Luis Amadeo Prieto-Pineda v. William P. Barr ( 2020 )


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  •                  United States Court of Appeals
    For the Eighth Circuit
    ___________________________
    No. 19-1347
    ___________________________
    Luis Amadeo Prieto-Pineda
    Petitioner
    v.
    William P. Barr, Attorney General of the United States
    Respondent
    ____________
    Petition for Review of an Order of the
    Board of Immigration Appeals
    ____________
    Submitted: March 12, 2020
    Filed: May 28, 2020
    ____________
    Before ERICKSON, GRASZ, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
    ____________
    ERICKSON, Circuit Judge.
    Luis Amadeo Prieto-Pineda (“Prieto-Pineda”) is a citizen of El Salvador who,
    after conceding removability, sought asylum, withholding of removal, and relief
    under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) found
    the asylum application was time-barred and denied withholding and CAT relief on
    the merits. The Board of Immigration Appeals (“the Board”) dismissed the appeal.
    We have jurisdiction under 
    8 U.S.C. § 1252
     and affirm.
    I. Background
    Prieto-Pineda, a citizen and native of El Salvador, was the president of a local
    fishing cooperative in Canton El Escobal. As president of the cooperative, Prieto-
    Pineda controlled the cooperative’s boats. Members of Mara 18, a prominent
    criminal gang in Canton El Escobal, approached Prieto-Pineda seeking rides on the
    fishing cooperative boats to nearby islands and ports so the gang could avoid crossing
    the territory of its rival, MS-13.
    Prieto-Pineda agreed to provide rides to Mara 18 gang members in exchange
    for payment. During the trips, Prieto-Pineda overheard the gang members discussing
    the murder of people who had refused to help them. The gang members tried to
    recruit Prieto-Pineda but he demurred. When the Mara 18 gang members reduced the
    payment to Prieto-Pineda to gas reimbursement only, Prieto-Pineda declined to
    provide further access to the boats. Unhappy with Prieto-Pineda’s actions, Mara 18
    gang members repeatedly came to his home late at night to threaten him. They stole
    animals from Prieto-Pineda’s farm, threw dead animals and rocks on his roof, and
    generally frightened his family. When these incidents occurred, Prieto-Pineda called
    the police and officers regularly arrived and frightened away the intruders with their
    sirens. Prieto-Pineda’s fears extended to MS-13 gang members because he was afraid
    they knew that he had been providing rides to Mara 18 members.
    Concerned for his safety, Prieto-Pineda left El Salvador and entered the United
    States through Texas in 2013 without being admitted or paroled. In September 2013,
    Prieto-Pineda was charged with removability and placed on bond pending his removal
    hearing. Without notifying the Department of Homeland Security, Prieto-Pineda left
    Texas for Minnesota and failed to appear at his removal hearing.
    From 2014 to 2017, Prieto-Pineda resided in Minnesota and maintained regular
    contact with his wife in El Salvador until her death in 2016. During these
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    conversations, she reported receiving threats from Mara 18 members. The gang
    members, apparently upset because Prieto-Pineda redistributed the cooperative’s
    boats among its members, stole the boat Prieto-Pineda had left for his family. In
    2014, Prieto-Pineda’s wife described being pregnant as a result of a rape, giving birth
    to a child the following year.
    In 2016, Prieto-Pineda learned that his wife had been murdered. He does not
    know if Mara 18 gang members were involved in the murder. El Salvadoran police
    conducted an investigation and eventually arrested three men. While not conclusively
    established, it appears the murder was in retribution for Prieto-Pineda’s wife cooking
    for soldiers and police officers.
    In 2017, removal proceedings took place in Fort Snelling, Minnesota, during
    which Prieto-Pineda conceded removability and sought asylum, withholding of
    removal, and relief under CAT. The IJ found that Prieto-Pineda had failed to show
    extraordinary or changed circumstances since his entry into the United States and that
    his asylum application was barred by the one-year time limit. The IJ denied
    withholding, determining Prieto-Pineda had failed to establish he faced likely
    persecution in El Salvador. The IJ denied CAT relief because Prieto-Pineda did not
    present a reason separate from those in his asylum and withholding claims.
    Prieto-Pineda unsuccessfully appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals.
    The Board denied Prieto-Pineda’s asylum and withholding claims on the merits and
    concluded that the IJ’s determination that the El Salvadoran government was not
    “unwilling or unable” to control Mara 18 gang members was relevant evidence
    tending to show that the government did not “acquiesce” to torture, a prerequisite for
    CAT relief. Prieto-Pineda appeals, claiming the decision is unsupported by
    substantial evidence. He further claims the Board erred when it: (1) declined to
    review the IJ’s finding that his asylum application was time-barred; (2) used findings
    from the IJ’s withholding analysis to deny asylum; and (3) denied CAT relief.
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    II. Discussion
    We will uphold the denial of asylum and withholding of removal if the decision
    is supported by substantial evidence in the record. Mejia-Ramos v. Barr, 
    934 F.3d 789
    , 792 (8th Cir. 2019). Under this deferential standard, administrative findings of
    fact “are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to
    conclude to the contrary.” Rivas v. Sessions, 
    899 F.3d 537
    , 541 (8th Cir. 2018). We
    review the Board’s legal determinations de novo. N’Diaye v. Barr, 
    931 F.3d 656
    , 661
    (8th Cir. 2019).
    A. Substantial Evidence–Asylum and Withholding of Removal
    Prieto-Pineda was denied asylum and withholding on the grounds that he failed
    to establish he faces harm in El Salvador because of membership in a protected social
    group or political opinion and he failed to demonstrate the El Salvadoran police are
    unwilling or unable to control the gang violence he fears. Asylum may be granted,
    in relevant part, upon a showing of a “well-founded fear of persecution on account
    of . . . membership in a particular social group, or political opinion,” in the alien’s
    country of origin. 
    8 U.S.C. § 1101
    (a)(42)(A). We have explained that in order to
    meet the requirements for persecution, the harm must be “inflicted either by the
    government of a country or by persons or an organization that the government was
    unable or unwilling to control.” Menjivar v. Gonzales, 
    416 F.3d 918
    , 921 (8th Cir.
    2005) (cleaned up).
    An alien is entitled to withholding of removal to a particular country if, in
    relevant part, the agency finds the alien’s life or freedom is threatened due to
    membership in a particular social group or a political opinion. 
    8 U.S.C. § 1231
    (b)(3)(A). Persecution for withholding eligibility requires a showing that the
    government is unwilling or unable to protect the petitioner from non-governmental
    harm. Rendon v. Barr, 
    952 F.3d 963
    , 970–71 (8th Cir. 2020).
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    Substantial evidence in this record supports the IJ’s findings that: (1) Prieto-
    Pineda does not face persecution based on membership in a particular social group
    or a political opinion in El Salvador; and (2) the El Salvadoran government is not
    unwilling or unable to protect him. Prieto-Pineda alleges that he faces persecution
    based on his membership in two particular social groups, the fishing cooperative and
    his immediate family. He also claims he will suffer persecution based on his
    opposition to joining the Mara 18 gang, which he characterizes as a political opinion.
    A particular social group is (1) comprised of members sharing a common
    immutable characteristic, (2) defined with particularity, and (3) socially distinct
    within the society at issue. Rivas, 899 F.3d at 541. We assume, without deciding,
    that a fishing cooperative could be recognized as a particular social group. Prieto-
    Pineda’s asylum and withholding claims fail, however, because although the record
    supports a finding that Mara 18 gang members targeted Prieto-Pineda for his access
    to the cooperative’s boats, it does not support a finding of persecution based on his
    membership in the fishing cooperative. Prieto-Pineda has not shown a well-founded
    fear of persecution based on membership in a particular social group, or that his life
    or freedom would be threatened in El Salvador due to membership in a particular
    social group.
    Even though family membership may constitute a particular social group,
    substantial evidence in this record shows that Prieto-Pineda was not and will not be
    targeted due to his family membership. Instead harassment of his family was merely
    a means to coerce him into providing rides to the gang. See Rivas, 899 F.3d at 542
    (acknowledging that family membership may constitute a particular social group, but
    that targeting family members as means to another end is insufficient to establish a
    claim).
    Nor does the tragic death of Prieto-Pineda’s wife demonstrate that he faces
    persecution by Mara 18 gang members when he returns to El Salvador. Substantial
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    evidence supports a finding that her death was unrelated to the threats he received in
    El Salvador and was not perpetrated by Mara 18 gang members. Prieto-Pineda
    conceded he did not know if the gang was involved in his wife’s murder. The record
    contains news clippings describing the circumstances of her death as unrelated to
    Prieto-Pineda or his past dealings with the Mara 18 gang.
    The IJ’s finding that Prieto-Pineda has not been targeted by Mara 18 gang
    members as a political enemy is also supported by substantial evidence. Although the
    Mara 18 gang may have some political motivations, the record here supports a finding
    that Prieto-Pineda was harassed for refusing to provide rides, not for any political
    opposition to the gang. See Marroquin-Ochoma v. Holder, 
    574 F.3d 574
    , 578 (8th
    Cir. 2009) (upholding determination that petitioner who received threats after
    refusing to join gang, without more, was not persecuted on account of an anti-gang
    political opinion).
    The Board also upheld the IJ’s finding that the El Salvadoran government was
    not unable or unwilling to protect Prieto-Pineda from Mara 18 gang members. When
    gang members came to Prieto-Pineda’s house to threaten him, the police responded
    to his calls and scared them away. When Prieto-Pineda’s wife was murdered, the El
    Salvadoran police investigated and arrested the three men they believed were
    responsible for the killing. Even though Prieto-Pineda presents evidence that the
    police have difficulty controlling gangs in El Salvador generally, the record does not
    demonstrate the government is unwilling or unable to protect him. See Menjivar, 
    416 F.3d at 921
     (accepting as reasonable the Board’s view that a petitioner must show
    more than government difficulty controlling private behavior to meet the “unwilling
    or unable” standard).
    We conclude the IJ’s and Board’s determination that Prieto-Pineda was not
    entitled to asylum or withholding of removal is supported by substantial evidence in
    the record.
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    B. Persecution Findings–Asylum
    Prieto-Pineda asserts the Board erred in reaching a decision on the merits of his
    asylum claim based on the IJ’s determination that Prieto-Pineda did not face
    persecution entitling him to withholding of removal. Withholding requires aliens to
    demonstrate they will “more likely than not” face persecution upon removal. INS v.
    Stevic, 
    467 U.S. 407
    , 429–30 (1984). This likelihood-of-persecution standard is
    narrower than that for asylum, which requires showing a “well-founded fear.” See
    
    8 U.S.C. § 1101
    (a)(42)(A).
    The Supreme Court has made clear that the “more likely than not” standard for
    withholding is inapplicable to asylum applications. See INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 
    480 U.S. 421
    , 423–24 (1987). The Board’s decision in this case used factual findings
    from the IJ’s withholding analysis to deny asylum. Prieto-Pineda, however, is
    ineligible for either withholding or asylum because the harm he faces is not due to a
    protected ground and he has not shown the government is unwilling or unable to
    protect him. Because Prieto-Pineda has not established that the harm he fears
    qualifies as persecution, the Board did not err in finding that he is ineligible for
    asylum.
    C. One-Year Bar–Asylum
    Prieto-Pineda also argues the Board erred by failing to review the IJ’s finding
    that his asylum application was untimely. An alien must submit an application for
    asylum within one year of entry into the United States. 
    8 U.S.C. § 1158
    (a)(2)(B).
    While an alien can submit an asylum application for consideration after one year, to
    do so he must demonstrate changed or extraordinary circumstances impacting his
    eligibility for asylum or the reason for his delayed submission. 
    Id.
     at § 1158(a)(2)(D).
    The Board was not required to decide issues unnecessary to the final resolution of
    Prieto-Pineda’s appeal. See INS v. Bagamasbad, 
    429 U.S. 24
    , 25–26 (1976) (per
    -7-
    curiam) (applying general rule that courts and agencies need not reach unnecessary
    issues). Because the Board disposed of Prieto-Pineda’s asylum claim on the merits,
    it was not required to analyze his claim that he established changed or extraordinary
    circumstances bypassing the one-year bar.
    D. CAT Relief
    When a petitioner’s asylum and withholding claims are denied, a “separate
    [CAT] analysis is required only where the applicant presents evidence that he may be
    tortured for reasons unrelated to his claims for asylum and withholding of removal.”
    Njong v. Whitaker, 
    911 F.3d 919
    , 924 (8th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted).
    CAT relief requires a finding that the alleged torture occurs with “the consent or
    acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.” 
    8 C.F.R. § 208.18
    (a)(1). The Board is precluded from engaging in fact-finding when
    deciding appeals, except for taking administrative notice of commonly-known facts.
    
    8 C.F.R. § 1003.1
    (d)(3)(iv).
    Even if the Board engaged in prohibited fact-finding in determining that Prieto-
    Pineda failed to establish government acquiescence, the error was harmless. The
    Board upheld the IJ’s finding that Prieto-Pineda failed to present any reasons for CAT
    relief separate from those comprising his asylum and withholding claims. This was
    a sufficient basis to deny CAT relief and any improper fact-finding was harmless
    error. See Puc-Ruiz v. Holder, 
    629 F.3d 771
    , 782 (8th Cir. 2010) (finding Board error
    that did not change outcome of appeal was harmless).
    III. Conclusion
    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
    ______________________________
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