Dawn Warrick and Nathan Parrish v. Steve and Mitzi Stewart , 29 N.E.3d 1284 ( 2015 )

Apr 28 2015, 9:20 am
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Patrick J. Murphy John C. Theisen
State Farm Litigation Counsel Nathaniel O. Hubley
Indianapolis, Indiana Theisen & Associates, LLC
Fort Wayne, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Dawn Warrick and Nathan April 28, 2015
Parrish, Court of Appeals Case No.
92A03-1407-CC-257
Appellant-Defendants,
Appeal from the Whitley Circuit
v. Court
The Honorable James R. Heuer,
Judge
Steve and Mitzi Stewart, Cause No. 92C01-1111-CC-694
Appellee-Plaintiffs
Bailey, Judge.
Case Summary
[1] Steve Stewart (“Stewart”) brought a negligence claim against Dawn Warrick
(“Dawn”) and Nathan Parish (“Nathan”) (collectively, “the Warricks”) after
Stewart’s motorcycle collided with the Warricks’ loose dog, causing Stewart to
suffer personal injury.1 A jury found that Stewart was seventy percent at fault
and accordingly returned a verdict for the Warricks. After Stewart filed a
motion to correct error, the trial court granted the motion, set aside the jury’s
verdict, and ordered a new jury trial. We affirm.
Issue
[2] The Warricks present one issue for review: whether the trial court abused its
discretion when it granted Stewart’s motion to correct error, set aside the jury’s
verdict as against the weight of the evidence, and ordered a new trial.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] At approximately 11:00 a.m. on October 11, 2010, a clear and dry morning,
Stewart was driving his motorcycle south on Main Street in Columbia City,
Indiana. After stopping for a red light at the corner of Main and Chicago
Streets, Stewart turned left and headed east on Chicago. On his right, Stewart
noticed a pickup truck beginning to exit the corner gas station onto Chicago.
1
Stewart’s wife, Mitzi Stewart, also brought a claim for loss of consortium.
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Concerned that the truck was going to pull out in front of him, he slowed down.
When the truck driver braked and acknowledged Stewart, Stewart accelerated
and continued east on Chicago. Stewart was looking forward, and in his
peripheral vision, he did not see any cars coming from Whitley Street on his
left.
[4] Seconds later, a dog darted into the street and collided with Stewart’s
motorcycle. He never saw the dog. Stewart gave conflicting testimony as to
how many seconds elapsed between the time he braked for the truck and the
time he hit the dog, but estimated his speed on impact as twenty-two to twenty-
three miles-per-hour. He lost control of the bike, his helmet hit the pavement,
and the motorcycle slid 102 feet to a stop. As a result of the crash, Stewart
suffered injuries to his shoulder, collarbone, back, leg, and foot.
[5] Christopher LaRue (“LaRue”) was driving a pickup truck about one hundred
feet directly behind Stewart. From his vantage point, LaRue saw a dog,
“running fast for a dog” (Tr. 157), dart out from behind a small concrete wall
on the right side of the road and into Stewart’s path. LaRue estimated that
Stewart was traveling twenty miles-per-hour when he hit the dog. When asked
whether LaRue thought Stewart could have done anything to avoid the
collision, LaRue opined that “if I would have been on a motorcycle, I would
have hit the dog.” (Tr. 157.)
[6] Columbia City Police Officer Peter Yorg (“Officer Yorg”) investigated the
accident. Officer Yorg described the circumstances contributing to the crash as
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“the fact that the dog ran out in front of . . . the motorcycle and . . . the
motorcycle . . . struck the dog and caused him to lose control.” (Tr. 174.)
Officer Yorg’s investigation did not lead him to conclude that Stewart was at
fault in any way.
[7] At the time of the crash, Nathan was inside the Chicago Street home he shared
with his mother, Dawn. The Warricks had recently acquired two dogs, one for
each of them, which they kept inside the house. The Warricks did not have a
fence around their property; thus, when they let the dogs outside, they
restrained each dog in the backyard using a cable that attached to a yard stake
on one end and the dog’s collar on the other. On the morning of the crash,
Nathan let the dogs outside on their staked cables. Shortly after, Nathan heard
the accident commotion outside. After discovering Dawn’s dog at the crash
site, Nathan walked to the backyard where he found the escaped dog’s collar
still clasped shut and attached to the staked cable; apparently, the dog had
slipped the collar.
[8] At trial, Dawn testified that she had fitted a new collar on the dog one week
before the accident. However, Dawn admitted that the dog, which had
obviously slipped out of the collar just before the crash, was not “properly
restrained” and was “at large” in the city limits, in violation of Columbia City
Ordinance section 90.03(K). Stewart’s dog training expert, Michael Rowland,
Jr. (“Rowland”) testified that the collar was in good working order and the
appropriate size for the dog. However, based on his review of the evidence, the
only way the collar could come over the dog’s head was if the collar was
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improperly fitted. Rowland testified that the breed’s “head size is so much
bigger than that area in the neck where [the collar] should be fitted, that it
would be physically impossible for the dog to pull a properly fitted collar over
its head.” (Tr. 219.)
[9] Stewart filed a negligence claim against the Warricks on November 30, 2011,
alleging that the Warricks were negligent in failing to restrain and supervise the
dog and that their negligence was the cause of the crash and Stewart’s personal
injuries. On May 14, 2014, at the conclusion of a two-day jury trial, the jury
assigned seventy percent fault to Stewart and thirty percent fault to the
Warricks. Because the jury found Stewart more than fifty percent at fault, the
trial court entered judgment in favor of the Warricks.
[10] Stewart then filed a motion to correct error, on which the court heard argument
on June 19, 2014. (Tr. 364.) On June 25, 2014, the trial court granted Stewart’s
motion to correct error, set aside the jury’s verdict as against the weight of the
evidence, and granted a new trial. The Warricks now appeal.
Discussion and Decision
Standard of Review
[11] Indiana Trial Rule 59 governs motions to correct error. Rule 59(J) provides
that if a court determines that prejudicial or harmful error has been committed,
the court shall take such action as will cure the error, including, among other
possible remedies, granting a new trial. T.R. 59(J)(1). Further:
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(7) In reviewing the evidence, the court shall grant a new trial if it
determines that the verdict of a non-advisory jury is against the weight
of the evidence; and shall enter judgment, subject to the provisions
herein, if the court determines that the verdict of a non-advisory jury is
clearly erroneous as contrary to or not supported by the evidence . . . .
T.R. 59(J)(7).
[12] Once the trial court has granted a new trial, this Court will reverse that decision
only for an abuse of discretion. Barnard v. Himes, 719 N.E.2d 862, 865 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1999), trans. denied. An abuse of discretion occurs when the court’s action
is against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it and the
inferences that may be drawn therefrom. Id. The trial court’s decision to grant
a new trial is given a strong presumption of correctness. Walker v. Pullen, 943
N.E.2d 349, 351 (Ind. 2011). However, the strong presumption of correctness
arises only if the trial court’s decision is supported by the special findings
required by Trial Rule 59(J). Id. at 352.
[13] Under Trial Rule 59(J), when any corrective relief is granted, “the court shall
specify the general reasons therefor.” The rule also requires that, when a new
trial is granted because the verdict does not accord with the evidence,
the court shall make special findings of fact upon each material issue
or element of the claim or defense upon which a new trial is granted.
Such finding shall indicate whether the decision is against the weight
of the evidence or whether it is clearly erroneous as contrary to or not
supported by the evidence; if the decision is found to be against the
weight of the evidence, the findings shall relate the supporting and
opposing evidence to each issue upon which a new trial is granted; if
the decision is found to be clearly erroneous as contrary to or not
supported by the evidence, the findings shall show why judgment was
not entered upon the evidence.
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T.R. 59(J). Our supreme court has explained the purpose of the rule and the
special findings:
The purpose of authorizing the trial judge to grant a new trial, when
the judge considers the verdict to be against the weight of the evidence,
is to erase the occasional unsupportable jury verdict. It is to supplant
that which is irrational with something that is rational. An order of
court can fulfill this extraordinary and extreme function only if it is
based upon a complete analysis of the relevant facts and applicable
law, and sets out on paper the constituent parts of that analysis. It is
compliance with the arduous and time-consuming requirements of the
Rule which provides assurance to the parties and the courts that the
judge’s evaluation of the evidence is better than the evaluation of the
jury.
Nissen Trampoline Co. v. Terre Haute First Nat’l Bank, 265 Ind. 457, 464-65, 358
N.E.2d 974, 978 (1976)). Thus, strict compliance with the substantive and
procedural requirements of Trial Rule 59(J) is of “paramount” importance. Id.
at 464.
Discussion
[14] In its order containing specific findings, the trial court concluded that a jury
verdict assigning seventy percent fault to Stewart for his role in the collision was
against the weight of the evidence.2 The court also noted that “[a] verdict that
2
The trial court also made findings regarding the Warricks’ duty to restrain the dog. The court concluded
that “[i]f the verdict of the jury was that Stewart was 70% at fault with respect to the dog getting loose, . . .
the verdict is not just against the weight of the evidence, but . . . is clearly erroneous as contrary to and not
supported by the evidence admitted at trial.” (App. 10-11.) On appeal, the parties agree that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion when it concluded that there was no evidence that Stewart was at fault for the dog
escaping.
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assigned a minimal percentage of fault to Stewart for failure to maintain a
proper lookout would not be set aside.” (App. 13.) Because under the evidence
presented it was “conceivable that [Stewart] be assigned minimal percentage of
fault[,]” the court ordered a new trial. (App. 13.)
[15] On appeal, the Warricks argue that the trial court’s grant of a new trial was an
abuse of discretion because 1) the court’s special findings regarding Stewart’s
speed were not supported by the evidence and were contrary to law, 2) the
court’s written findings were inconsistent with the court’s decision to grant a
new trial, and 3) the court gave the jury instructions on comparative fault but
then decided on the motion to correct error that the evidence supported an
allocation of only minimal fault to Stewart. We examine each of these
arguments in turn.
Stewart’s Speed
[16] The trial court found that “[a]ll of the evidence admitted at trial indicated
Stewart was not speeding but was traveling under the speed limit.” (App. 12.)
The Warricks argue that the trial court did not give sufficient weight to, or
completely ignored, certain evidence related to Stewart’s speed. They argue
that the court abused its discretion because only by improperly weighing or
overlooking the evidence could the court have concluded that Stewart was not
speeding and therefore only minimally at fault.
[17] The Warricks do not dispute that both Stewart and LaRue testified at trial that
Stewart was driving under the speed limit at the time of the crash. Rather, they
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argue that Stewart’s deposition testimony, in which he only stated that his
speed was under thirty miles-per-hour (not specifically twenty-two or twenty-
three, as he stated at trial), and LaRue’s admission on cross-examination that
he was driving, talking on his cell phone, and communicating with a passenger
at the time he observed the accident and Stewart’s speed, sufficiently undercut
the reliability of their testimonies such that the court could not have concluded
that Stewart was driving the under the speed limit.
[18] The Warricks’ argument regarding the reliability and credibility of eyewitness
testimony goes to the weight of the evidence. When considering whether to
grant a new trial, “the trial judge has an affirmative duty to weigh conflicting
evidence.” Mem’l Hosp. of South Bend v. Scott, 261 Ind. 27, 33, 300 N.E.2d 50, 54
(1973). “The trial judge sits as a ‘thirteenth juror’ and must determine whether
in the minds of reasonable men a contrary verdict should have been reached.”
Id. As the thirteenth juror, the trial judge 1) hears the case along with the jury,
2) observes witnesses for their credibility, intelligence, and wisdom, and 3)
determines whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Precision
Screen Machs., Inc. v. Hixson, 711 N.E.2d 68, 70 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). On
appeal, this Court “cannot assume the responsibility of weighing conflicting
evidence[.]” Scott, 261 Ind. at 33.
[19] Here, there was testimonial evidence that Stewart was not speeding. The court
was able to assess the credibility of the witnesses during their testimony. The
trial court’s acknowledgement that “Stewart gave varying accounts as to how
many seconds he traveled from the point of slowing down for a truck” to the
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point of impact reveals that the court considered apparent inconsistencies in
Stewart’s testimony when making its decision. (App. 12.) Although the
defense raised questions about the credibility of the witnesses, it was within the
court’s purview to make credibility determinations. And no evidence was
presented that Stewart was speeding. We therefore cannot say that the court’s
conclusion that Stewart was driving under the speed limit was contrary to the
evidence presented.
[20] The Warricks also argue the “trial court’s outright rejection of the probative
value” of the evidence regarding the distance the motorcycle slid from the point
of impact to the point it stopped was contrary to law. (Appellant’s Br. 8.) They
contend that the court’s alleged failure to consider this evidence runs contrary
to our supreme court’s holding in Samuel-Hawkins Music Co. v. Ashby, 246 Ind.
309, 205 N.E.2d 679 (1965). The court in Ashby held that, in the absence of
direct testimony regarding a truck’s speed prior to a collision, the length of skid
marks leading to the collision site, distance traveled after impact, and force of
impact were sufficient evidence for the jury to consider the question of whether
the truck driver was traveling at a high and dangerous rate of speed. Id. at 312-
13.
[21] We disagree that the trial court ignored the evidence of the motorcycle’s slide
length or its probative value. Rather, the court included two references to the
evidence in its special findings. The court found and concluded:
21. Columbia City Police Officer Peter Yorg viewed the physical
evidence, determined the point of impact and measured the distance
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the motorcycle slid from point of impact to rest at 102 feet, and
interviewed LaRue. Based on his training and everything he observed,
Officer Yorg testified that the cause of the collision was the dog and
that Stewart did not contribute in any way to causing the collision.
[. . . .]
25. The fact that the evidence showed the motorcycle slid 102 feet
from point of impact to point of rest shows nothing that can be
equated to fault on the part of Stewart. There was no evidence
equating the 102 foot slide to any unlawful speed or other possible
evidence of negligence.
(App. 12.)
[22] The special findings show that the trial court considered the evidence of the
102-foot slide in conjunction with Officer Yorg’s testimony. The court also
found that, absent further evidence equating the slide distance to an unlawful
speed, the evidence offered little probative value for determining Stewart’s
speed at the time of the crash. Furthermore, as the thirteenth juror, it was the
court’s duty to weigh the evidence of the slide against the testimonial evidence
about Stewart’s speed. The Warricks now request that this Court reweigh the
evidence, which we cannot do on appeal.
[23] The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it weighed the evidence
presented regarding Stewart’s speed and concluded that Stewart was not
speeding.
Trial Court’s Order
[24] The Warricks next argue that the trial court made “incompatible
determinations” regarding Stewart’s fault for the collision and failure to
maintain a proper lookout. (Appellant’s Br. 10.) The Warricks point to the
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court’s findings that “there was no evidence at trial that Stewart should have
seen the dog prior to the collision” and that “there was nothing he could do to
avoid the collision.” (App. 11, 12.) They argue that these findings are
inconsistent with the court’s ultimate decision that a new trial was appropriate
because “it is conceivable that [Stewart] be assigned a minimal percentage of
fault” due to failure to maintain a proper lookout. (App. 13.)
[25] We think the Warricks read the trial court’s findings too selectively. In its
special findings, the trial court reviewed both the supporting and opposing
evidence. In addition to the evidence that Stewart was driving under the speed
limit and LaRue’s opinion that “if I would have been on a motorcycle, I would
have hit the dog” (Tr. 157), the court noted “that just prior to the collision
Stewart slowed down for a truck attempting to pull out of the Gas America,
acknowledged the driver of the truck and then proceeded down the street.”
(App. 12.) The court acknowledged that Stewart gave “varying accounts” as to
the number of seconds he traveled after braking for the truck and before the
crash. (App. 12.) The court found an irregularity in Stewart’s testimony and
recognized that a reasonable fact finder could have drawn an inference that
Stewart was distracted, at least at some point, by the truck. However, the court
concluded that while it was “conceivable” that Stewart failed to maintain a
proper lookout, the “discrepancies in his testimony could not, in any event, lead
to the rational conclusion that Stewart was at 70% fault in the collision.” (App.
12.)
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[26] One purpose of the special findings required by Trial Rule 59(J) “is to provide
the parties and the reviewing court with the theory of the trial court’s decision.”
DeVittorio v. Werker Bros., Inc., 634 N.E.2d 528, 531 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994). Based
on the special findings, we understand the trial court’s theory to be that the
weight of the evidence demanded a greater allocation of fault to the Warricks
for their negligence in improperly restraining the dog than to Stewart for his
driving, even though Stewart may have been distracted at some point by
another potential hazard on the road. There was ample evidence presented that
the Warricks negligently failed to restrain the dog and that, but for their
negligence, the dog would not have been in the path of Stewart’s motorcycle in
the first place. Give the “strong presumption of correctness” we afford the trial
court’s decision, Walker, 943 N.E.2d at 352, we cannot say, from our review,
that the court abused its discretion when it set aside a jury verdict allocating
more than fifty percent fault to Stewart. See Barnard, 719 N.E.2d at 867(holding that trial court did not abuse its discretion when it set aside a jury
verdict as against the weight of the evidence where the jury assigned only one
percent fault to a driver who crossed the centerline and hit a second car in its
lane of travel).
Jury Instructions
[27] Finally, the Warricks argue that the trial court’s assessment of the evidence on
the motion to correct error, and Stewart’s arguments in support of the motion,
are “incongruous” with their actions at trial. (Appellant’s Br. 11.) Specifically,
they contend that, because the trial court concluded that the evidence supported
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only a finding that Stewart was minimally at fault, the trial court should not
have given a jury instruction on comparative fault and, in any case, Stewart
should have objected to the instruction at trial in order to preserve his
arguments on appeal. The Warricks argue, then, that the trial court’s decision
to set aside the jury’s verdict after giving the comparative fault instruction
amounts to an abuse of discretion.
[28] The Warricks cite no authority to support their position that a trial court abuses
its discretion when it gives a jury instruction on comparative fault but, when
asked to review the evidence on a motion to correct error, finds that the
evidence supported assigning only a minimal percentage of fault to the plaintiff.
This case squarely presented the issue of comparative fault, and it was
appropriate for the trial court to present the instruction to the jury. Even
though the trial court ultimately concluded that the jury’s allocation of fault was
not supported by the evidence, the question of the measure of Stewart’s fault
was properly before the jury. And as the court concluded, “[a] verdict that
assigned a minimal percentage of fault to Stewart for failure to maintain a
proper lookout would not be set aside.” (App. 13.) Further, we observe that
Stewart was not required to object to the jury instruction on comparative fault
in order to preserve the issue and argument for the motion to correct error or
appeal. See Burton v. Bridwell, 938 N.E.2d 1, 5-6 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (holding
that plaintiff, who failed to object to a pattern verdict form that permitted
allocation of fault to her, did not waive her right to challenge the allocation of
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more than fifty percent fault to her on the basis of insufficient evidence where
plaintiff filed a motion to correct error), trans. denied.
Conclusion
[29] The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it granted Stewart’s motion to
correct error, set aside the jury’s verdict as against the weight of the evidence,
and ordered a new trial.
[30] Affirmed.
Riley, J., and Barnes, J., concur.
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