Dina Klein v. Affiliated Group, Inc. ( 2021 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 19-3562
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Dina Klein
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
The Affiliated Group, Inc.; Credit Management
Defendants - Appellees
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota
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Submitted: November 17, 2020
Filed: April 14, 2021
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Before SHEPHERD, STRAS, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
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KOBES, Circuit Judge.
Dina Klein received debt collection letters from The Affiliated Group and
Credit Management, LP after she was treated at North Memorial Health Care. She
sued the debt collectors, alleging that they violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices
Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq. The district court 1 granted summary judgment to the
debt collectors and Klein appeals. We affirm.
I.
Dina Klein owed money to North Memorial Health Care. She applied to
North Memorial for financial assistance, but her application was denied. In
November 2017, North Memorial hired The Affiliated Group (TAG) to collect the
debt. TAG sent Klein a letter that month informing her that “the below listed
account(s) has been turned over to us by our client, who has given you an opportunity
to satisfy this obligation.” Add. 2. TAG’s letter did not mention anything about
North Memorial’s financial assistance policy.
When TAG sent its letter in November 2017, both TAG and Credit
Management, LP (CMLP) were wholly-owned but separate subsidiaries of The CMI
Group. The district court thought that TAG and CMLP “merged” on January 1,
2018, D. Ct. Dkt. 80 at 3, but Klein disputes this, saying that the “record evidence
does not support a corporate merger between TAG and CMLP,” Klein Br. 22
(emphasis omitted). The district court inferred that the entities merged because all
of TAG’s contracts, assets, employees, obligations, and rights were assigned or
transferred to CMLP—including TAG’s written agreement with North Memorial for
debt collection services. After the two companies consolidated accounts under the
CMLP label, CMLP restarted debt collection under its own name, and sent a
substantially similar letter to Klein in March 2018.
At all relevant times, North Memorial had an agreement with the Minnesota
Attorney General requiring North Memorial to enter into written contracts with any
third-party debt collection agency. The agreement required North Memorial to
include contract language which would oblige debt collectors to comply with federal
1
The Honorable Donovan W. Frank, Senior United States District Judge for
the District of Minnesota
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law and would require North Memorial to confirm that the patient was given a
reasonable opportunity to apply for charitable care or other need-based relief.
After receiving the CMLP letter, Klein sued TAG and CMLP, arguing that
they violated the FDCPA by failing to have a written contract as required by North
Memorial’s agreement with the Minnesota Attorney General, making false
statements in the March 2018 letter, and failing to include information about North
Memorial’s financial assistance policy in the November 2017 and March 2018
letters. The district court analyzed each of Klein’s points, concluded that none of
them carried the day, and entered summary judgment in favor of TAG and CMLP.
Klein appeals, making three arguments: (1) the district court erred by granting
summary judgment while there was still a genuine dispute over material facts; (2)
the district court improperly construed the law by finding the debt collection
communication was not false; and (3) the district court improperly construed the law
when it ruled that a debt collector can engage in an activity that North Memorial
could not under the FDCPA and applicable regulations.
II.
“We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the facts and
drawing all inferences in the light most favorable to” the non-movant. Thompson v.
Kanabec Cnty., 958 F.3d 698, 705 (8th Cir. 2020). Summary judgment is proper if
there is no genuine dispute as to any material facts and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is material if it is
potentially outcome-determinative under the governing substantive law. Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
A.
Klein first argues that the district court’s ruling on summary judgment
improperly relied on disputed facts, including the finding of a merger between TAG
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and CMLP and the existence of a written contract between CMLP and North
Memorial.
Klein says the merger was genuinely disputed because the record supplied
evidence that CMLP and TAG did not merge—which she says means there was no
contract between CMLP and North Memorial. Klein directs our attention to the
district court’s statement that the entities merged on January 1, 2018 and compares
that with an admission by CMLP that TAG and CMLP were separate entities in
2019. Klein further argues that TAG and CMLP could not have merged because
they did not follow state law governing mergers. Klein’s final point is that TAG and
CMLP did not tell North Memorial that they were merging, and that they instead
said that TAG was going through a “name change.” Klein Br. 34.
Klein also disputes the district court’s finding that there was a written contract.
She argues that there was only a written contract between North Memorial and TAG,
so the agreement and amendment that the district court referenced as being between
North Memorial and CMLP was actually between North Memorial and The CMI
Group, CMLP’s parent company. Plus, that agreement and amendment were entered
into after CMLP sent its letter to Klein in March 2018. So, Klein says, it was
disputed whether there was a written agreement between North Memorial and
CMLP.
TAG and CMLP respond to Klein by saying that as of January 1, 2018, “TAG
was integrated into CMLP” but was not formally merged. TAG/CMLP Br. 20. They
clarify that “the corporate form of TAG and CMLP did not change,” but “the assets,
employees, and contracts of TAG were assigned and transferred to CMLP.” Id. at
22. TAG and CMLP contend that this assignment of contract rights operated to
satisfy the written contract requirement. In closing on this point, TAG and CMLP
say that the assignment was permissible under Minnesota law and that North
Memorial and CMLP continued to operate under the same agreement that governed
TAG.
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This issue hinges on whether the dispute between the parties is over a material
fact. If the assignment from TAG to CMLP created a contract between CMLP and
North Memorial as a matter of law, then it is not material whether there was a formal
merger.
One of our cases about Minnesota contract law and assignment answers the
question. In Cascades Development of Minnesota, LLC v. National Specialty
Insurance, we cited to a Minnesota Supreme Court case for the proposition that an
assignee of the rights of an original party to the contract “is in privity with the
original parties.” 675 F.3d 1095, 1100 (8th Cir. 2012) (citing La Mourea v. Rhude,
295 N.W. 304, 307 (Minn. 1940)). We also cited to a more recent Minnesota
Supreme Court case to note that Minnesota law recognizes that an assignment
“place[s] the assignee in the shoes of the assignor, and provides the assignee with
the same legal rights as the assignor had before assignment.” Id. at 1099 (quoting
Illinois Farmers Ins. Co. v. Glass Serv. Co., 683 N.W.2d 792, 803 (Minn. 2004))
(emphasis omitted). We concluded in Cascades that an assignee was “a real party
in interest” under Minnesota law. Id. at 1100.
In line with Cascades, we conclude that the assignment of a contract is enough
to put the assignee into privity with an original party to that contract under Minnesota
law. So, the record before the district court established that there was a written
agreement between North Memorial and CMLP due to TAG’s assignment. Despite
the district court’s use of the term “merger” to describe this state of affairs, there is
no dispute over a material fact and summary judgment on this issue was proper.2
2
Klein implies that because the North Memorial-TAG contract did not
expressly provide for assignment, TAG was not allowed to assign the contract.
Klein Br. 16. But Minnesota contract law generally permits assignment unless there
is contractual language representing the intent of the parties to forbid it. See Minn.
Stat. § 336.2-210; see also Travertine Corp. v. Lexington-Silverwood, Ltd. P’ship,
683 N.W.2d 267, 272 (Minn. 2004). In arguing this point, Klein mistakes what she
calls a “factual determination that there was a written agreement” between North
Memorial and CMLP for what was really the district court’s legal determination that
the contract had been assigned. Compare Klein Br. 26–27 with D. Ct. Dkt. 80 at 3.
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See Beckley v. St. Luke’s Episcopal-Presbyterian Hosps., 923 F.3d 1157, 1160 (8th
Cir. 2019) (“We may affirm on any basis supported by the record.”).
B.
Klein next argues that the district court improperly construed the law about
false debt collection communications and erred when it concluded that the CMLP
letter did not include false statements.
15 U.S.C. § 1692e prohibits using “any false, deceptive, or misleading
representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.” That section
also prohibits using “any false representation or deceptive means to collect or
attempt to collect any debt or to obtain information concerning a consumer.”
§ 1692e(10). We evaluate debt collection communications from the perspective of
an unsophisticated consumer. Duffy v. Landberg, 215 F.3d 871, 873 (8th Cir. 2000).
Klein says CMLP violated the FDCPA by including false, deceptive, or
misleading information when it sent the March 2018 letter. She argues that the
communication was illegal because the letter said North Memorial “turned over” her
account to CMLP when her account was either never turned over or at most assigned
to CMLP by TAG. Klein Br. 38–43. In sum, Klein says “the district court
improperly disregarded and ignored [a] genuine issue of material fact and made the
factual determination that [her] account was turned over to CMLP by [North
Memorial].” Klein Br. 38.
We have already decided that CMLP was the valid assignee of the contract
between North Memorial and TAG. So CMLP could legally take action to collect
that debt on behalf of North Memorial, and CMLP did not violate § 1692e by saying
as much. Also, the body of CMLP’s letter contained language identical to that in
TAG’s letter and did not do anything different from TAG’s letter. In fact, both letters
were signed by the same administrator, were labelled with the same physical
addresses, listed the same contact telephone numbers, logged the same two charges
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Klein owed to North Memorial, and clearly spelled out that North Memorial was the
debt owner. Compare App. 94 with App. 107. Even viewing all of this from the
perspective of the unsophisticated consumer, no reasonable jury would believe that
any deception was caused by the phrase “the above-listed account[] has been turned
over to us by our client,” nor was that statement false in light of our earlier canvass
of Minnesota contract law. App. 107. We conclude the district court did not err
when it granted summary judgment on this issue.3
C.
Klein finally argues that the district court’s interpretation of § 1692e(5)4 and
§ 1692f(1) 5 improperly allows a debt collector to engage in an activity that the debt
owner may not. Klein says TAG and CMLP violated § 1692e(5) and § 1692f(1) by
attempting to collect her debt without notifying her of North Memorial’s financial
assistance policy. Because Treasury Department regulations required North
Memorial to include its financial assistance policy in its billing statements, Klein
asserts that TAG and CMLP were required to include it in their collection letters,
too.
The district court reasoned that because TAG and CMLP “are not hospital
organizations” and “do not operate hospital facilities,” the Treasury Department
regulations governing North Memorial do not apply. D. Ct. Dkt. 80 at 11. That is
correct. To be sure, North Memorial is a hospital organization and so is required by
3
Klein’s recitation of various pieces of deposition testimony to the effect that
“North Memorial never turned anything over to CMLP” is immaterial because of
TAG’s assignment of the contract to CMLP. Klein Br. 28.
4
Section 1692e(5) prohibits debt collectors from making a “threat to take any
action that cannot legally be taken or that is not intended to be taken.”
5
Section 1692f(1) outlaws “unfair or unconscionable means” of debt
collection, including collecting “any amount” unless “such amount is expressly
authorized by the agreement creating the debt or permitted by law.”
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federal regulation to have a written financial assistance policy and to widely
publicize that policy in its billing statements. 6 See 26 C.F.R. § 1.501(r)-
4(b)(5)(i)(D)(2). But debt collection letters sent by third party debt collectors are
not billing statements issued by a “hospital organization”—the explicit subject of
the relevant regulations. 26 C.F.R. § 1.501(r)-4(a).
Klein’s invocation of Heintz v. Jenkins to support her argument is inapt. That
case dealt with the question of whether the FDCPA “appl[ies] to lawyers engaged in
litigation” aimed at collecting debt on behalf of their clients. Heintz v. Jenkins, 514
U.S. 291, 294 (1995). The Supreme Court decided in Heintz that the FDCPA
“applies to attorneys who ‘regularly’ engage in consumer-debt-collection activity.”
Id. at 299. 7 Here, by contrast, there is no dispute that the FDCPA governs TAG and
CMLP; the sole question is whether they violated the law.
We conclude they did not. TAG and CMLP are separate entities from North
Memorial. North Memorial assigned only its ability to collect debt to TAG and
CMLP, not its medical billing function—and the record shows that Klein received a
medical bill and attempted to avail herself of North Memorial’s financial assistance
policy without success before getting the debt collection letters. The FDCPA
mandates that TAG and CMLP comply with its terms in collecting debt, but that law
does not impute North Memorial’s responsibility to comply with Treasury
Department medical billing regulations to debt collectors working on its behalf. For
6
Klein testified that she knew of and applied for North Memorial’s financial
assistance policy after getting her first billing statement from North Memorial—
which was before TAG contacted her. Klein also knew that she could not go back
and reapply when she received the debt collection letters later on. So, Klein had
actual notice of North Memorial’s financial assistance policy.
7
The FDCPA was amended after the Heintz decision to provide an exception
for “a formal pleading made in connection with a legal action.” 15 U.S.C.
§ 1692e(11), as amended by Pub. L. 104-208, § 2305(a), 110 Stat. 3009, 3009-425
(1996).
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that reason, we conclude that the letters TAG and CMLP sent are outside the
Treasury Department regulations’ scope.
Because CMLP and TAG did not violate the FDCPA, the district court
committed no error and its grant of summary judgment was proper.
III.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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