8, 2012
    OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
    SHARPNACK, Senior Judge
    STATEMENT OF THE CASE
    In this interlocutory appeal, Jerome Michael Burton challenges the trial court’s
    denial of his motion to dismiss the charge of failure to register as a sex offender.
    We reverse and remand.
    ISSUE
    The issue is whether it is a violation of the ex post facto provision of the Indiana
    Constitution to require Burton to register under the Indiana Sex Offender Registration
    Act (“SORA”) as one who is required to register in another state, Illinois, when the
    statutes requiring him to register in Illinois and in Indiana were enacted after he had been
    convicted of the qualifying offense in Illinois.
    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
    In 1987, Burton was convicted in Illinois of aggravated criminal sexual assault and
    sentenced to six years. At that time in Illinois, Burton was under no requirement to
    register. In 1996, Illinois amended its SORA to require persons who had committed
    crimes such as Burton’s to register for a period of ten years. Thereafter, he was convicted
    in Illinois in 2003 and in 2007 for sex offender registration violations. Burton then
    moved to Indiana and, in 2009, was convicted in Indiana of failure to register as a sex or
    violent offender and was sentenced to one year pursuant to our SORA. See 
    Ind. Code §§ 11-8-8-1
     to -22. The version of our SORA under which Burton is required to register
    first became effective in 2006. See 
    Ind. Code §§ 11-8-8-5
    (b)(1) (stating that the term
    “sex offender” includes a person who is required to register as a sex offender in any
    2
    jurisdiction), -7(1) (stating that a sex offender who resides in Indiana must register).
    Following his release, Burton registered as a sex offender from June through October
    2009; however, he failed thereafter to register. In April 2011, he was charged with two
    Class C felony counts of failure to register pursuant to Indiana Code section 11-8-8-17
    (2007).   Burton filed a motion to dismiss these charges on the ground that the
    requirement that he register violates the ex post facto provision of the Indiana
    Constitution. The trial court, following a hearing, denied Burton’s motion, and the case
    comes to us on interlocutory appeal of that denial.
    DISCUSSION AND DECISION
    Burton contends that, as applied to him, our SORA constitutes retroactive
    punishment forbidden by the ex post facto prohibition contained in the Indiana
    Constitution because he committed his crime in Illinois before any registration was
    required by either Illinois or Indiana.
    When the constitutionality of a statute is challenged, we begin with the
    presumption that the statute is constitutional. Brown v. State, 
    868 N.E.2d 464
    , 467 (Ind.
    2007). The party challenging the statute labors under the heavy burden of proving
    otherwise.    
    Id.
       All reasonable doubt must be resolved in favor of the statute’s
    constitutionality. State v. Lombardo, 
    738 N.E.2d 653
    , 655 (Ind. 2000).
    The Indiana Constitution provides that “[n]o ex post facto law . . . shall ever be
    passed.” Ind. Const. art. I, § 24. Among other things, the ex post facto prohibition
    forbids the state to enact any law which imposes a punishment for an act which was not
    3
    punishable at the time it was committed or imposes punishment additional to that which
    was already imposed. State v. Pollard, 
    908 N.E.2d 1145
    , 1148-49 (Ind. 2009). The
    underlying purpose of the ex post facto clause is to give effect to the fundamental
    principle that persons have a right to fair warning of the type of conduct that will give
    rise to criminal penalties. 
    Id. at 1149
    .
    In Wallace v. State, 
    905 N.E.2d 371
     (Ind. 2009), our Supreme Court held
    unanimously that mandatory sex offender registration is punitive and that application of
    Indiana’s SORA to an offender who had committed his offense prior to the enactment of
    our SORA violated the ex post facto prohibition of the Indiana Constitution.
    Jensen v. State, 
    905 N.E.2d 384
     (Ind. 2009), was handed down the same day as
    Wallace.    At the time Jensen pleaded guilty there was in place an Indiana SORA
    requirement that he register for a period of ten years. Six years later, our SORA was
    amended in several respects, including a provision that a person who committed one of
    the offenses to which Jensen had pleaded guilty was required to register for life. The
    legislation contained no provision preventing application of our SORA to crimes
    committed prior to its effective date. The trial court ruled that Jensen was required to
    register for life. Our Supreme Court was sharply divided on the merits but affirmed the
    trial court. Two justices found that the additional requirement to register for life did not
    impose any greater burden or have any greater adverse effect on Jensen and, thus, the
    requirement did not violate our state’s ex post facto prohibition as applied to him. 
    Id. at 394
    . One justice concurred in result on the basis that because the original period of ten
    4
    years had not yet expired, the claim of unconstitutionality of the lifetime registration
    requirement was not ripe for adjudication. 
    Id. at 396
    . The remaining two justices found
    that the controversy was ripe and the enhanced requirement to register for life was an
    additional punishment that violated our state’s ex post facto prohibition as applied to
    Jensen, whose crimes were committed before our SORA was amended to require the
    lifetime registration extension. 
    Id. at 396-99
    .
    Here, the State seeks to enforce our SORA’s requirement to register on Burton
    because he is required to register in Illinois. Burton relies on Wallace and argues that it
    would violate the ex post facto provision of our state constitution to compel him to
    register under Indiana’s SORA when there was no statute in Illinois or Indiana requiring
    registration when he committed his offense.
    In response, the State argues as follows:
    1.) this case is more like Jensen than Wallace because Burton was already under a
    requirement to register in Illinois and the requirement to register in Indiana imposes no
    additional burden on him;
    2.) it is Burton’s 2007 conviction in Illinois for the sex offender registration
    violation rather than his original sex offense conviction that is the predicate for his
    requirement to register in Illinois, and that conviction came after both states had
    registration requirements applicable to Burton;
    3.) the application of the Illinois registration statute to Burton is not an ex post
    facto violation under the Illinois Constitution and, under principles of Full Faith and
    5
    Credit and comity, Indiana should accept Burton’s requirement to register in Illinois as a
    predicate to apply our SORA to him and compel him to register; and
    4.) public policy considerations dictate that we not make Indiana a “haven” for
    offenders similarly situated as Burton.
    We address each of the State’s arguments in turn. First, the State argues that this
    case is more like Jensen than Wallace because Burton was already under an obligation to
    register in Illinois when he came to Indiana and the requirement to register in Indiana
    thus imposes no additional burden on him. There is, however, a significant difference in
    this case from Jensen. In Jensen, there was in effect at the time of his offense a
    requirement to register. Thus, the initial requirement did not violate the ex post facto
    prohibition under our constitution. Here, the initial requirement to register was an ex post
    facto violation under our constitution. That difference brings this case under Wallace,
    not Jensen.1
    We conclude that the analysis and holding in Wallace apply to this case. We are
    deciding whether the ex post facto provision of the Indiana Constitution prevents the
    application of Indiana’s SORA to require Burton, a resident of Indiana, to register as a
    1
    The State also cites Herron v. State, 
    918 N.E.2d 682
     (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). Herron had been convicted
    of sexual offenses in Arizona in 1984. Pursuant to a 1983 Arizona statute, Herron was required to register
    as a sex offender for his lifetime. He subsequently moved to Indiana, and the county sheriff contacted
    him requesting that he register as a sex offender. He filed a petition with the trial court alleging that he
    was not required to register as a sex offender in Indiana, which the trial court denied. On appeal, this
    Court did not address Herron’s claim of an ex post facto violation due to his waiver of the issue, but
    noted, in dicta, that imposing upon Herron a lifetime obligation to register in Indiana did not violate the
    ex post facto clause of our state constitution because he was already required by Arizona to register at the
    time he committed the offense. The dicta did not include any discussion of any significance of the fact
    that Herron’s conviction was prior to the enactment of our registration statute.
    6
    sex offender on the ground that he is required to register in Illinois as a consequence of
    having been convicted in Illinois of a sex offense prior to the enactment of both the
    statutes of Illinois and Indiana that required registration. Had the qualifying offense and
    the enactment of the registration requirement occurred in Indiana, Wallace would dictate
    dismissal of the charges. We hold that Burton has the protection of our constitution as to
    the application of our SORA, without regard to the fact that he was convicted of the
    qualifying sex offense in Illinois. It is for us, not Illinois, to determine who is required to
    register under our SORA.
    The State also contends that Burton’s obligation to register as a sex offender under
    our SORA does not violate our state’s ex post facto prohibition because it stems purely
    from his 2007 Illinois conviction of failure to register. Although Illinois had not enacted
    its sex offender registration act at the time of Burton’s crime, by 1996 it had amended its
    act to require Burton to register for a period of ten years. See 730 ILCS 150/7 (West
    1996). He was then convicted in 2003 and 2007 in Illinois for failure to register, and,
    pursuant to Illinois law, the ten year registration period started over after each violation
    and began running from the first date of registration after the last violation. See 
    id.
     Thus,
    upon moving to Indiana, Burton was still subject to registration requirements in Illinois.2
    2
    The requirement to register by reason of a sex offense committed before the enactment of a sex offender
    registration statute does not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause of the United States Constitution or the ex
    post facto prohibition contained in the Illinois Constitution. See Smith v. Doe, 
    538 U.S. 84
    , 105-06, 
    123 S. Ct. 1140
    , 
    155 L. Ed. 2d 164
     (2003) (concluding that the registration requirement could be applied
    retroactively without violating the Ex Post Facto Clause of the U.S. Constitution); People v. Cornelius,
    
    821 N.E.2d 288
    , 306-07 (Ill. 2004) (stating that Illinois ex post facto clause provides no greater protection
    7
    In support of its argument that Burton’s registration requirement in Indiana stems
    from his 2007 Illinois conviction of failure to register, the State cites Indiana Code
    section 11-8-8-5(b)(1) (2006), which stated that the term “sex offender” includes a person
    who is required to register as a sex offender in any jurisdiction. Thus, the State concludes
    that, pursuant to this statute, at the time Burton moved to Indiana some time after his
    2007 Illinois conviction he was considered a sex offender in Indiana because he was
    required to register in another jurisdiction (i.e., Illinois). The lynchpin of the State’s
    argument is that these Indiana statutes were enacted in 2006, prior to Burton’s 2007
    Illinois conviction of failure to register, thereby negating any ex post facto argument.
    We cannot agree.         Burton’s current registration requirement in Illinois is an
    extension of the registration requirement imposed upon him in 1996 by virtue of his 1987
    conviction. The State’s argument gives no force to the fundamental fact that, but for his
    1987 conviction, Burton would not be subject to any requirement to register.                          Of
    importance in determining whether our SORA violates our constitution’s prohibition on
    ex post facto laws is the date of the commission of the crime in relation to the passage of
    our SORA. See Wallace, 905 N.E.2d at 384 (holding that SORA violates ex post facto
    clause of Indiana Constitution where defendant committed his offense before SORA was
    enacted). Thus, it is the date of the commission of the crime and the law in place at that
    time that is relevant to the ex post facto analysis. See, e.g., Pollard, 908 N.E.2d at 1148-
    49 (noting that ex post facto prohibition forbids enactment of any law which imposes
    than that offered by United States Constitution and holding that Illinois registration requirement did not
    violate ex post facto provision of the Illinois Constitution).
    8
    punishment for act which was not punishable at time it was committed, or imposes
    additional punishment) (quoting Weaver v. Graham, 
    450 U.S. 24
    , 28, 
    101 S. Ct. 960
    , 
    67 L. Ed. 2d 17
     (1981)).
    The State also claims that it would be a violation of the Full Faith and Credit
    Clause of the U.S. Constitution if we are “permitted to second-guess Illinois’s valid
    determination that [Burton] must register as a sex offender.” Appellee’s Br. p. 15. The
    Full Faith and Credit Clause provides: “Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State
    to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State.” U.S. Const.
    art. IV, § 1. The Full Faith and Credit Clause is not implicated here. The requirement by
    Illinois under its law that Burton register as a sex offender in Illinois is no more than that;
    it is not a requirement to register anywhere else. Nor is it a judgment for money obtained
    in one state and presented as a claim in another state as in Morris v. Jones, 
    329 U.S. 545
    ,
    551, 
    67 S. Ct. 451
    , 
    91 L. Ed. 488
     (1947), the case cited by the State in support of its
    argument. Rather, our issue is whether to require Burton to register in Indiana under
    Indiana law. Our decision has no effect on the enforcement of the Illinois requirement.
    The fact that Burton’s crime was committed in Illinois does not deprive him of the
    protection of Indiana’s constitution while he is in Indiana.
    Finally, the State argues that public policy should lead us to require registration by
    Burton, because if we do not, Indiana will become a “haven” for offenders like Burton.
    Any haven would be only for those who, under our constitution, could not be compelled
    to register in violation of our state’s prohibition of ex post facto laws. The State does not,
    9
    and we cannot, quantify the number of such potential relocators to Indiana. Whatever the
    number, it will lessen as time passes. Indiana’s SORA was enacted in 1994, and other
    states have registration laws that were enacted earlier. We are dealing only with those
    offenders who committed crimes in states which had no registration requirements at the
    time of the offenses. The concern of the State does not outweigh the value of enforcing
    our constitution in the application of our registration statute.
    CONCLUSION
    For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court and remand with instructions to
    grant Burton’s motion to dismiss.
    Reversed and remanded with instructions.
    MAY, J., and BARNES, J., concur.
    10
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 45A03-1201-CR-6

Citation Numbers: 977 N.E.2d 1004

Filed Date: 11/8/2012

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 1/12/2023