Joseph Wood, III v. Charles Ryan , 759 F.3d 1076 ( 2014 )

FILED
FOR PUBLICATION JUL 19 2014
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOSEPH RUDOLPH WOOD, III, No. 14-16310
Plaintiff - Appellant, D.C. No. 2:14-cv-01447-NVW-
JFM
v.
CHARLES L. RYAN, Director of the OPINION
Arizona Department of Corrections; RON
CREDIO, Warden, ASPC-Eyman;
LANCE R. HETMER, Warden, ASPC-
Florence; UNKNOWN PARTIES, named
as: John Does - unknown ADC Personnel,
in their official capacities as Employees,
Contractors, and/or Agents of the Arizona
Department of Corrections,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
Neil V. Wake, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 18, 2014
San Francisco, California
Before: THOMAS, GOULD, and BYBEE, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Sidney R. Thomas
THOMAS, Circuit Judge:
Joseph Wood (“Wood”) is scheduled to die by lethal injection on July 23,
2014. Wood seeks information from the Arizona Department of Corrections
(“Department”) regarding the method of his execution, which the Department has
not provided. Wood argues that, by withholding this information, the Department
has violated his First Amendment rights. He seeks a preliminary injunction
delaying his execution until he receives the information. The district court denied
Wood’s motion. Although we do not reach the ultimate merits of the case, we
conclude that Wood has presented serious questions going to the merits of his
claim, and that the balance of hardships tips sharply in his favor. We therefore
reverse the district court’s denial of the motion for a preliminary injunction.
I
A
Wood was convicted and sentenced to death for the 1989 murders of his
estranged girlfriend, Debra Dietz, and her father, Eugene Dietz. His conviction
and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal by the Arizona Supreme Court. State
v. Wood, 881 P.2d 1158, 1177 (Ariz. 1994). The United States Supreme Court
denied Wood’s Petition for a Writ of Certiorari. Wood v. Arizona, 515 U.S. 1147
(1995). In 1996, Wood filed a state petition for post-conviction review. The state
post-conviction court and the Arizona Supreme Court denied relief. In 2002,
2
Wood filed a second post-conviction relief petition. The state post-conviction
court and Arizona Supreme Court again denied relief. The federal district court
denied his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. We affirmed the denial of his
habeas petition. Wood v. Ryan, 693 F.3d 1104, 1122 (9th Cir. 2012).
On April 22, 2014, the Arizona Attorney General filed a motion seeking a
Warrant of Execution. The Arizona Supreme Court granted the motion on May 28,
2014, setting Wood’s execution date for July 23, 2014.
On April 22, the same day the State filed a motion seeking a warrant of
execution, its Attorney General’s office sent Wood’s attorney, Julie Hall, a letter
informing her that if the warrant was granted, the Department would use two
drugs—Midazolam and Hydromorphone—to execute Wood. The State also
indicated that if the Department could procure the drug Pentobarbital, it would
“provide notice of its intent to use that drug.”
On April 30, the head of Arizona’s Federal Public Defender’s Capital
Habeas Unit, Dale Baich, sent the Department the first of four letters inquiring
about the method the Department would use to execute Wood. He asked first
about the two-drug protocol, inquiring about how the Department chose the
amounts to be used of both drugs, the name and manufacturer of both drugs, the
source of the drugs, and the credentials of those who would administer them. He
3
requested similar information concerning the Pentobarbital protocol and also asked
how long the Department would plan to look for that drug.
The Department responded on May 6, indicating that it would use the new
two-drug protocol on Wood if the warrant were granted, and that it had chosen the
amounts of both drugs based on declarations and sworn testimony in “the Ohio
Execution Protocol litigation.” It also indicated that the drugs would be
domestically obtained and FDA-approved, although it would not release other
identifying information, citing Arizona’s confidentiality law, Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-
757. It noted that the qualifications of the IV team had not changed since the
Department updated its protocol in 2012 to “include assurances of the” team’s
qualifications. Finally, the Department added that it will “continue to look for a
source of pentobarbital indefinitely.”
Baich responded on May 9. He again requested the drug manufacturer
information, along with lot numbers and expiration dates for the two drugs. He
also asked for copies of the actual documents in the Ohio litigation upon which the
Department relied in devising its new protocol. Baich asked for clarification of the
Department's claims that it would use the new two-drug protocol, but also continue
to search for Pentobarbital. Finally, given the recent problematic execution in
Oklahoma and past criticism of the Department by the district court in Arizona,
4
Baich asked for the qualifications of the medical professionals who would perform
the execution.
Baich followed up on May 15, forecasting the current litigation and directing
the Department to preserve all electronically stored information and other
documentation that pertains to the questions Baich had asked. He sent a second
letter on that date, reiterating the questions from his previous letters and asking for
documents from the Department in a variety of areas pertaining to his questions.
The Department responded on June 6, providing certain redacted records in
response to Baich's request. These records include redacted purchase orders,
invoices, and order confirmations for Midazolam and Hydromorphone. Although
information about the manufacturers and suppliers was redacted, the documents do
display the expiration dates of the Midazolam and Hydromorphone: September and
October 2015. The Department refused to answer Wood’s remaining requests and
also referred him again to the State’s execution protocol and the Ohio Execution
Protocol litigation. In a June 25, 2014 letter, the Department provided final
confirmation that Wood would be executed using the two-drug protocol, consisting
of Midazolam and Hydromorphone. Following this correspondence, Wood still
seeks: (1) the source(s), manufacturer(s), National Drug Codes (“NDCs”), and lot
numbers of the drugs the Department intends to use in his execution; (2) non-
5
personally identifying information detailing the qualifications of the personnel the
Department will use in his execution; and (3) information and documents
explaining how the Department developed its current lethal-injection drug
protocol.
B
On June 26, 2014, Wood and five other capital prisoners (“Wood” or
“Plaintiffs”) filed a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint in the District of Arizona, seeking
equitable, injunctive, and declaratory relief. In the complaint, the Plaintiffs argue
the Department has not provided sufficient information in response to requests by
the Federal Defender and alleges three counts: that by deliberately concealing
lethal injection information, the Department has violated Plaintiffs’ (1) First
Amendment right to petition the government for redress of grievances and (2) First
Amendment right to be informed about the manner in which Arizona implements
the death penalty; and (3) that Arizona’s protocol, developed without complying
with the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act, violates the Supremacy Clause of Article
VI of the Constitution.
On July 2, Wood filed a motion for a preliminary injunction or temporary
restraining order. Wood argued the district court should grant an injunction
preventing the Department from carrying out his execution until it provides him
6
with the information he requests. In a July 10 order, the district court denied
Wood’s preliminary injunction motion. The court concluded that the
motion—founded on Wood’s second First Amendment claim—was unlikely to
succeed on the merits and that Wood had failed to present “serious questions”
going to the claim’s merits. See Developmental Servs. Network v. Douglas, 666
F.3d 540, 544 (9th Cir. 2011) (“Nevertheless, if a plaintiff fails to show that he has
some chance on the merits, that ends the matter.”). Wood filed a timely notice of
appeal on July 10. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1).
II
A
Wood appeals the district court’s denial of his preliminary injunction
motion. We review the “denial of a preliminary injunction for abuse of
discretion.” Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131 (9th
Cir. 2011).
To obtain a preliminary injunction on his First Amendment claim, Wood
“must establish that he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer
irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities
tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter v. Natural
Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). We also recognize a variation on
7
the Winter test—the “serious questions” version—which requires the plaintiff to
demonstrate that “‘serious questions going to the merits were raised and the
balance of hardships tips sharply in the plaintiff’s favor.’” Towery v. Brewer, 672
F.3d 650, 657 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Alliance for the Wild Rockies, 632 F.3d at
1135). The plaintiff must still establish the other Winter factors as well. Id. “This
approach requires that the elements of the preliminary injunction test be balanced,
so that a stronger showing of one element may offset a weaker showing of
another.” Id. The “serious questions” version does not require a “separate and
independent analysis from the court’s assessment of [Wood’s] likelihood of
success on the merits.” Lopez v. Brewer, 680 F.3d 1068, 1073 (9th Cir. 2012).
There are special considerations in a capital case when a plaintiff requests a stay of
execution. “‘[F]iling an action that can proceed under § 1983 does not entitle the
complainant to an order staying an execution as a matter of course.’” Towery, 672
F.3d at 657 (quoting Hill v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 573, 583–84 (2006)). “Rather,
‘a stay of execution is an equitable remedy’ and ‘equity must be sensitive to the
State’s strong interest in enforcing its criminal judgments without undue
interference from the federal courts.’” Id. (quoting Hill, 547 U.S. at 584).
B
8
The district court concluded that Wood was unlikely “to show that he has
some chance on the merits” of his First Amendment claim, and therefore denied
the motion. Developmental Servs. Network, 666 F.3d at 544. In the claim at issue,
Wood argues that the Department is violating his “First Amendment right of access
to execution-related governmental information.” To prevail at the preliminary
injunction stage, Wood1 must raise serious questions going to the merits of his First
Amendment claim: (1) that this case is actually the type of case to which our right
of access analysis properly applies; and (2) that the First Amendment right of
access attaches to the execution-related governmental information he seeks. Cal.
First Amendment Coal. v. Woodford, 299 F.3d 868, 873–77 (9th Cir. 2002). We
address each question in turn.
1
The Supreme Court has recognized “that the First Amendment guarantees
the public—and the press—a qualified right of access to governmental
1
Wood and his co-plaintiffs sue to enforce a public First Amendment right.
They may sue to enforce that right as individual citizens. Cf. Globe Newspaper
Co. v. Superior Court, 457 U.S. 596, 604 (1982) (stating that the First Amendment
protections in cases involving the right of access to governmental proceedings
ensures “that the individual citizen can effectively participate in and contribute to
our republican system of self-government” (emphasis added)); see also Pell v.
Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 822 (1974) (“[A] prison inmate retains those First
Amendment rights that are not inconsistent with his status as a prisoner or with the
legitimate penological objectives of the corrections system.”).
9
proceedings.” Cal. First Amendment Coal., 299 F.3d at 873. Underlying this right
“is the common understanding that ‘a major purpose of that Amendment was to
protect the free discussion of governmental affairs.’” Globe Newspaper Co., 457
U.S. at 604 (1982) (quoting Mills v. Alabama, 384 U.S. 214, 218 (1966)). This
protection ensures “that the individual citizen can effectively participate in and
contribute to our republican system of self-government.” Id. The Supreme Court
has recognized a qualified right of access to criminal trials, Richmond Newspapers,
Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555, 579–80 (1980), the testimony of child victims of sex
offenses, Globe Newspaper Co., 457 U.S. at 603–11, voir dire, Press-Enterprise
Co. v. Superior Court, 464 U.S. 501, 505–11 (1984), and preliminary hearings,
Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1, 10–13 (1986) (“Press-
Enterprise II”).
Applying the two-factor analysis described in Press-Enterprise II, we
recognized in California First Amendment Coalition “that the public enjoys a First
Amendment right to view executions from the moment the condemned is escorted
into the execution chamber, including those ‘initial procedures’ that are
inextricably intertwined with the process of putting the condemned inmate to
death.” 299 F.3d at 877. In acknowledging this right, we noted that “[t]o
determine whether lethal injection executions are fairly and humanely
10
administered, or whether they ever can be, citizens must have reliable information
about the ‘initial procedures,’ which are invasive, possibly painful and may give
rise to serious complications.” Id. at 876 (emphasis added).
Since Richmond Newspapers, Inc., we have recognized not just a right of
access to certain court proceedings, but also to documents related to those
proceedings in which we found a right of access. Oregonian Publ’g Co. v. United
States Dist. Court, 920 F.2d 1462, 1465 (9th Cir. 1990) (“Under the first
amendment, the press and the public have a presumed right of access to court
proceedings and documents.”).
For example, in Oregonian Publishing Co., we recognized a qualified right
of access not just to “plea agreements,” but to “related documents.” Id. at
1465–66. The “related documents” in that case included the memorandum by the
defendant supporting his motion to seal the plea agreement and the district court’s
findings in support of its order to seal. Id. at 1463–64. In Seattle Times Co. v.
United States Dist. Court, 845 F.2d 1513, 1514–17 (9th Cir. 1988), we also
recognized a qualified right of access to pretrial release proceedings and related
documents, including financial affidavits filed in support of a motion for court-
appointed counsel and briefs filed regarding preliminary detention. Similarly, in
CBS, Inc. v. United States Dist. Court, 765 F.2d 823, 824-26 (9th Cir. 1985), we
11
acknowledged a qualified right of access to post-trial documents, including a
motion to reduce a criminal sentence and the prosecution’s response. See also id.
at 825 (stating the “presumption that the public and the press have a right of access
to criminal proceedings and documents filed therein”). In Phoenix Newspapers,
Inc. v. United States Dist. Court, 156 F.3d 940, 946–49 (9th Cir. 1998), we
recognized a qualified right of access to transcripts of closed post-trial
proceedings. Finally, we recently acknowledged the First Amendment right of
access “to civil proceedings and associated records and documents.” Courthouse
News Serv. v. Planet, 750 F.3d 776, 786 (9th Cir. 2014).
In short, the right to access to documents intrinsically associated with public
proceedings forms an important component of the Press-Enterprise II First
Amendment right of access. To be sure, the First Amendment does not generally
grant “a right of access to government information or sources of information
within the government’s control,” Houchins v. KQED, Inc., 438 U.S. 1, 15 (1978).
Relying on this general principle, Arizona argues that the information Wood seeks
cannot be subjected to the Press-Enterprise II right of access analysis. But this
straw man argument begs the question. The issue is not whether Press-Enterprise
II grants a generalized right of access to executive branch documents. It does not.
Rather, the question is whether, consistent with our precedents, the documents
12
sought in this case are so intrinsically intertwined with a recognized right that
disclosure is required.
In California Free Amendment Coalition, we recognized a right to view the
entire execution, including those initial procedures “inextricably intertwined” with
the process of putting an inmate to death. 299 F.3d at 877. And in that case, we
explicitly stated the focus and scope of that right: providing citizens with “reliable
information” about the execution’s initial procedures, “which are invasive,
possibly painful and may give rise to serious complications.” 299 F.3d at 876.
Here, like the memoranda, factual findings, affidavits, and transcripts recognized in
other cases, Wood seeks access to documents—information regarding the drugs
that will be used to execute him, the qualifications of the execution team, and the
documents and evidence the State relied on in adopting its new execution
protocol—that are related to, and arguably necessary for a full understanding of, a
proceeding in which we have already granted a qualified right of access. This
information is “inextricably intertwined” with the process of putting Wood to
13
death. As a result, the Press-Enterprise II analysis applies as to the information
Wood seeks.2
2
Under the Press-Enterprise II First Amendment test, two “‘complementary
considerations’” inform the analysis: “(1) ‘whether the place and process have
historically been open to the press and general public[ ]’ and (2) ‘whether public
access plays a significant positive role in the functioning of the particular process
2
The dissent argues that our First Amendment right of access analysis only
applies to formally filed documents “that transcribe or memorialize official
proceedings.” But the proceeding at issue, an execution, is different than all of the
other proceedings in which we have recognized a qualified right of access.
Executions do not involve the same type of formal dockets or filed documents as
criminal trials, or pretrial and post-trial proceedings. Moreover, our holding in
California First Amendment Coalition recognized a right of access to executions
and clarified that the right seeks to give citizens “reliable information” about the
initial procedures involved in an execution, including the process of administering
lethal drugs. 299 F.3d at 876. The information Wood seeks is closely tied to the
underlying proceeding. And the informed citizenry we described is critical to the
successful functioning of the death penalty, unlike in a case like Jury Service
Resource Center v. Muniz. When the nonprofit organization in that case sought
access to jury pool records, the court explicitly acknowledged that the jury pool
selection process is removed from the public trial and that “public access plays no
significant role in the . . . function of collecting and winnowing names for jury
lists.” 134 P.3d 948, 954 (Or. 2006). Given the unique nature of an execution, and
keeping in mind the boundaries of our holding and reasoning in California First
Amendment Coalition, we apply Press-Enterprise II to the information Wood seeks
without announcing the expansive new rule the dissent describes.
14
in question.’” Cal. First Amendment Coal., 299 F.3d at 875 (quoting Press-
Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 8–9) (alteration in original).
i
Wood has at least raised serious questions about the historical openness
surrounding the information he seeks. Because Wood seeks materials inextricably
intertwined with the execution, our analysis focuses in part on the historic
openness of the execution itself. See, e.g., Oregonian Publ’g Co., 920 F.2d at
1465–66 (recognizing a right of access to plea agreements and “related documents”
by assessing the historical tradition of access to plea agreements alone); Seattle
Times Co., 845 F.2d at 1516–17 (recognizing a right of access to pretrial detention
proceedings “and documents filed therein” by analyzing the limited history of
formal and informal pretrial proceedings). As we noted in California First
Amendment Coalition, executions in both England and the United States have
historically been “open to all comers.” 299 F.3d at 875. Public executions were
historically “a fixture of American society,” taking place in the middle of the day
in “the public square.” John D. Bessler, Death in the Dark: Midnight Executions in
America 23 (1997). Even when executions were moved from the public square
into prisons, “states implemented procedures that ensured executions would remain
open to some public scrutiny.” Cal. First Amendment Coal., 299 F.3d at 875. As
15
we noted in California First Amendment Coalition, “[e]very state authorizing the
death penalty currently requires that official witnesses be present at each
execution.” Id. at 875. Indeed, Arizona law explicitly requires the presence of “at
least twelve reputable citizens.” Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-758. In sum, the broad
tradition of a public right of access to executions is indisputable.
Similarly, as Wood has demonstrated, important details about early methods
of executions were also public. For example, public accounts in some states
supplied information about both the types of ropes used in hangings and the
manufacturers who provided them.3 Public outcry over a reportedly botched
hanging in Arizona led to debate over methods of execution and the eventual
adoption in that state of the gas chamber. See Scott Christianson, The Last Gasp:
The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber 100-01 (2010). Similarly, the
company that produced the cyanide used in Nevada’s gas chambers, California
Cyanide Company, publicly contracted with the state, and the identities of many of
3
See, e.g., Chris Woodyard, Enough Rope: The Hangman’s Rope in the
Press, Haunted Ohio (Jan. 19, 2013), http://hauntedohiobooks.com/news/enough-
rope-the-hangmans-rope-in-the-press/ (summarizing news reports describing the
types of ropes used in executions and the suppliers who produced them); see also,
e.g., John Brown, Hanged with Kentucky Rope, University of Kentucky Libraries,
http://nkaa.uky.edu/record.php?note_id=1625 (last visited Jul. 18, 2014)
(explaining that different ropes were submitted for use in the hanging of John
Brown, were displayed to the public before the execution, and the strongest and
most durable was selected).
16
the officials who handled the chemical up until the point of execution were a
matter of public record. See id. at 76–79. Newspapers reported openly on gas
chambers, describing their size, cost, and makeup, and explained that Eaton Metal
Products Co., which delivered gas chambers to states like Arizona, had a “patent
on the death machine.”4 Furthermore, although the method was not used in
Arizona, public debate over the adoption of the electric chair in some states
revolved in part around the specific details of the type of electricity and equipment
used in the executions. See Stuart Banner, The Death Penalty: An American
History 178-85 (2002). Finally, in some states, like Florida, state law dictated that
the sheriff would serve as “deputy executioner” of the execution, providing a sense
not just of the identity but, just as importantly, the qualifications of the person
overseeing the execution. See Ken Driggs, A Current of Electricity Sufficient in
Intensity to Cause Immediate Death: A Pre-Furman History of Florida’s Electric
Chair, 22 Stetson L. Rev. 1169, 1179–84 & n.52 (1993).
Wood also points to evidence that states have made details about their lethal
injection drug protocols available to the public. Indeed, following litigation, the
4
Eight States Now Are Using Gas Chambers for Executions, Sarasota
Herald Tribune, Jan. 2, 1955, at 17, available at http://news.google.com/
newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19550102&id=t-QhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=82QEAAAAI
BAJ&pg=2642,267124.
17
State of Arizona released the manufacturer of the drug Pentobarbital, the drug’s
National Drug Code, the drug’s lot number, and its expiration date. Notice of
Disclosure, Schad v. Brewer, No. 2:13-cv-13-02001-ROS (D. Ariz. Oct. 5, 2013),
ECF No. 24. In response to a public records request, the state of Arkansas in 2013
released information about its lethal injection drugs, including the pharmaceutical
manufacturer and batch numbers. And in Texas, the Attorney General only
recently changed course and started keeping secret the source of its lethal injection
drugs.5 Similarly, Louisiana has only recently attempted to shield the identities of
suppliers of lethal injection drugs.6
This evidence does not conclusively establish a historical tradition of public
access to the sources of lethal injection methods or the qualifications of
executioners. Nor does it show with certainty that all states have acted alike in
terms of making execution-related information public, or that states have always
been the primary guarantor of transparency. But such exhaustiveness is not
5
Greg Abbott, Keep Execution Drug Supplier Secret, Austin American-
Statesman, May 29, 2014, http://www.mystatesman.com/news/news/
greg-abbott-keep-execution-drug-supplier-secret/nf9bQ/?icmp=statesman_internall
ink_textlink.
6
Julia O’Donoghue, Make Louisiana Execution Drug Suppliers Secret, State
Prison Boss Asks Legislature, New Orleans Times-Picayune, May 14, 2014,
http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/05/louisiana_execution_drugs.html.
18
required at the preliminary injunction stage. Instead, we ask only whether Wood
raises “serious questions” going to the merits. Towery, 672 F.3d at 657.
Moreover, the first factor in the Press-Enterprise II test is not necessarily
dispositive. See Seattle Times Co., 845 F.2d at 1516 (noting that the “history and
[] prevalent use of informal procedures” in pretrial detention proceedings, in lieu of
an “unbroken history of public access,” “should not automatically foreclose a right
of access”); see also Phoenix Newspapers, 156 F.3d at 948 (noting that as to
post-trial transcript access, even if the history factor was “not dispositive,” the
second factor would be). Here, Wood has provided evidence that executions in
general have long been open to the public, and that information regarding the
methods of execution and the qualifications of the executioners have been open as
well. This evidence, at a minimum, raises “serious questions” as to the historical
right of access to the information Wood seeks.
ii
In recognizing a qualified right of access to viewing the entirety of
executions, we noted that “[i]ndependent public scrutiny . . . plays a significant
role in the proper functioning of capital punishment.” Cal. First Amendment Coal.,
299 F.3d at 876. The Supreme Court has stated that no rigid standard for
appropriate methods of execution exists and that, in the Eighth Amendment
19
context, the Court must determine what type of execution constitutes cruel and
unusual punishment “from the evolving standards of decency that mark the
progress of a maturing society.” Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 101 (1958). As a
result, “[a]n informed public debate is critical in determining” whether a specific
execution method comports with this country’s “evolving standards of decency.”
Cal. First Amendment Coal., 299 F.3d at 876. Indeed, we have specifically held
that “[t]o determine whether lethal injection executions are fairly and humanely
administered, or whether they can ever be, citizens must have reliable information
about the ‘initial procedures,’ which are invasive, possibly painful, and may give
rise to serious complications.” Id. (emphasis added). Providing access to
executions also creates a sense of fairness that commands more respect for the
judicial process from the public. Id.
That same reasoning compels us to conclude that Wood has raised serious
questions as to the positive role public access to the information he seeks would
play in executions. There has been a seismic shift in the lethal injection world in
the last five years, as states have struggled to obtain the drug traditionally used in
20
executions, thiopental.7 In response, states “began using [the drug] pentobarbital
as a substitute,” but its primary manufacturer, the pharmaceutical company
Lundbeck, stopped selling the drug to prisons because it opposes the death
penalty.8 States are now seeking new types and combinations of drugs, like
Midazolam and Hydromorphone, and states are enacting laws to shield the
identities not just of executioners, but of the companies that produce lethal
injection drugs.9 See, e.g., Ga. Code Ann. § 42-5-36. But several flawed
executions this year, including two in Oklahoma, and one in Ohio featuring the
7
Erik Eckholm & Katie Zezima, States Face Shortage of Key Lethal
Injection Drug, N.Y. Times, Jan. 21, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/22/
us/22lethal.html.
8
David Jolly, Danish Company Blocks Sale of Drug for U.S. Executions,
N.Y. Times, Jul. 1, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/02/world/
europe/02execute.html.
9
Pete Williams, Will Courts Lift Veil of Secrecy Around Lethal Injections,
NBC News, Feb. 27, 2014, http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/lethal-injection/
will-courts-lift-veil-secrecy-around-lethal-injections-n40171.
21
same two drugs at issue here, have sparked public curiosity and debate over the
types—and quality—of drugs that should be used in lethal injections.10
Given the law in California First Amendment Coalition, and the factual
backdrop of the past six months in particular, more information about the drugs
used in lethal injections can help an alert public make better informed decisions
about the changing standards of decency in this country surrounding lethal
injection. Knowing the source and manufacturer of the drugs, along with the lot
numbers and NDCs, allows the public to discern whether state corrections
departments are using safe and reliable drug manufacturers. Similarly, knowing
the specific qualifications of those who will perform the execution will give the
public more confidence than a state’s generic assurance that executions will be
administered safely and pursuant to certain qualifications and standards.
Arizona argues that the information Wood seeks offers little value to the
public debate and that releasing this information will serve instead to deter drug
10
Id.; Max Ehrenfreund, Dennis McGuire Executed in Ohio with New
Combination of Lethal Drugs, Wash. Post, Jan. 16, 2014, http://www
.washingtonpost.com/national/dennis-mcguire-executed-in-ohio-with-new-combin
ation-of-lethal-drugs/2014/01/16/612e22a2-7ede-11e3-93c1-0e888170b723_story.
html; see also Editorial, Secrecy Behind Executions, N.Y. Times, Jan. 29, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/30/opinion/secrecy-behind-executions.html;
Megan McCracken & Jennifer Moreno, Op-Ed, Secret Drugs, Agonizing Deaths,
N.Y. Times, Apr. 13, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/14/opinion/secret
-drugs-agonizing-deaths.html?smid=fb-share&_r=2.
22
manufacturers from providing lethal injection drugs and lead to public disclosure
of the identities of those who will administer the drugs. We recognize that the
State has a strong interest in carrying out its criminal judgments. Towery, 672 F.3d
at 657. But the State’s argument ignores the ongoing and intensifying debate over
lethal injection in this country, and the importance of providing specific and
detailed information about how safely and reliably the death penalty is
administered. Moreover, the State can point to no evidence in the record to support
its claim that pharmaceutical companies will stop providing drugs if this
information is released or that no alternatives are available even if some companies
do change course. There is nothing in the record, save speculation, that
manufacturers will not provide the product. Indeed, Arizona has continued to
effectively administer the death penalty using domestically produced lethal
injection chemicals since it released drug information in Schad v. Brewer.
Similarly, the State fails to point to evidence to support its claim that releasing the
qualifications of those administering the execution will lead to them being
identified publicly.
In sum, Wood has raised serious questions on the merits as to the positive
role that access to lethal-injection drug information and executioner qualifications
will have in the public debate on methods of execution. And given the evidence
23
presented by Wood regarding the historical right of access, we conclude that Wood
has raised serious questions as to whether a First Amendment right, in the context
of a public executions, attaches to the specific information he requests.
C
We proceed to consider the remaining three Winter factors. First, Wood will
face irreparable harm if the injunction is not granted. We have previously stated
that “‘[t]he loss of First Amendment freedoms, for even minimal periods of time,
unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury.’” Associated Press v. Otter, 682 F.3d
821, 826 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 373 (1976))
(alteration in original); see also Valle Del Sol Inc. v. Whiting, 709 F.3d 808, 828
(9th Cir. 2013) (same); Sanders Cnty. Republican Cent. Comm. v. Bullock, 698
F.3d 741, 748 (9th Cir. 2012) (same). Here, as to Wood’s specific claims, they
likely will become moot after his execution.
Similarly, we have also stated that “a party seeking preliminary injunctive
relief in a First Amendment context can establish irreparable injury sufficient to
merit the grant of relief by demonstrating the existence of a colorable First
Amendment claim.” Warsoldier v. Woodford, 418 F.3d 989, 1001 (9th Cir. 2005)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Because Wood has raised serious questions
24
going to the merits of his First Amendment claim, we conclude he has also
established irreparable injury.
D
Because we conclude only that Wood has raised “serious questions” going to
the merits of his claim, he must also show that the balance of equities tips sharply
in his favor. Towery, 672 F.3d at 657. We acknowledge that Arizona does have a
“strong interest in enforcing its judgments without undue interference from federal
courts.” Id. at 661 (internal quotation marks omitted). The state’s interest is
especially strong in a case like this one, in which legal proceedings have continued
for more than twenty years beyond the crime. Bible v. Schriro, 651 F.3d 1060,
1066 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[T]he further delay from a stay [of execution] would cause
hardship and prejudice to the State and victims, given that the appellate process in
this case has already spanned more than two decades.”).
Nevertheless, we conclude the balance of equities here tips sharply in
Wood’s favor. Wood is seeking to enforce a public, First Amendment right. He
wants a stay of his execution only until he receives the information he seeks. Thus,
it is unlikely that granting the injunction would unnecessarily delay the state’s
ability to enforce its judgments. Moreover, as we discussed above, the State has
failed to provide any record evidence of the damage it believes will occur if it is
25
forced to reveal this information. Given the small impact the injunction will have
on the state, the importance of First Amendment rights generally, and the critical
importance of providing the public with the information it needs to debate the most
severe form of punishment that exists, we conclude that the balance of equities tips
sharply in Wood’s favor.
E
Finally, since Wood’s execution would likely not be delayed much, if at all,
by giving him the information he seeks, the public interest factor weighs in
Wood’s favor. “Courts considering requests for preliminary injunctions have
consistently recognized the significant public interest in upholding First
Amendment principles.” Associated Press, 682 F.3d at 826 (internal quotation
marks omitted). Indeed, as we discussed above, this information will play an
important role in the ongoing and intensifying public debate over capital
punishment and lethal injection methods specifically.
Arizona’s recent history reinforces the role of this information in the public
discourse. In the case of Donald Beaty, the State announced eighteen hours before
the execution that it intended to switch to the use of a drug that it had never tested
and in the use of which it had never trained its executioners. Beaty v. Brewer, 649
F.3d 1071, 1072 (9th Cir. 2011) (Reinhardt, J., dissenting from the denial of
26
rehearing en banc). In the cases of Robert Towery and Robert Moormann, the state
changed its written execution protocol at the last minute, then changed course yet
again, informing the court just hours before argument that it was switching the
method of execution “because it discovered at the last minute that the
originally-planned drugs had expired” a month before. Towery, 672 F.3d at
652–53. Here, the State has announced that it will use an untested protocol, and
that it reserves the right to use Pentobarbital if it becomes available. The recent
history in Arizona does not provide a reliable source of data as to its current
method of execution, underscoring the need for transparency.
Information concerning execution protocol is not only of general interest to
the public, it is important for consideration by the courts. For example, data
concerning gas chamber executions informed our decision to ban such executions.
Fierro v. Gomez, 77 F.3d 301, 306-09 (9th Cir. 1996), judgment vacated, 519 U.S.
918 (1996). It also informed our decision to sustain hanging as a method of
execution in Campbell v. Wood, 18 F.3d 662, 681-87 (9th Cir. 1994). We, and the
public, cannot meaningfully evaluate execution protocol cloaked in secrecy. It is
in the public’s interest that Wood’s injunction be granted.
III
27
Because we conclude that Wood has raised serious questions as to the merits
of his First Amendment claim; that the balance of equities tips sharply in his favor;
that he will face irreparable harm if the injunction is not granted; and that the
injunction is in the public interest; we conclude that the district court abused its
discretion in denying Wood’s preliminary injunction request. We do not decide
with certainty that a First Amendment right exists to the information Wood seeks,
nor do we resolve the merits of the Plaintiffs’ underlying § 1983 claim. We do,
however, reverse the district court’s denial of Wood’s preliminary injunction
motion. We grant a conditional preliminary injunction, staying Wood’s execution
until the State of Arizona has provided him with (a) the name and provenance of
the drugs to be used in the execution and (b) the qualifications of the medical
personnel, subject to the restriction that the information provided will not give the
means by which the specific individuals can be identified. Once he has received
that information, the injunction shall be discharged without more and the execution
may proceed.
REVERSED.
28
Counsel
Jon M. Sands, Federal Public Defender, Dale A. Baich & Robin C. Konrad
(argued), Assistant Federal Public Defenders, District of Arizona, Phoenix
Arizona, on behalf of Plaintiff-Appellant.
Thomas C. Horne, Attorney General, Jeffrey A. Zick, Chief Counsel, John Pressley
Todd, Special Assistant Attorney General, Jeffrey L. Sparks (argued) & Matthew
Binford, Assistant Attorneys General, State of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, for
Defendants-Appellees.
29
FILED
Wood v. Ryan, No. 14-16310 (San Francisco - July 18, 2014) JUL 19 2014
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
BYBEE, Circuit Judge, dissenting: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
Arizona intends to execute Joseph R. Wood III on July 23, 2014. On the eve
of his execution, Wood asserts a generalized First Amendment right of public
access to information in the government’s possession regarding the State’s supplier
of lethal drugs, its execution personnel, and the manner in which the State
developed its lethal-injection protocol. Wood asks this court to stay his execution
pending the resolution of his request for information. The majority not only finds
that Wood’s novel First Amendment argument will likely prevail, but also that he
is entitled to a stay of his execution until the State complies. Both are
unprecedented.
The majority’s newfound right of access is a dramatic extension of anything
that we or the Supreme Court have previously recognized, and it is in direct
conflict with a very recent decision of the Eleventh Circuit, Wellons v. Comm’r,
Ga. Dep’t of Corr., No. 14-12663-P, 2014 WL 2748316, — F.3d — (11th Cir.
June 17, 2014), and a recent decision of the Georgia Supreme Court, Owens v. Hill,
758 S.E.2d 794 (Ga. 2014). The remedy is equally novel. Even if there were a First
Amendment right of access, Wood would have no more right to the information
than any other member of the public. It is unthinkable that if anyone else had
brought this suit we would stop a lawful execution until the State yielded the
information.
The majority has charted a new course, one I cannot follow. I respectfully
dissent.
I
Wood shot and killed his estranged girlfriend, Debra Dietz, and her father,
Eugene Dietz, on August 7, 1989, at a Tucson automotive paint and body shop
owned and operated by the Dietz family. A jury convicted Wood of two counts of
first-degree murder and two counts of aggravated assault. He was then sentenced to
death. See Wood v. Ryan, 693 F.3d 1104 (9th Cir. 2012).
On March 26, 2014, the Arizona Attorney General announced that the
Arizona Department of Corrections (ADC) had changed its lethal-injection
protocol to allow for the use of a two-drug protocol using midazolam and
hydromorphone in carrying out executions.1 The Attorney General explained that
the State could no longer reliably obtain pentobarbital to perform lethal injections
because when the identities of pentobarbital manufacturers were disclosed
publicly, some manufacturers received threats and became unwilling to supply
pentobarbitral to state corrections’ agencies. This created a public safety issue as
1
The current execution protocol, found in Department Order 710, calls for
the use of 50 mg of midazolam and 50 mg of hydromorphone. It also provides for
one-drug protocols using pentobarbital or sodium pentothal.
2
ADC was compelled to seek alternative lethal drugs.2
On April 22, 2014, the State moved for a warrant of execution for Wood.3
That same day, the State sent a letter to Wood’s counsel informing her that ADC
would use the two-drug protocol for the execution. The State also indicated that if
ADC could obtain pentobarbital, ADC would provide notice of its intent to use that
drug.
On April 30, 2014, Wood’s counsel sent ADC a letter requesting (1)
information regarding the provenance of ADC’s midazolam and hydromorphone,
(2) an explanation of ADC’s continuing search for pentobarbital, (3) information
regarding the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) qualifications of ADC
personnel who would participate in Wood’s execution, and (4) an explanation of
how ADC developed its two-drug protocol.
On May 6, 2014, ADC replied, indicating that the drugs were “domestically
obtained” and “FDA approved.” ADC declined to provide further information
about the drugs based on ADC’s interpretation of Arizona’s executioner-
2
See Press Release, Attorney Gen. of Ariz., State of Arizona Announces
Change to Lethal Injection Protocol (March 26, 2014),
https://www.azag.gov/press-release/state-arizona-announces-change-lethal-injectio
n-protocol.
3
A warrant of execution was issued on May 28, 2014.
3
confidentiality statute, Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-757(C). ADC noted that it continued to
look for pentobarbital and would inform Wood if it obtained the drug. ADC also
declined to provide specific information about the DEA qualifications of the
execution personnel, but stated that “the qualifications for the IV team as set forth
in Department Order 710.02-1.2.5 have not changed since the ADC amended the
protocol in September, 2012, to include assurances of the IV team’s
qualifications.” Finally, ADC stated that the development of ADC’s two-drug
protocol was based on affidavits and testimony in Case No. 2:11-CV-1016, in the
Southern District of Ohio.
On May 9, 2014, Wood’s counsel responded, seeking clarification and
requesting the specific Ohio documents referenced in ADC’s letter. Counsel again
requested the qualifications of the personnel who would participate in Wood’s
execution, as well as evidence demonstrating that ADC had verified those
qualifications.
On May 15, 2014, Wood’s counsel sent another letter, again asking for the
DEA and medical qualifications of ADC personnel, along with information about
the development of ADC’s two-drug protocol. Counsel also requested documents
regarding correspondence with various state and federal agencies.
On June 6, 2014, ADC sent Wood a response in which it provided copies of
4
purchase orders, invoices, and order confirmations for the midazolam and
hydromorphone. Although the documents reveal the drug names and expiration
dates—September and October 2015—information about the manufacturers and
suppliers of the drugs was redacted. ADC also stated that the Inspector General had
verified the qualifications of ADC personnel, both before and after issuance of
Wood’s warrant of execution, and that in the event a central femoral line were
used, it would be placed by a person currently licensed or certified to do so. ADC
declined to provide copies of the Ohio documents, asserting that because the
Federal Public Defender’s Office was involved in the Ohio litigation, Wood’s
counsel—the Federal Public Defender—would already have access to them.
On June 26, 2014, Wood filed a civil rights complaint alleging three claims:
(1) a violation of the First Amendment right of access to the courts, (2) a violation
of the First Amendment right of access to governmental proceedings, and (3) a
Supremacy Clause violation based on ADC’s alleged failure to follow the Food,
Drug, and Cosmetics Act in adopting its lethal-injections protocol.
On June 28, 2014, Wood received final notice from ADC that it would use
the two-drug protocol for his execution. Wood then filed a motion for a
preliminary injunction on July 2, 2014, based only on his right of access to
governmental proceedings claim. The district court denied that motion on July 10,
5
2014, reasoning that Wood could not show a likelihood of success on the merits
because he has no First Amendment right of access to the specific information that
he seeks. Wood filed a timely notice of appeal.
II
“A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish that he is likely
to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence
of preliminary relief, that the balance of the equities tips in his favor, and that an
injunction is in the public interest.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555
U.S. 7, 20 (2008). Under the “serious questions” version of this test articulated by
our court, “a preliminary injunction is appropriate when a plaintiff demonstrates
that serious questions going to the merits were raised and the balance of the
hardships tips strongly in the plaintiff’s favor.” Towery v. Brewer, 672 F.3d 650,
657 (9th Cir. 2012). The “serious questions” version “requires that the elements of
the preliminary injunction test be balanced, so that a stronger showing of one
element may offset a weaker showing of another.” Id.
In the context of a capital case, the Supreme Court has emphasized that these
principles apply when a condemned prisoner asks a federal court to enjoin his
impending execution because “[f]iling an action that can proceed under § 1983
does not entitle the complainant to an order staying an execution as a matter of
6
course.” Hill v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 573, 583–84 (2006). Rather, “a stay of
execution is an equitable remedy” and “equity must be sensitive to the State’s
strong interest in enforcing its criminal judgments without undue interference from
the federal courts.” Id. at 584. We review the denial of a preliminary injunction for
abuse of discretion. Towery, 672 F.3d at 657.
III
“Neither the First Amendment nor the Fourteenth Amendment mandates a
right of access to government information or sources of information within the
government’s control.” Houchins v. KQED, Inc., 438 U.S. 1, 15 (1978) (plurality
opinion). Thus, “[a]s a general rule, citizens have no first amendment right of
access to traditionally nonpublic government information.” McGehee v. Casey, 718
F.2d 1137, 1147 (D.C. Cir. 1983). Open meetings laws, such as the Government in
the Sunshine Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552b, and public records acts, such as the Freedom of
Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552, provide persons with a broad, statutory right of
access to government proceedings and documents. But, in general, the right of
access is statutory, not constitutional, in nature: “[The Supreme] Court has
repeatedly made clear that there is no constitutional right to obtain all the
information provided by FOIA laws.” McBurney v. Young, 133 S. Ct. 1709, 1718
(2013).
7
The Supreme Court has recognized a qualified First Amendment right of
access to some governmental proceedings, principally those related to the courts.
See Press-Enter. Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1, 8–14 (1986) (“Press-
Enterprise II”); Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court, 457 U.S. 596, 603–11
(1982); Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555, 579 (1980).
“Underlying th[is] First Amendment right of access . . . is the common
understanding that a major purpose of that Amendment was to protect the free
discussion of governmental affairs.” Globe Newspaper, 457 U.S. at 604 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). The Court has applied the right of public
access to proceedings in criminal trials, including preliminary hearings, Press-
Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 8–14, voir dire, Press-Enter. Co. v. Superior Court, 464
U.S. 501, 510–11 (1984) (“Press-Enterprise I”), the testimony of the child victim
of a sex offense, Globe Newspaper Co., 457 U.S. at 603–11, and criminal trials in
general, Richmond Newspapers, Inc., 448 U.S. at 580. We have explained that this
qualified First Amendment right of access applies to “criminal proceedings and
documents filed therein,”CBS, Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Court, 765 F.2d 823, 825 (9th Cir.
1985), and have said that it extends to pretrial release proceedings, Seattle Times
Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court, 845 F.2d 1513, 1517 (9th Cir. 1988), and pretrial
suppression hearings, United States v. Brooklier, 685 F.2d 1162, 1170–71 (9th Cir.
8
1982). We have limited the right of access to “documents filed therein” to
documents that transcribe or memorialize official proceedings: transcripts of closed
hearings that occurred during jury deliberations, Phoenix Newspapers, Inc. v. U.S.
Dist. Court, 156 F.3d 940, 949 (9th Cir. 1998), plea agreements and related
documents, Oregonian Publ’g Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court, 920 F.2d 1462, 1465–66
(9th Cir. 1990), and pretrial release documents, Seattle Times Co., 845 F.2d at
1517.
In California First Amendment Coalition v. Woodford, 299 F.3d 868 (9th
Cir. 2002), we extended these cases to reach the conclusion that “the public enjoys
a First Amendment right to view executions from the moment the condemned
enters the execution chamber” to the time he is pronounced dead. Id. at 877. We
arrived at this conclusion after addressing the considerations set forth in Press-
Enterprise II: (1) “whether the place and process have historically been open to the
press and general public,” and (2) “whether public access plays a significant
positive role in the functioning of the particular process in question.” Press-
Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 8–9. First, we found that there is a public right to view
execution proceedings because “[h]istorically, executions were open to all
comers.” Cal. First Amendment Coal., 299 F.3d at 875. We observed that even
when California abolished public executions, it provided that official witnesses
9
should be present at the execution, a practice followed by every state that
authorizes the death penalty. Id. Second, we found that “[i]ndependent public
scrutiny [of the execution proceeding] . . . plays a significant role in the proper
functioning of capital punishment.” Id. at 876. We explained that “public
observation of executions fosters the same sense of catharsis that public
observation of criminal trials fosters.” Id. at 877. Notably, we said nothing about
the public’s right to gain access to any documents related to the execution.
In California First Amendment Coalition, we were careful to explain that
this right of public access is a right belonging to the public, and not a right
belonging to any individual. See id. at 873 (“It is well-settled that the First
Amendment guarantees the public . . . a qualified right of access to governmental
proceedings.” (emphasis added)). Very recently, the Eleventh Circuit recognized
this important distinction in a case where the plaintiff sought governmental
information regarding lethal injection, as in the case before us today. Wellons,
2014 WL 2748316, at *5–6 (affirming the district court’s denial of a preliminary
injunction in part because public access cases “turn on the public’s, rather than the
individual’s, need to be informed so as to foster debate”). At oral argument and in
his briefing, Wood makes clear that he is asserting a right of access enjoyed by the
public at large, and not a right or privilege personal to him. Whatever the scope of
10
the First Amendment right of access, Wood has no greater claim than any other
member of the public.
IV
Wood seeks the following information: the source(s), manufacturer(s),
National Drug Codes, and lot numbers of the drugs that ADC intends to use in his
execution; information regarding the medical, professional, and controlled-
substances qualifications of the personnel that ADC intends to use in his execution;
and information and documents detailing the manner in which ADC developed its
two-drug protocol. It is important to note that the State has already disclosed
significant information, including the type of drugs, the dosages to be used, and
their expiration dates, as well as the fact that the drugs are domestically obtained
and FDA approved; the necessary qualifications for ADC personnel and the fact
that the Inspector General verified the qualifications of ADC personnel both before
and after the issuance of Wood’s warrant of execution; and the actual two-drug
protocol itself.
The fundamental flaw in Wood’s request for a preliminary injunction is that
Wood does not actually assert a right of access to a governmental proceeding. The
Supreme Court has long held that the First Amendment does not provide a general
right to information in the government’s possession. See Houchins, 438 U.S. at 15;
11
L.A. Police Dep’t v. United Reporting Publ’g Corp., 528 U.S. 32, 40 (1999)
(“[W]hat we have before us is nothing more than a governmental denial of access
to information in its possession. California could decide not to give out arrestee
information at all without violating the First Amendment.”); McBurney, 133 S. Ct.
at 1718. And the Court has cautioned that “[t]he Constitution itself is neither a
Freedom of Information Act nor an Official Secrets Act.” Houchins, 438 U.S. at
14. This default principle—that there is no general First Amendment right to
information in the government’s possession—ought to guide our analysis.
The qualified First Amendment right of access to governmental proceedings
is properly viewed as a exception to the default principle, limited to governmental
“proceedings and documents filed therein.” CBS, Inc., 765 F.2d at 825. This right
does not extend to every piece of information that conceivably relates to a
governmental proceeding, even if the governmental proceeding is itself open to the
public. It is not a tool for judges to pry open the doors of state and federal agencies
because they believe that public access to this type of information would be a good
idea. It is a qualified right to certain “proceedings and documents filed therein” and
nothing more. In effect, the right prevents the government from restraining access
to proceedings and filed documents that have historically been made available to
the public. It is a First Amendment obligation by estoppel, not an untethered
12
license to governmental information.
Wood contends that our precedent guarantees access to the information that
he seeks. It does nothing of the kind. Unlike the plaintiffs in California First
Amendment Coalition, Wood does not seek access to a criminal proceeding, nor
does he seek documents filed in a proceeding or transcripts of the proceeding.
Instead, he wants information in the government’s possession; effectively, he has
taken the general right of the public to view executions and turned it into a FOIA
request for documents related to the execution. California First Amendment
Coalition says nothing about information in the government’s possession.
Wood points to our opinion in Courthouse News Service v. Planet, 750 F.3d
776 (9th Cir. 2014), as support for the notion that there is a right of access to all
records associated with public governmental proceedings. Although we observed
that “[t]he federal courts of appeals have widely agreed that [the right of access]
extends to civil proceedings and associated records and documents,” we also
acknowledged that only public records associated with a governmental
proceeding—not all records and information associated with a proceeding—are
subject to Press-Enterprise II. Id. at 786 (“[T]he right of access to public records
and proceedings is necessary to the enjoyment of the right to free speech.”
(emphasis added)). Courthouse News Service thus cannot support Wood’s position.
13
Wood does not cite a single case in which an appellate court has found a
right of access to the type of information at issue in this appeal. No other case has
granted a First Amendment right to lot numbers. No other case has granted a First
Amendment right to documents relied upon by a state agency in the development
of an official policy.4 In so doing, the majority dramatically expands the scope of
the right of access in a way that causes what used to be a limited exception to
swallow the default rule, which is that “the First Amendment . . . [does not]
mandate[] a right of access to government information or sources of information
within the government’s control.” Houchins, 438 U.S. at 15. How far does this
newly expanded right reach? It is undisputed that the right of access extends to
criminal trials. Richmond Newspapers, Inc., 448 U.S. at 580. Does it now extend to
all documents in the prosecutor’s possession? Jury pool records? See Jury Serv.
Res. Ctr. v. De Muniz, 134 P.3d 948 (Or. 2006) (rejecting such a claim).5 Jurors’
4
Not only is the majority’s position unsupported by a decision from any
appellate court, it creates a circuit split with an opinion issued by the Eleventh
Circuit just last month, Wellons, 2014 WL 2748316, at *6, and it is flatly
inconsistent with an opinion issued by the Georgia Supreme Court two months
ago, Hill, 758 S.E.2d at 805–06.
5
Recognizing the distinction between “proceedings and documents filed
therein” and information in the government’s possession, the Oregon Supreme
Court wrote:
[T]he Court of Appeals mistook access to a public trial for access to
14
addresses? See Commonwealth v. Long, 922 A.2d 892 (Pa. 2007) (same). Of
course not, but that is the implication of the majority’s holding.6
And the principle doesn’t improve by trying to confine today’s rule to
executions. Our decision in California First Amendment Coalition was an
application of the Supreme Court’s right of access to public proceedings. Today’s
ruling strikes out on its own. Either the majority’s ruling has much broader
implications, or it is Justice Roberts’s famous “restricted railroad ticket, good for
government information. The United States Supreme Court’s emphasis
in the Press-Enterprise cases was on access of the public to the trial
itself, not on the process that lead to the selection of the actors in that
event. Those cases establish that the public has a right to attend criminal
trials. The selection of names for the list of prospective jurors, however,
is one or more (sometimes several) steps removed from the trial itself. .
. . Unlike actual trials, public access plays no significant role in the
official and largely rote function of collecting and winnowing names for
jury lists. . . . So understood, the dispute is far more analogous to cases
in which the United States Supreme Court has ruled that the general
public does not have a First Amendment right of access to places,
information, and documents within the government’s control than it is
to the Press-Enterprise cases.
Jury Serv. Res. Ctr., 134 P.3d at 954.
6
The majority purports to limit its holding to information “inextricably
intertwined” with execution. Maj. Op. at 14. That’s a responsible sounding phrase.
Unfortunately, the veneer of responsibility is only skin deep. If lot numbers and
National Drug Codes are “inextricably intertwined,” then documents in the
prosecution’s possession and jury pool records—which are far more relevant to a
core public proceeding—are certainly “inextricably intertwined” as well.
15
this day and train only.” Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649, 669 (1944) (Roberts, J.,
dissenting).
V
Wood has not asserted a First Amendment right of access claim. But even
assuming that he has, the question becomes whether the right attaches. This
analysis is informed by two “complimentary considerations”: (1) “whether the
place and process have historically been open to the press and general public” and
(2) “whether public access plays a significant positive role in the functioning of the
particular process in question.” Press-Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 8–9.
A. Historically Open to the Press and General Public
Wood seeks access to three broad categories of information: (1)
manufacturer information, (2) information about the qualifications of ADC
personnel, and (3) information about the manner in which ADC developed its two-
drug protocol. Wood argues that the information that he seeks is analogous to
information disclosed about different methods of execution in the past. For
example, some old newspaper accounts include detailed information about ropes
used for hangings and the tradesmen and companies that supplied them.
Apparently, there was only one company west of the Mississippi that made lethal
gas, and a newspaper once published an article on the manufacturer of the gas
16
chambers. Wood points out that even today, the Pinal County Historical Museum
displays twenty-eight nooses used for executions in Arizona.7
There are a number of reasons why Wood’s historical evidence, relied upon
by the majority, see Maj. Op. at 15–18, is insufficient. First, he has not shown a
“historical tradition of public access” to the means of execution beyond what
witnesses to the execution could see. Cal. First Amendment Coal., 299 F.3d at 875
(emphasis added). Wood’s historical evidence is best characterized as sporadic and
anecdotal. The fact that Godfrey Boger’s obituary revealed that he made ropes for
hangings tells us very little.8 As does the fact that the Pinal County Historical
Museum displays nooses today. Episodic and, at times, non-contemporaneous
instances of public disclosure cannot establish a historical tradition of public
access. If, in this area, we are not guided by the historical record, we have no
guidance but our own sense of what we would like disclosed by the government.
Second, neither the majority nor Wood has shown that the government
historically provided open access to the identities of a particular manufacturer.
Indeed, several of his examples reveal that it was the manufacturers themselves
7
See Pinal County Historical Soc. & Museum, Our Exhibits,
www.pinalcountyhistoricalmuseum.org/exhibits.htm (last visited July 19, 2014).
8
See Made Hangman’s Ropes, The Gazette Times, July 16, 1911, at 13.
17
who chose to publicize their identities. But the relevant consideration is whether
the government has historically made the particular proceeding open to the public.
See Cal. First Amendment Coal., 299 F.3d at 875 (“When executions were moved
out of the public fora and into prisons, the states implemented procedures that
ensured executions would remain open to some public scrutiny.” (emphasis
added)). Press-Enterprise II stands for the proposition that if the government has
traditionally made a certain proceeding public, it must continue to do so. By
construing the right of public access more broadly than any court to date, the
majority creates a perverse incentive for the government not to open “proceedings
and documents filed therein” to the public in the first place so as not to bind itself
going forward. Today’s decision thus undermines the very purpose of the right of
public access. If the government is further estopped from restricting access when
private actors choose to make proceedings or records public, the government has
an additional incentive to take steps to keep private actors from disclosing
information regarding governmental proceedings and records. And what happens
when the government’s efforts fall short? Can individuals who are determined to
disclose governmental information foist a First Amendment obligation on the
government to grant access in the future by disclosing government secrets? Surely
not. Edward Snowden’s leaks are not relevant to the question of whether there is a
18
First Amendment right of access to FISA court proceedings.
Third, although Wood claims that Arizona previously disclosed drug
manufacturer information, Wood has not shown that the State voluntarily disclosed
the specific type of manufacturer information that he seeks. Arizona has disclosed
this information only pursuant to discovery or under court order. See Schad v.
Brewer, No. CV-13-2001-PHX-ROS, 2013 WL 5551668 (D. Ariz. Oct. 7, 2013).
Moreover, even if the State had at one time voluntarily disclosed such information,
it does not a tradition make. The history of executions by lethal injection is
relatively short, as the states have made adjustments to their protocols in response
to developments, both public and scientific. Such disclosures do not demonstrate
that the information Wood seeks has been historically available to the public.
Fourth, Wood has adduced no historical evidence—none—to support a right
of access to two of the three types of information that he seeks: (1) information
about qualifications of execution personnel, and (2) information about the manner
in which ADC developed its two-drug protocol. As to the former, there is
substantial evidence that information about personnel has not been historically
available to the public. See Ellyde Roko, Note, Executioner Identities: Toward
Recognizing a Right to Know Who is Hiding Beneath the Hood, 75 Fordham L.
Rev. 2791, 2829 (2007) (acknowledging that “[h]istorically, executioners have
19
hidden behind a hood—both literally and figuratively.”). And, as to the latter,
information about the process by which a state entity developed a policy or
program is the proper subject of statutory disclosure laws.
Wood has thus failed to establish a historical tradition of access to any of the
information that he seeks. Although the lack of historical evidence may not
foreclose a right of access, Seattle Times, Co., 845 F.2d at 1516, this failing leaves
Wood with a tough row to hoe. He would have to show that Press-Enterprise II’s
second consideration “weighs heavily in favor” of his asserted right in order to
overcome his failing on the first consideration. Id. And, as explained below, he
cannot do so.
B. Access Plays a Significant Positive Role
The second factor in determining whether there is First Amendment right of
public access is “whether public access plays a significant positive role in the
functioning of the particular process in question.” Press-Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at
8.
1. Manufacturer’s identity
Publicly disclosing the identity of the manufacturer of the drugs to be used
in Wood’s execution would not “play[] a significant positive role in the
functioning” of Arizona’s execution protocol. Id. In California First Amendment
20
Coalition, we reasoned that “[a]n informed public debate is critical in determining
whether execution by lethal injection comports with ‘the evolving standards of
decency which mark the progress of a maturing society.’” 299 F.3d at 876 (quoting
Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 101 (1958)). Here, the State has already disclosed the
type of drugs that will be used in Wood’s execution, the dosages of those drugs,
their expiration dates, the fact that they are FDA approved, and the fact that they
were produced domestically. The question before us is whether releasing the name
of the manufacturer—or related information such as the National Drug Codes and
lot numbers—would have a significant marginal benefit on the public discourse
concerning Wood’s execution beyond the benefit that obtains from releasing the
information already provided by the State. See Seattle Times, 845 F.2d at 1516
(“The [Supreme] Court has examined whether public access plays a particularly
significant positive role in the actual functioning of the proceeding.” (emphasis
added)).
The information already released by the State enables informed debate about
the lawfulness and propriety of Arizona’s two-drug cocktail. The public knows
precisely how the State intends to end Wood’s life and can investigate whether the
drugs are suited to that purpose. Wood correctly points out that it is “of particular
significance to the public to know that the State that is carrying out its execution
21
process is doing so through unlawful means.” But he does not—and
cannot—explain why knowing the drugs’ manufacturer would contribute to
discussing whether Arizona’s method is lawful. The identity of the chemicals and
their quantities permits a full examination of the issue. Not every conceivable piece
of information is equally relevant to the important, ongoing public conversation
about the lawfulness of a particular lethal-injection protocol.
The only marginal benefit of disclosing the identity of the manufacturer of
the drugs is that it enables the public to discuss the manufacturer’s decision to
supply Arizona with the chemicals used in an execution. There is certainly value in
such knowledge. For example, consumers who are opposed to capital punishment
might wish to avoid doing business with the manufacturers. But the fact that there
are some discursive benefits to disclosing the identities of the manufacturers is
hardly dispositive. We must also consider the costs of disclosing the information.
As the Supreme Court aptly put it, “[a]lthough many governmental processes
operate best under public scrutiny, it takes little imagination to recognize that there
are some kinds of government operations that would be totally frustrated if
conducted openly.” Press-Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 8–9. The disclosure of
information previously kept private by the government often enhances the scope or
accuracy of public discourse in some way. But the disclosure of certain kinds of
22
information also hobbles the state’s ability to carry out its legitimate functions.
When disclosure inhibits the effectiveness of the process at issue without
producing substantial benefits, then public access to the information does not
“play[] a significant positive role in the functioning of the particular process in
question.” Id. at 8.
Several courts have observed that disclosing the manufacturer of drugs used
in executions inhibits the functioning of the process in ways that harm the state, its
citizens, and the inmate himself. As the Georgia Supreme Court recently explained,
“without the confidentiality offered to execution participants . . . there is a
significant risk that persons and entities necessary to the execution would become
unwilling to participate.” Hill, 758 S.E.2d at 806. In a dissent from denial of
rehearing en banc joined by seven other members of our court, Chief Judge
Kozinski observed that “Arizona has a legitimate interest in avoiding a public
attack on its private drug manufacturing sources.” Landrigan v. Brewer, 625 F.3d
1132, 1143 (9th Cir. 2010) (Kozinski, C.J, dissenting from denial of rehearing en
banc). In Chief Judge Kozinski’s view, Arizona had “good reasons” to keep the
identity of the manufacturer private because a journalist suggested that the
company might be criminally liable under a European Union regulation. Id.
Arizona’s ability to enforce its execution protocol will be hindered if it
23
cannot reliably obtain the drugs needed to perform executions. Disclosure of the
information that is supposed to “play[] a significant positive role in the functioning
of the particular process in question” might instead destroy the process altogether.
Press-Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 8 (emphasis added). Inmates may suffer if the
State is forced to turn to less reliable execution methods that might inflict
unnecessary pain. In a recent case, Texas disclosed the name of the compounding
pharmacy that produced the chemicals to be used in an execution. Whitaker v.
Livingston, No. H-13-2901, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 144367, at *7 (S.D. Tex. Oct.
7, 2013). The inmate “notified the court that the compounding pharmacy was
demanding that Texas return the drugs because it was being harassed.” Id. The
inmate was not pleased about the prospect of additional public discourse
concerning the drugs that would be used to end his life. Instead, he was
understandably “worrie[d] that Texas may have to use a different drug to execute
him.” Id. State legislatures have responded to the possibility that no manufacturer
will provide the drugs used in lethal injections. For example, Tennessee recently
reauthorized the use of the electric chair as an alternative method of execution in
the event that the drugs necessary to perform a lethal injection become
24
unavailable.9
Arizona had these developments in mind when it changed its protocol. A
press release from the Arizona Attorney General explains that “compounding
pharmacies in Texas and Oklahoma that had been providing pentobarbital for
executions are now refusing to provide it after their identity was released publicly
and they began to receive threats. This kind of reaction has caused companies that
sell the drug to corrections’ agencies to stop supplying it for the purposes of inmate
executions.”10 For this reason, the press release describes the need for
confidentiality as a “public safety issue.” In the end, efforts to disclose the
manufacturers’ identities only renders the imposition of capital punishment more
cruel than necessary by making it more difficult for states to reliably and safely
execute inmates who were long-ago sentenced to death. Individuals like Wood,
who have been lawfully tried and sentenced, are used as a means to accomplish a
long-term policy objective that ought to be conveyed to state legislatures rather
9
See Tim Ghianni, Tennessee Reinstates Electric Chair as Death Penalty
Option, May 23, 2014, available at
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/23/us-usa-tennessee-execution-idUSBREA
4M03520140523.
10
See Press Release, Attorney Gen. of Ariz., State of Arizona Announces
Change to Lethal Injection Protocol (March 26, 2014),
https://www.azag.gov/press-release/state-arizona-announces-change-lethal-injectio
n-protocol.
25
than federal courts.11
Finally, Wood contends that there is no record evidence in this case that
disclosing the identity of the manufacturer will “extend the pressure on qualified
suppliers not to supply the drugs.” The majority likewise asserts that “the State can
point to no evidence in the record to support its claim that pharmaceutical
companies will stop providing drugs the moment this information is released.”
Maj. Op. at 22. But, in addition to the aforementioned case law, Wood’s own brief
cites multiple news reports detailing how companies have stopped supplying states
with drugs used in executions after their identities have been disclosed. Such
evidence is crucial to Wood’s argument because it is the only indication that
disclosure of the manufacturer’s identity would “play[] a significant positive role
in the functioning” of Arizona’s execution process. Press-Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at
11
The majority thinks that exposing the names of the manufacturers of drugs
used in lethal injections is especially important in light of the “seismic shift in the
lethal injection world in the last five years” and the “flawed executions this year”
involving the drugs at issue here. Maj. Op. at 19–20. But the “seismic shift” and
“flawed executions” have been caused in part by past disclosures of the
manufacturers of the drugs used in lethal injections that have made the drugs
difficult or impossible to obtain. As the majority points out, “[s]tates are now
seeking new types and combinations of drugs” because thiopental and
pentobarbital are no longer readily available. Maj. Op. at 20. The majority
identifies a policy development it deems undesirable—the need to use different and
possibly less effective drugs to carry out lethal injections—and then interprets the
First Amendment in a novel manner in order to exacerbate rather than ameliorate
the problem.
26
8. The majority also cites news reports as evidence that there has been a “seismic
shift in the lethal injection world” as manufacturers have stopped providing
thiopental and pentobarbital. Maj. Op. at 19–20. The majority considers the
evidence that drug manufacturers are susceptible to public pressure for the
proposition that disclosure creates a dialogue about capital punishment, but ignores
the same evidence to the extent that it shows that disclosure potentially hinders the
State’s ability to lawfully carry out its lethal-injection protocol by making the
requisite drugs harder to obtain.
We do not know with certainty how the public or the drug manufacturer will
react if Arizona discloses the manufacturer’s identity. But we do know, from the
case law and the arguments advanced by Wood himself, that disclosure might
impact Arizona’s ability to perform a lawful execution using domestically
produced, FDA-approved drugs. When we compare the risk to Arizona’s execution
protocol to the alleged benefits of additional public discourse about the subject, it
is clear that Wood cannot show that “public access plays a significant positive role
in the functioning of the particular process in question.” Press-Enterprise II, 478
U.S. at 8 (emphasis added).
2. Executioners’ qualifications
For much the same reason, publicly disclosing additional information about
27
the qualifications of the individuals who will participate in Wood’s execution
would not “play[] a significant positive role in the functioning” of Arizona’s
execution protocol. Id. Wood contends that “information about the qualifications
of the persons who will execute him—in the name of Arizona’s citizens—is a
matter that is squarely within the sphere of ‘informed public debate.’” Even if that
is true, it is not the issue before us. Once again, the State has already disclosed
ample information about the qualifications of those who will participate in the
execution. The State informed Wood that the Inspector General had verified the
qualifications of the personnel and that a central femoral line would only be
inserted by a person licensed or certified to perform the procedure. The question is
thus whether disclosing the specific qualifications of the actual individuals chosen
by the State to conduct the execution would have a significant marginal benefit on
the public discourse concerning Wood’s execution beyond the benefit that obtains
from releasing the information already provided by the State.
As with the drug manufacturer’s identity, the information offered by the
State related to the executioners’ qualifications enables informed debate about the
lawfulness and propriety of Arizona’s execution protocol. The public knows what
qualifications are required of medical personnel who participate in the execution
and how those qualifications are verified. Wood does not—and cannot—explain
28
how the public’s knowledge of, say, the medical school or nursing school attended
by each person participating in the execution, would “play[] a significant positive
role in the functioning of the particular process in question.” Id. Such information
is, at best, irrelevant.
The only way such information could meaningfully contribute to public
discourse is if specific information about the qualifications of the personnel
allowed for members of the public to identify them. The names of the individuals
who take part in the execution, like the names of the companies that manufacture
the drugs used in the execution, would certainly contribute to public debate.
Members of the public could, for example, protest outside their homes or offices.
Reporters could call and ask them about why they decided to participate in an
execution. The problem, of course, is that this kind of public discourse would not
“play[] a significant positive role in the functioning of the particular process in
question.” Id. (emphasis added). Rather, it would severely inhibit Arizona’s ability
to conduct lawful executions by making it difficult to find qualified personnel
willing to risk their privacy and their careers to participate in an execution. See
Hill, 758 S.E.2d at 805 (“The reasons for offering such privacy are obvious,
including avoiding the risk of harassment or some other form of retaliation from
persons related to the prisoners or from others in the community who might
29
disapprove of the execution as well as simply offering those willing to participate
whatever comfort or peace of mind that anonymity might offer.”). Arizona’s
confidentiality statute responds to these precise concerns. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-
757(C) (“The identity of executioners and other persons who participate or perform
ancillary functions in an execution and any information contained in the records
that would identify those persons is confidential.”).
Wood correctly points out that we cannot know whether disclosing the
qualifications of the individuals participating in the execution will lead to the
discovery of their names and other personal information. But the mere possibility
that this might occur would dissuade qualified individuals from performing a
lawful task on behalf of the State and its citizens. Cf. Long, 922 A.2d at 904–05
(Pa. 2007) (holding that the First Amendment right of public access does not
extend to jurors’ addresses in part because the disclosure of such information “may
make the average citizen less willing to serve on a jury, especially if he or she
believes that the media, the defendant, or the defendant’s family and friends know
where he or she lives”). As with the ongoing efforts to deter drug companies from
producing the compounds that most quickly and painlessly cause death, attempts to
dissuade qualified medical personnel from participating in lawful executions will
likely only harm inmates sentenced to die by forcing states to rely on less
30
experienced professionals.
Disclosing more specific details about the qualifications of the individuals
who participate in the execution process risks interfering with the legitimate
operation of Arizona’s execution protocol without meaningfully contributing to the
public discourse surrounding Wood’s execution.
3. Development of protocol
Lastly, Wood has not shown that disclosing information about how ADC
developed its execution protocol will have any effect whatsoever on public
dialogue about the subject. The thirty-two page protocol sets out in precise detail
how an execution will proceed. The two-drug portion of the protocol includes the
type and quantity of drugs that will be used along with a nine-step process for
administering the drugs. Anyone who reads the protocol will know exactly how
Arizona plans to carry out an execution. Wood does not suggest what might be
gleaned from reviewing information generated during the protocol’s development,
let alone how access to such information will “play[] a significant positive role in
the functioning” of an execution. Press-Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 8 (emphasis
added).
In sum, Wood has not shown a historical tradition of public access to the
information that he seeks, and he cannot show that such access would play a
31
significant positive role in the functioning of the State’s administration of lethal
injection. Accordingly, he has no First Amendment right to access the information
and he cannot show a likelihood of success on the merits.
VI
The parties and the district court understandably focused primarily on the
likelihood that Wood’s First Amendment claim will succeed on the merits. But we
must also consider the other factors that comprise the preliminary injunction
analysis, in particular the likelihood of irreparable harm in the absence of
preliminary relief. See Winter, 555 U.S. at 20.
No one doubts that Wood “has a strong interest in being executed in a
constitutional manner.” Beaty v. Brewer, 649 F.3d 1071, 1072 (9th Cir. 2011). But
the right asserted by Wood differs from the constitutional challenges often raised
by inmates facing execution. The First Amendment right of public access inheres
in all of the members of the public, and not just the inmate who has been sentenced
to death. See Cal. First Amendment Coal., 299 F.3d at 873 (“[T]he First
Amendment guarantees the public—and the press—a qualified right of access to
governmental proceedings.” (emphasis added)). The fact that Wood will soon be
executed absent judicial intervention does not necessarily mean that there will
likely be “irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief.” Winter, 555 U.S.
32
at 20. Wood’s claim is premised on the notion that society will have a richer
discourse about his execution if everyone is made aware of certain details, such as
the manufacturer of the drugs used and the qualifications of the executioners
employed. It is not self-evident that the First Amendment right will be irreparably
harmed if that information is not disclosed before Wood’s execution, but is instead
disclosed only if the view espoused by Wood ultimately prevails after the case is
fully litigated. Whatever benefit society derives from being able to discuss who
made the drug and who injected it would presumably still inure to the public if that
conversation occurred after Wood has been executed.
Despite the impression offered by the substance of the briefs and opinions in
this case, this litigation is not really about the scope of the First Amendment right
of the public to access certain information pertaining to an execution. The
existence and scope of that right could be fully litigated by a member of the public
who feels he has been unconstitutionally deprived of the information at issue. See
Wellons, 2014 WL 2748316, at *6 (holding that the purported First Amendment
right of public access to information about the manufacturer of drugs used in an
execution and the identities of the executioners “turn[s] on the public’s, rather than
the individual’s, need to be informed so as to foster debate”).
And, despite the impression offered by the majority’s disposition, this
33
litigation is not even about staying Wood’s execution. Arizona now faces a
difficult choice. The State can continue to enforce its confidentiality statute and
refrain from executing Wood or anyone else until it prevails on the merits, as
seems quite likely. Or, the State can disclose the information required by the
majority and execute Wood, knowing that it might be impossible to obtain the
drugs necessary to carry out future lawful executions once the identity of the
manufacturer is no longer confidential. Either way, the First Amendment has been
co-opted as the latest tool in this court’s ongoing effort to bar the State from
lawfully imposing the death penalty.
VII
The decision to inflict the death penalty is a grave and solemn one that
deserves the most careful consideration of the public, the elected branches of
government, and the courts. We must be cognizant that a life is at stake. But we
cannot conflate the invocation of a constitutional right belonging to the public at-
large—such as the First Amendment right of public access to certain proceedings
and documents—with a policy judgment about if and when the death penalty ought
to be imposed. In so doing, we usurp the authority of the Arizona legislature and
disregard the instructions of the Supreme Court.
The district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Wood’s request
34
for a preliminary injunction. I would affirm the district court’s judgment.
I respectfully dissent.
35