United States v. Stacy Lyman ( 2021 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 19-2677
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United States of America,
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee,
v.
Stacy A. Lyman,
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant.
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
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Submitted: November 20, 2020
Filed: March 25, 2021
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Before COLLOTON, MELLOY, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
In 2018, Stacy Lyman pleaded guilty to conspiring to distribute
methamphetamine and unlawful possession of a firearm as a previously convicted
felon. See 21 U.S.C. § 846; 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court1 concluded that
Lyman was subject to an enhanced sentence for the firearm conviction under the
Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) because he had sustained at least three prior
convictions for a “serious drug offense.” See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), (e)(2)(A)(ii). As
a result, Lyman’s statutory penalty on the firearm conviction changed from a
maximum sentence of ten years to a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years
(and a maximum of life) under the ACCA. See id. § 924(a)(2), (e)(1). The court
imposed concurrent terms of 205 months’ imprisonment on each count. Lyman
appeals the sentence on the ground that he did not have three qualifying convictions
under the ACCA.
The prior convictions at issue arose from charges that Lyman sold drugs in
Missouri on three occasions in 1996. State prosecutors charged Lyman with violating
a Missouri statute that made it “unlawful for any person to distribute, deliver,
manufacture, [or] produce . . . a controlled substance.” Mo. Rev. Stat. § 195.211.1
(1994) (current version at Mo. Rev. Stat. § 579.055). On October 6, 1997, Lyman
pleaded guilty to three counts.
Lyman first mounts a collateral attack on the Missouri convictions. He asserts
that the drug trafficking statute in Missouri included a mens rea requirement of
knowledge, but the charging documents incorrectly alleged that he acted with either
knowledge or recklessness. Lyman therefore posits that he might have been
convicted based on recklessness alone, which in his view would make the convictions
invalid.
Whatever mens rea element was required by state law or applied in the state
court proceedings, Lyman cannot attack his prior convictions on that ground in this
1
The Honorable Greg Kays, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
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federal proceeding. With the exception of convictions obtained in violation of the
right to counsel, a defendant has no right “to collaterally attack prior convictions” in
the course of his federal sentencing proceeding. Custis v. United States, 511 U.S.
485, 487 (1994). Lyman acknowledges that he was represented by counsel in the
state proceedings, so his first contention is foreclosed by Custis.
Lyman’s second assertion on appeal is that the prior state convictions do not
qualify as predicate offenses under the ACCA. He contends that a state drug
trafficking offense qualifies as a “serious drug offense” under § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii) only
if knowledge (as opposed to recklessness) was an essential element of the state
offense. Lyman did not raise this argument in the district court, so we review for
plain error. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). To obtain relief, Lyman must show an
obvious error that affected his substantial rights and seriously affected the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. United States v. Olano, 507
U.S. 725, 732-35 (1993).
Lyman’s theory is premised on a belief that he was convicted in 1997 based on
a showing of mere recklessness, because the charging documents alleged that he sold
drugs, knowing or consciously disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk that
the drugs were a controlled substance. Missouri law was murky on the question of
what mental state was required for a violation at the time of Lyman’s offenses. The
drug trafficking statutes did not include an express mens rea element. Until 1993,
Missouri’s “General Principles of Liability” provided that a culpable mental state was
established if the person acted “purposely or knowingly or recklessly.” Mo. Rev.
Stat. § 562.021.2 (1986). But this default mens rea provision was deleted in 1993,
see Act of June 30, 1993, ch. 562, 1993 Mo. Laws 1554, 1560, and there was no
substitute provision in effect in 1996. As a result, the requisite mental state was
unclear. See State v. Carson, 941 S.W.2d 518, 522 (Mo. 1997) (“By its repeal of
§ 562.021.2, the General Assembly has made the required culpable mental state
unclear for many crimes within the Criminal Code, and it should promptly address
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this confusion.”). The General Assembly thereafter changed the default mental state
to “purposely or knowingly” before Lyman pleaded guilty in October 1997. Act of
July 10, 1997, ch. 562, 1997 Mo. Laws 643, 648 (codified as amended at Mo. Rev.
Stat. § 562.021.3 (1997) (effective Aug. 28, 1997)).
Even assuming for the sake of analysis that Lyman’s offenses of conviction
required only a mental state of recklessness, the district court did not plainly err by
counting them as serious drug offenses under the ACCA. Any error in this respect
would not be “clear” or “obvious.” The federal statute does not by its terms limit a
“serious drug offense” to an offense with a mens rea of purpose or knowledge. A
state offense qualifies if it is one “involving manufacturing, distributing, or
possessing with intent to manufacture or distribute, a controlled substance.” 18
U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii). At least one circuit, therefore, has held that “[n]o element
of mens rea with respect to the illicit nature of the controlled substance is expressed
or implied.” United States v. Smith, 775 F.3d 1262, 1267 (11th Cir. 2014). The
Supreme Court identified the same issue in Shular v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 779
(2020), but declined to address it. Id. at 787 n.3. Given the absence of a mens rea
requirement in the federal definition of “serious drug offense,” the holding of Smith
that no mens rea element is implied, and the absence of guidance from the Supreme
Court in Shular, the district court did not commit plain error by ruling that Lyman’s
convictions in Missouri were qualifying predicate offenses.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed. The government’s motion to
dismiss the appeal based on an appeal waiver in Lyman’s plea agreement is denied
as moot.
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