United States v. George Gordon ( 2023 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 22-2605
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United States of America,
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee,
v.
George L. Gordon,
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant.
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
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Submitted: March 13, 2023
Filed: June 13, 2023
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Before COLLOTON, MELLOY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
George Gordon appeals a sentence of ninety-six months’ imprisonment
imposed by the district court* after Gordon pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of
a firearm as a felon. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Gordon argues that the district court
*
The Honorable Howard F. Sachs, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
committed procedural error by miscalculating his base offense level under the
sentencing guidelines.
The sentencing guidelines establish a base offense level of 20 for an offender
convicted under § 922(g)(1) if “the defendant committed any part of the instant
offense subsequent to sustaining one felony conviction of . . . a crime of violence.”
USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4). The guidelines define “crime of violence” to include “any
offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding
one year, that . . . has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
physical force against the person of another.” USSG § 4B1.2(a)(1). Gordon
committed his offense after sustaining a conviction in 1996 for second-degree
robbery in Missouri. See Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.030.1 (1979). The district court
determined that robbery in Missouri is a crime of violence, and thus determined that
Gordon’s base offense level was 20.
Gordon maintains that the district court erred in calculating the guideline range
because none of his prior felony convictions, including the conviction for second-
degree robbery, qualifies as a “crime of violence.” We review the district court’s
determination de novo. United States v. Long, 906 F.3d 720, 725 (8th Cir. 2018).
Because Gordon did not raise this argument in the district court, we review only for
plain error. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731-35
(1993).
Under Gordon’s statute of conviction in Missouri, a person commits second-
degree robbery “when he forcibly steals property.” Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.030.1(1979). A person “forcibly steals” when, in the course of stealing:
he uses or threatens the immediate use of physical force upon another
person for the purpose of: (a) Preventing or overcoming resistance to
the taking of the property or to the retention thereof immediately after
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the taking; or (b) Compelling the owner of such property or another
person to deliver up the property or to engage in other conduct which
aids in the commission of the theft[.]
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.010(1) (1979).
This court has held that second-degree robbery under this Missouri statute is
a “violent felony” under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i),
because the offense requires “the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical
force against the person of another.” United States v. Swopes, 886 F.3d 668, 670-72
(8th Cir. 2018) (en banc). The definition of “crime of violence” under the guidelines
is identical in relevant respects to the definition of “violent felony.” See United
States v. Hall, 877 F.3d 800, 806 (8th Cir. 2017). Therefore, it follows that second-
degree robbery in Missouri is also a “crime of violence” under the guidelines.
Gordon contends, however, that an intervening decision in United States v.
Taylor, 142 S. Ct. 2015 (2022), undermines Swopes. Taylor held that attempted
Hobbs Act robbery does not qualify as a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(3)(A), because an offender could be convicted by taking a substantial step
toward the commission of a robbery without the use, attempted use, or threatened use
of physical force against another. 142 S. Ct. at 2020. The Court explained that “some
form of communication is usually required” for a defendant to threaten the use of
force, but attempted Hobbs Act robbery does not categorically require that the
defendant communicate a threat to another person. An offender might be convicted,
for example, based solely on preparatory activity that is terminated when he is
apprehended en route to a planned robbery. Id. at 2020-23.
Gordon argues that second-degree robbery in Missouri likewise does not
require that an offender communicate a threatened use of force, because an implicit
threat of force is sufficient to sustain a conviction. See State v. Coleman, 463 S.W.3d
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353 (Mo. 2015); State v. Brooks, 446 S.W.3d 673 (Mo. 2014). But an implicit threat
is still a form of communication, and Taylor recognized that threats can be
communicated verbally or nonverbally. 142 S. Ct. at 2022.
The Missouri decisions in Coleman and Brooks show that implicit threats of
force are still communicated to a victim. Coleman, 463 S.W.3d at 354-55; Brooks,
446 S.W.3d at 677. In Brooks, a bank robber threatened force by wearing a disguise
in violation of the bank’s policy, presenting the teller with a note demanding money,
slamming his hand on the counter, and ordering the teller to “get back here.” 446
S.W.3d at 676-77. Those actions supported a reasonable inference that the offender
made “a threat of immediate physical force” against the teller if she did not comply
with the robber’s demand. Id. at 677. Similarly, in Coleman, the evidence supported
a finding that the offender threatened the immediate use of physical force against
bank employees by approaching a teller, keeping one hand concealed, demanding
money to which he had no lawful right, and directing the branch manager not to move
any further when she approached to investigate. 463 S.W.3d at 355.
These decisions do not suggest that an offender could be convicted of second-
degree robbery in Missouri without communicating a threatened use of force.
Therefore, Taylor’s reasoning about the inchoate offense of attempted robbery under
the Hobbs Act does not extend to the completed offense of second-degree robbery in
Missouri.
Because Gordon’s prior conviction for second-degree robbery qualifies as a
crime of violence under USSG § 4B1.2(a)(1), the district court did not err in
determining a base offense level of 20 under USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4). There was no
procedural error, and the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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