United States v. Markell Hamilton ( 2020 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 18-2436
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United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee
v.
Markell Jay Hamilton, also known as Poo
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Northern District of Iowa - Cedar Rapids
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Submitted: October 14, 2019
Filed: February 19, 2020
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Before LOKEN, SHEPHERD, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
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SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.
In 2017, following a guilty plea to possession of heroin with intent to distribute
in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(c), the district court sentenced
Markell Hamilton to 81 months imprisonment. Hamilton’s criminal history score in
his presentence investigation report (PSR), which was used to calculate his United
States Sentencing Guidelines range, included a previous felony conviction, under
Illinois law, for aggravated unlawful use of a weapon. In United States v. Hamilton,
709 F. App’x 425 (8th Cir. 2018) (per curiam), we vacated Hamilton’s sentence
because part of the Illinois statute of conviction had been declared unconstitutional
by the Illinois Supreme Court and the Seventh Circuit. We remanded for
resentencing to allow the district court to determine whether the Illinois conviction
was appropriately included in his criminal history score. At resentencing, the district
court stated that, based on our opinion vacating Hamilton’s sentence, the scope of
resentencing was limited to the issue involving Hamilton’s previous Illinois
conviction. The district court ultimately concluded that this conviction was properly
accounted for in Hamilton’s criminal history score because Hamilton was convicted
under a provision of the Illinois statute that remained in effect. The district court then
reimposed the same sentence of 81 months. Hamilton again appeals, asserting that
the district court erred by considering documents related to this conviction that did
not satisfy the standards set out by Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13 (2005), and
by limiting the scope of resentencing to only the issue involving his previous Illinois
conviction. Having jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we vacate Hamilton’s
sentence and remand for resentencing.
Hamilton’s first point of error—that, in determining his criminal history score,
the district court relied on documents that did not satisfy Shepard to determine that
Hamilton had a valid conviction for aggravated unlawful use of a weapon—is without
merit. “We review de novo the district court’s construction and interpretation of
Chapter Four of the Guidelines, and we review for clear error the district court’s
application of Chapter Four to the facts. Decisions regarding offenses counted in a
criminal history calculation are factual determinations subject to clear-error review.”
United States v. Townsend, 408 F.3d 1020, 1022 (8th Cir. 2005) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).
To sustain a conviction under 720 Ill. Stat. Comp. § 5/24-1.6 for aggravated
unlawful use of a weapon, a defendant must have violated either subsection (a)(1) or
(a)(2), which provide the locational elements of the crime, and one of the enumerated
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factors contained in subsection (a)(3). Following Hamilton’s conviction under this
statute, the Illinois Supreme Court held that one of the enumerated factors, subsection
(a)(3)(A), was unconstitutional. People v. Mosley, 33 N.E.3d 137, 150-151 (Ill.
2015); People v. Aguilar, 2 N.E.3d 321, 327-28 (Ill. 2013). Under these
circumstances, where part of the statute of conviction was declared unconstitutional,
the district court must determine which subsection formed the basis of conviction
before including the conviction in calculating the criminal history score. In making
such determination, “the court may refer to the ‘terms of the charging document, the
terms of a plea agreement or transcript of colloquy between judge and defendant in
which the factual basis for the plea was confirmed by the defendant, or to some
comparable judicial record of this information,’ in order to determine whether the
plea ‘“necessarily” rested’ on facts equating to the qualifying offense.” United States
v. Vasquez-Garcia, 449 F.3d 870, 872 (8th Cir. 2006) (quoting Shepard, 544 U.S. at
21, 26) (applying modified categorical approach to sentencing enhancement for
previous firearms conviction).
Hamilton argues that the government produced only the Information and the
Order Assessing Fines, Fees and Costs from Hamilton’s Illinois conviction and that
these documents do not satisfy Shepard because they do not provide specific facts
about how the crime was committed, do not include any colloquy between Hamilton
and the sentencing court, and do not include the specific subsection of the statute for
which Hamilton was convicted. Hamilton asserts, therefore, that the district court
could not ascertain from the documents it considered whether he was convicted of a
violation of a subsection that has since been held unconstitutional. We are not
persuaded by Hamilton’s contentions. The Order Assessing Fines, Fees and Costs
shows that Hamilton was convicted of Count 2 of a seven-count Information, the
official charging document under Illinois law, see 725 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/111-2, for
a violation of 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/24-1.6(a)(2), and the Information for Count 2
alleges that Hamilton
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knowingly carried or possessed on or about his person a firearm, upon
any public lands, . . . at a time when he was not on his own land or in his
own abode or fixed place of business, and he was not an invitee thereon
for the purpose of display of such weapon or the lawful commerce in
weapons, and he had not been issued a currently valid firearm owner’s
identification card, in violation of Chapter 720 Act 5 Section 24-
1.6(a)(2)/(3)(C) of the Illinois Compiled Statutes[.]
R. Doc. 61-2, at 3. The language in the Information directly corresponds to the
language of 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/24-1.6(a)(2) and (a)(3)(C). These documents
thus conclusively demonstrate that Hamilton was not convicted of an offense under
the invalidated subsection (a)(3)(A).
And as this Court has previously held, “where a charging document already
narrows the overinclusive statute, Shepard does not require the government to
produce . . . additional documentation” of “a record of the factual basis or admissions
by [a defendant] at the state plea hearing, or a record of judicial findings of fact in the
state court proceeding.” Vasquez-Garcia, 449 F.3d at 873. Because the Information
identifies subsections (a)(2) and (a)(3)(C), reference to additional records is not
required. The district court thus did not err in concluding that Hamilton was
convicted of a violation of 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/24-1.6(a)(2)/(a)(3)(C) based on
examination of Hamilton’s Information and Order Assessing Fines, Fees and Costs
or by including this conviction in Hamilton’s criminal history score.
However, Hamilton’s second point of error—that the district court was not
limited on remand to consideration of only the issue involving his Illinois
conviction—requires that his sentence be vacated and the matter remanded for
resentencing. We review Hamilton’s claim that the district court erroneously limited
the scope of remand de novo. See United States v. Moody, 930 F.3d 991, 993 (8th
Cir. 2019). “When a district court does not consider an argument because it is
unaware of its power to do so . . . a remand is appropriate. A district court’s failure
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to understand the scope of its authority and discretion at sentencing is considered a
significant procedural error.” Id. at 993 (alteration in original) (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted).
At resentencing, in addition to the issue of the criminal history score, Hamilton
sought to challenge the PSR’s statement of relevant conduct and the government’s
request at the original sentencing for an upward departure or variance. The district
court rejected Hamilton’s attempt to address these additional issues, stating, “So in
my opinion, the sole issue today is for us to look at any evidence that we have relative
to that Illinois conviction and answer the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals accordingly
with a resentencing.” R. Doc. 72, at 3. After hearing argument from Hamilton’s
counsel regarding the issues to be considered, the district court further stated,
My reading of the remand was for the sole purpose of considering in the
first instance, as the opinion says, whether the criminal history was
correctly scored as to [the Illinois conviction], so I am going to limit my
review today to the scoring of [the Illinois conviction], the issue being
under what section of the Illinois Code was he convicted, because that’s
my reading of what the Circuit wanted me to do.
R. Doc. 72, at 6. We agree with Hamilton that the district court was not prohibited
from considering other issues on remand in addition to the inclusion of the Illinois
conviction in Hamilton’s criminal history score. “On remand for resentencing, a
district court can hear any relevant evidence that it could have heard at the first
hearing, but all issues decided by the appellate court become the law of the case.
Additionally, the resentencing court may not disregard the scope of any limitations
imposed by the appellate court.” United States v. Behler, 187 F.3d 772, 776 (8th Cir.
1999) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “Where a remand is limited
to the resolution of specific issues, those issues outside the scope of the remand are
generally not available for consideration.” United States v. Walterman, 408 F.3d
1084, 1085 (8th Cir. 2005). “But where a court of appeals vacates a sentence or
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reverses a finding related to sentencing and remands the case for resentencing without
placing any limitations on the district court, the court can hear any relevant evidence
on that issue that it could have heard at the first hearing.” United States v. Dunlap,
452 F.3d 747, 749-50 (8th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). While our
previous decision vacating Hamilton’s sentence instructed the district court to
consider the Illinois conviction on remand, it did not make any mention of the other
issues raised on appeal, including challenges to the relevant conduct in the PSR and
the reasonableness of an upward departure or variance. It did not place limitations
on the district court. There were thus no “issues decided by the appellate court” to
“become the law of the case” and no limitations imposed on the scope of
resentencing. The district court’s statement that it was not permitted by our previous
decision to revisit other issues was in error.
Accordingly, we vacate Hamilton’s sentence and remand for resentencing
consistent with this opinion.
LOKEN, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part.
I would affirm the district court.
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